L’immunothérapie anticancéreuse est basée sur la capacité du système immunitaire à reconnaître les cellules tumorales comme étrangères et à les éliminer. Les stratégies immunothérapeutiques abordées dans ce travail, incluent l’activation du système immunitaire par l’expression de facteurs immunomodulateurs (l’interleukine-2) via l’utilisation d’un vecteur dérivé du parvovirus MVM, ou par présentation des antigènes tumoraux par la machinerie des cellules dendritiques (DC), via la génération d’hybrides entre DC et cellules tumorales (TC).<p>L’intérêt majeur du parvovirus autonome MVM en tant que vecteur pour la thérapie génique du cancer vient de son expression préférentielle dans les cellules transformées (oncotropisme) et de son aptitude à lyser celles-ci (oncolyse). Les vecteurs générés au laboratoire conservent l’unité de transcription NS et expriment l’IL2 humaine sous contrôle du promoteur P38, à la place des protéines de capside. Malgré les améliorations apportées à la production de vecteurs recombinants, la faible concentration des stocks reste un problème. Il a été montré que, de nombreux virus sont mieux produits en conditions de faible tension en oxygène (hypoxie). Nous avons tenté d’améliorer les titres des vecteurs en les produisant sous faible tension d’oxygène mais sans y parvenir (annexe 1). Dans un modèle in vivo utilisant la lignée de mélanome K-1735 dans des souris immunocompétentes, des cellules tumorales infectées in vitro avant leur implantation en sous-cutané ont montré un effet anti-tumoral du vecteur MVM/IL2 (annexe 2). Afin de mettre en évidence l’apport de l’oncolyse parvovirale dans l’activité anti-tumorale, nous avons mis au point des expériences, dans le même modèle de tumeur, visant à comparer l’efficacité du vecteur MVM/IL2 à celle d’autres vecteurs, Ad/IL2 et Rétrovirus/IL2, ne possédant pas d’activité oncolytique. Dans le but de mettre en évidence une éventuelle réponse immune in vivo, nous avons utilisé le modèle de tumeur TC-1 mais ce modèle s’est montré moins sensible à l’effet du vecteur MVM/IL2 et nous n’avons pas pu démontrer d’activation de cellules cytotoxiques spécifiques de la tumeur.<p>Il a été proposé d’utiliser des hybrides entre DC/TC pour la vaccination anti-tumorale pour optimaliser la présentation des antigènes tumoraux. Une lignée cellulaire exprimant la protéine fusogène du virus de la leucémie du Gibbon (GaLV-FMG, Gibbon ape leukemia virus) a été dérivée de la lignée cellulaire CHO (cellules ovariennes de hamster chinois) au laboratoire. Cette lignée CHO-FMG, utilisée comme partenaire intermédiaire, a permis la fusion entre cellules tumorales et dendritiques (annexe 3). Nous avons montré que l’expression transitoire après infection par un vecteur AAV-FMG ou après transfection transitoire ne génère pas un pourcentage significatif d’hybrides. En effet, le niveau d’expression ainsi que le pourcentage de cellules transduites exprimant FMG s’est révélé trop faible. Ceci a mis en valeur l’efficacité de la lignée stable CHO-FMG comme intermédiaire de la fusion. De plus, nous avons intégré dans la lignée fusogène, le gène de l’interleukine-2, qui devrait permettre d’augmenter l’efficacité de l’induction de la réponse immune. <p>\ / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are proposed to play a major role in tumor progression, metastasis, and recurrence. The Human Epidermal growth factor Receptor 2 (HER2) gene is amplified and/or its protein product overexpressed in approximately 20% of breast cancers. HER2 overexpression is associated with increased CSCs, which may explain the aggressive phenotype and increased likelihood of recurrence for HER2+ breast cancers. Telomerase is reactivated in tumor cells, including CSCs, but has limited activity in normal tissues, providing support for the use of telomerase inhibition in anti-cancer therapy. Telomerase inhibition via an antagonistic oligonucleotide, imetelstat (GRN163L), has been shown to be effective in limiting cell growth in vitro and limiting tumor growth. Moreover, we have previously shown imetelstat can decrease metastases to the lungs, leading us to question if this is due to imetelstat targeting the CSC population. In this thesis, we investigated the effects of imetelstat on CSC and non-CSC populations of HER2+ breast cancer cell lines, as well as a triple negative breast cancer cell line, which lacks HER2 overexpression. Imetelstat inhibited telomerase activity in both CSC and non-CSC subpopulations. Moreover, imetelstat treatment alone