Li Yu Jia. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- TTS Technology --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- Prosody --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.1. --- What is Prosody --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2.2. --- Prosody from Different Perspectives --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.3. --- Acoustical Parameters of Prosody --- p.3 / Chapter 1.2.4. --- Prosody in TTS --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4.1 --- Analysis --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.4.2 --- Modeling --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2.4.3 --- Evaluation --- p.6 / Chapter 1.3. --- Thesis Objectives --- p.7 / Chapter 1.4. --- Thesis Outline --- p.7 / Reference --- p.8 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Cantonese --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1. --- The Cantonese Dialect --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Phonology --- p.10 / Chapter 2.1.1.1 --- Initial --- p.11 / Chapter 2.1.1.2 --- Final --- p.12 / Chapter 2.1.1.3 --- Tone --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Phonological Constraints --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2. --- Tones in Cantonese --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Tone System --- p.15 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Linguistic Significance --- p.18 / Chapter 2.2.3. --- Acoustical Realization --- p.18 / Chapter 2.3. --- Prosodic Variation in Continuous Cantonese Speech --- p.20 / Chapter 2.4. --- Cantonese Speech Corpus - CUProsody --- p.21 / Reference --- p.23 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- F0 Normalization --- p.25 / Chapter 3.1. --- F0 in Speech Production --- p.25 / Chapter 3.2. --- F0 Extraction --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3. --- Duration-normalized Tone Contour --- p.29 / Chapter 3.4. --- F0 Normalization --- p.30 / Chapter 3.4.1. --- Necessity and Motivation --- p.30 / Chapter 3.4.2. --- F0 Normalization --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2.1 --- Methodology --- p.33 / Chapter 3.4.2.2 --- Assumptions --- p.34 / Chapter 3.4.2.3 --- Estimation of Relative Tone Ratios --- p.35 / Chapter 3.4.2.4 --- Derivation of Phrase Curve --- p.37 / Chapter 3.4.2.5 --- Normalization of Absolute FO Values --- p.39 / Chapter 3.4.3. --- Experiments and Discussion --- p.39 / Chapter 3.5. --- Conclusions --- p.44 / Reference --- p.45 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Acoustical FO Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1. --- Methodology of FO Analysis --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- Analysis-by-Synthesis --- p.48 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Acoustical Analysis --- p.51 / Chapter 4.2. --- Acoustical FO Analysis for Cantonese --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Analysis of Phrase Curves --- p.52 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Analysis of Tone Contours --- p.55 / Chapter 4.2.2.1 --- Context-independent Single-tone Contours --- p.56 / Chapter 4.2.2.2 --- Contextual Variation --- p.58 / Chapter 4.2.2.3 --- Co-articulated Tone Contours of Disyllabic Word --- p.59 / Chapter 4.2.2.4 --- Cross-word Contours --- p.62 / Chapter 4.2.2.5 --- Phrase-initial Tone Contours --- p.65 / Chapter 4.3. --- Summary --- p.66 / Reference --- p.67 / Chapter Chapter5 --- Prosody Modeling for Cantonese Text-to-Speech --- p.70 / Chapter 5.1. --- Parametric Model and Non-parametric Model --- p.70 / Chapter 5.2. --- Cantonese Text-to-Speech: Baseline System --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Sub-syllable Unit --- p.72 / Chapter 5.2.2. --- Text Analysis Module --- p.73 / Chapter 5.2.3. --- Acoustical Synthesis --- p.74 / Chapter 5.2.4. --- Prosody Module --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3. --- Enhanced Prosody Model --- p.74 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Modeling Tone Contours --- p.75 / Chapter 5.3.1.1 --- Word-level FO Contours --- p.76 / Chapter 5.3.1.2 --- Phrase-initial Tone Contours --- p.77 / Chapter 5.3.1.3 --- Tone Contours at Word Boundary --- p.78 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Modeling Phrase Curves --- p.79 / Chapter 5.3.3. --- Generation of Continuous FO Contours --- p.81 / Chapter 5.4. --- Summary --- p.81 / Reference --- p.82 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Performance Evaluation --- p.83 / Chapter 6.1. --- Introduction to Perceptual Test --- p.83 / Chapter 6.1.1. --- Aspects of Evaluation --- p.84 / Chapter 6.1.2. --- Methods of Judgment Test --- p.84 / Chapter 6.1.3. --- Problems in Perceptual Test --- p.85 / Chapter 6.2. --- Perceptual Tests for Cantonese TTS --- p.86 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- Intelligibility Tests --- p.86 / Chapter 6.2.1.1 --- Method --- p.86 / Chapter 6.2.1.2 --- Results --- p.88 / Chapter 6.2.1.3 --- Analysis --- p.89 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Naturalness Tests --- p.90 / Chapter 6.2.2.1 --- Word-level --- p.90 / Chapter 6.2.2.1.1 --- Method --- p.90 / Chapter 6.2.2.1.2 --- Results --- p.91 / Chapter 6.2.3.1.3 --- Analysis --- p.91 / Chapter 6.2.2.2 --- Sentence-level --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2.2.2.1 --- Method --- p.92 / Chapter 6.2.2.2.2 --- Results --- p.93 / Chapter 6.2.2.2.3 --- Analysis --- p.94 / Chapter 6.3. --- Conclusions --- p.95 / Chapter 6.4. --- Summary --- p.95 / Reference --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.97 / Chapter 7.1. --- Conclusions --- p.97 / Chapter 7.2. --- Suggested Future Work --- p.99 / Appendix --- p.100 / Appendix 1 Linear Regression --- p.100 / Appendix 2 36 Templates of Cross-word Contours --- p.101 / Appendix 3 Word List for Word-level Tests --- p.102 / Appendix 4 Syllable Occurrence in Word List of Intelligibility Test --- p.108 / Appendix 5 Wrongly Identified Word List --- p.112 / Appendix 6 Confusion Matrix --- p.115 / Appendix 7 Unintelligible Word List --- p.117 / Appendix 8 Noisy Word List --- p.119 / Appendix 9 Sentence List for Naturalness Test --- p.120