and in combination with trastuzumab significantly reduced the CSC fraction and inhibited CSC functional ability, as shown by a significant decrease in mammosphere counts and invasive potential. Tumor growth rate was slower in combination treated mice compared to either drug alone. Additionally, there was a trend toward decreased CSC marker expression in imetelstat treated xenograft cells compared to vehicle control. The decrease in CSC marker expression we observed occurred prior to and after telomere shortening, suggesting imetelstat acts on the CSC subpopulation in telomere length dependent and independent mechanisms. Our study suggests addition of imetelstat to trastuzumab may enhance the effects of HER2 inhibition therapy.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the third commonest cancer worldwide. However HCC is considered to be highly resistant to chemotherapy. Gene therapies aimed to regulate Bd-2 proteins may sensitize HCC cells to chemotherapy. Studies have demonstrated that Bid/tBid are crucial in hepatocyte apoptosis. Bid also plays important roles in the development and chemotherapeutic sensitivity of HCC. The objective of this study is to test effect of Ad/AFPtBid and chemotherapeutic agents in combination on an orthotopic HCC model. / In conclusion, (1) Ad/AFPtBid can specifically target and effectively suppress the AFP-producing HCC. (2) Ad/AFPtBid can significantly sensitize HCC to 5-FU, their combination can significantly increase the anti-tumor effectiveness. (3) Ad/AFPtBid shows little toxicity in vivo. (4) The complementary effect of tBid and 5-FU on different phases of the cell cycle may explain the better therapeutic result if both are used to treat HCC. (5) The elucidation of phase specific effect of tBid points to a possible therapeutic option that combines tBid with different phase specific agents to treat HCC. / It is well established that many apoptosis inducers act in a cell cycle-specific fashion. This leads us to hypothesize that tBid might have phase specific effect. So, we tested the susceptibility of Hep3B cells at 00/01, S or G2/M phases to tBid. The results revealed that tBid significantly reduced Hep3B cells in G0/G1 phase, increased cells in G2/M phase. On the contrary, 5-FU arrested Hep3B cells in G0/G1 phase, and significantly reduced cells in G2/M phase. The levels of cell cycle-related proteins were altered in line with the result of the cell cycle. This suggests Hep3B cells in G0/G1 phase may be more susceptible to tBid. The complementary effects tBid and 5-FU on different phases of the cell cycle may explain the better therapeutic result if both are used to treat HCC. / The mice bearing orthotopic HCC tumors were treated with Ad/AFPtBid alone or in combination with 5-FU/Dox. Serum AFP levels were measured to mornitor tumor progression. The mice were killed four weeks after treatment. Liver tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining of proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and TUNEL staining. Another batch of mice was observed for survival rate over a six month period. In addition, possible side effects of Ad/AFPtBid were tested in BALB/c mice. Results demonstrated that Ad/AFPtBid significantly inhibited Hep3B tumor growth. The combination of Ad/AFPtBid with 5-FU was more effective in tumor regression than either agent alone. However, the combination of Ad/AFPtBid with Dox treatment failed to demonstrated better effect than Dox treatment alone because the mice that received Dox exhibited serious weight loss. Tumor tissues from Ad/AFPtBid alone or combination treatment groups showed a decrease in cells positive for PCNA, and an increase in apoptosis by TUNEL staining, indicating that Ad/AFPtBid induced tumor regression through its pro-apoptotic effect. Inflammatory cell infiltration was also increased. Furthermore, Ad/AFPtBid did not suppress the hepatic tumor formed by non-AFP producing SK-HEP-1 or DLD-1. Finally, Ad/AFPtBid and 5-FU in combination results in better survival rate. No acute toxic effect of Ad/AFPtBid was observed. / Ma, Shihong. / "December 2009." / Adviser: CHEN Gong George. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 72-01, Section: B, page: . / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2010. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 114-138). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. Ann Arbor, MI : ProQuest Information and Learning Company, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese.

La importancia de comprender los procesos biológicos ha estimulado el desarrollo de métodos para la detección de interacciones proteína-proteína. Esta tesis presenta PIANA (Protein Interactions And Network Analysis), un programa informático para la integración y el análisis de redes de interacción proteicas. Además, describimos un método que identifica motivos de interacción basándose en que las proteínas con parejas de interacción comunes tienden a interaccionar con esas parejas a través del mismo motivo de interacción. Encontramos que las proteínas altamente conectadas (i.e., hubs) con múltiples motivos tienen mayor probabilidad de ser esenciales para la viabilidad de la célula que los hubs con uno o dos motivos. Finalmente, presentamos un método que predice genes relacionados con cáncer mediante la integración de redes de interacción proteicas, datos de expresión diferenciada y propiedades estructurales, funcionales y evolutivas. El valor de predicción positiva es 71% con sensitividad del 1%, superando a otros métodos usados independientemente. / The importance of understanding cellular processes prompted the development of experimental approaches that detect protein-protein interactions. Here, we describe a software platform called PIANA (Protein Interactions And Network Analysis) that integrates interaction data from multiple sources and automates the analysis of protein interaction networks. Moreover, we describe a method that delineates interacting motifs by relying on the observation that proteins with common interaction partners tend to interact with these partners through the same interacting motif. We find that highly connected proteins (i.e., hubs) with multiple interacting motifs are more likely to be essential for cellular viability than hubs with one or two interacting motifs. Furthermore, we present a method that predicts cancer genes by integrating protein interaction networks, differential expression studies and structural, functional and evolutionary properties. For a sensitivity of 1%, the positive predictive value is 71%, which outperforms the use of any of the methods independently.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Immunotherapy for cancer has held much promise as a potent modality of cancer treatment. The ability to selectively destroy diseased cells and leave healthy cells unharmed has been the goal of cancer immunotherapy for the past thirty years. However, the full capabilities of cancer immunotherapies have been elusive. Cancer immunotherapies have been consistently hampered by limited immune reactivity, a diminishing immune response over time, and a failure to overcome self-tolerance. Many of these deficiencies have been borne-out by immunotherapies that have focused on the adoptive transfer of activated or genetically modified mature CD8+ T cells. The limitations inherent in therapies involving terminally differentiated mature lymphocytes include limited duration, lack of involvement of other components of the immune system, and limited clinical efficacy. We sought to overcome these limitations by altering and enhancing long-term host immunity by genetically modifying then transplanting HSCs. To study these questions and test the efficiency of gene transfer, we cloned a tumor reactive HLA-DR4-restricted CD4+ TCR specific for the melanocyte differentiation antigen TRP-1, then constructed both a high expression lentiviral delivery system and a TCR Tg expressing the same TCR genes. We demonstrate with both mouse and human HSCs durable, high-efficiency TCR gene transfer, following long-term transplantation. We demonstrate the induction of spontaneous autoimmune vitiligo and a TCR-specific TH1 polarized memory effector CD4+ T cell population. Most importantly, we demonstrate the destruction of subcutaneous melanoma without the aid of vaccination, immune modulation, or cytokine administration. Overall, these results demonstrate the creation of a novel translational model of durable lentiviral gene transfer, the induction of spontaneous CD4+ T cell immunity, the breaking of self-tolerance, and the induction of anti-tumor immunity.