As funções abrangentes e complexas de carboidratos nos sistemas biológicos oferecem muitas possibilidades para explorar essas estruturas no desenvolvimento de estratégias terapêuticas. Como consequência de sua estrutura e função, algumas glicosidases e glicosiltransferases envolvidas em patologias significativas como diabetes e doença de Chagas são alvos interessantes na busca por inibidores enzimáticos baseados em carboidratos. Assim, o conhecimento de características estruturais e mecanismo de ação de ?- e ?-glucosidases e trans-sialidases e as sólidas evidências de que glicosidases são sensíveis a efeito de multivalência sustentaram o planejamento de glycoclusters potencialmente inibidores dessas enzimas contendo três, quatro ou seis unidades correlatas aos seus substratos naturais (glicose e galactose/ácido siálico). Adicionalmente foram propostos glycoclusters baseados na estrutura do glicoaminoácido ?-GalNAc-O-Thr. Empregando reações de cicloadição CuAAC, treze dos dezesseis glycoclusters tetra- e hexavalentes inicialmente propostos foram obtidos em bons rendimentos, sendo 8 derivados de glicose, 4 de galactose e o derivado tetravalente de ácido siálico 7. Dez desses compostos são inéditos na literatura. Com a finalidade de gerar diversidade estrutural o derivado trivalente 29 foi preparado e permitiu o acoplamento de um imino-açúcar D-gluco ou L-gulo DNJ a estruturas trivalentes de glicose. A mesma estratégia levou à obtenção do glycocluster 85, contendo unidades de galactose e um resíduo de ácido siálico. Ensaios de cinética em ?-glucosidases de arroz e Saccharomyces cerevisiae e ?-glucosidase de amêndoas com os glycoclusters derivados de glicose 1-4, 9-12 e 63-66 mostraram atividade interessante apenas para os compostos mistos, evidenciando a importância do imino-açúcar para a interação com essas enzimas. No que diz respeito aos derivados multivalentes de galactose e/ou ácido siálico 5-7, 13, 14 e 85, inibição expressiva da enzima TcTS foi alcançada pelo derivado 7 (IC50 450 ?M). Ensaios de atividade tripanocida, bloqueio de invasão e citotoxicidade sobre fibroblastos de mamífero não-infectados cultivados in vitro evidenciaram atividade de todos esses compostos contra a forma amastigota e bloqueio de invasão celular por T. cruzi (diminuindo a infecção em concentrações de até 25?M). / The comprehensive and elaborate functions of carbohydrates in biological systems offer countless possibilities to apply these structures in the development of therapeutic strategies. Because of their structure and function, some glycosidases and glycosyltransferases involved in pathological conditions such as diabetes and Chagas disease are interesting targets in the search for carbohydrate-based enzyme inhibitors. Thus, the knowledge of structural features and the mechanism of action of ?- and ?-glucosidases and trans-sialidases, combined with strong evidences that glycosidases are sensitive to multivalent effect, have supported the design of substrate-based glycoclusters with potential glycosidases inhibitory properties. In addition, glycoclusters based on the structure of the ?-GalNAc-O-Thr glycoamino acid have been planned. Using CuAAC cycloaddition reactions, thirteen of the sixteen tetra- and hexavalent glycoclusters were obtained in good yields, being 8 glucose derivatives, 4 galactose, and the tetravalent sialic acid derivative 7. Ten of these compounds are unpublished. In order to generate structural diversity, the trivalent block 29 was prepared and allowed the coupling of trivalent glucose clusters to iminosugars D-gluco or L-gulo DNJ isomers. The same strategy afforded glycocluster 85, containing galactose units and a sialic acid residue. Kinetic assays in ? and ?-glucosidases with the glucose-derived glycoclusters 1-4, 9-12 and 63-66 showed interesting activity only for the heteroclusters compounds, evidencing the relevance of iminosugars for the interaction with these enzymes. Regarding galactose and/or sialic acid cluster 5-7, 13, 14 and 85, significant inhibition of the TcTS enzyme was achieved by derivative 7 (IC50 450 ?M). In vitro assays for trypanocidal activity and cytotoxicity showed good results for of all these compounds. They appear to block host cell invasion by T. cruzi (reducing infection index in concentrations up to 25?M).

A doença de Chagas, também conhecida como tripanossomíase americana, é uma das doenças tropicais mais devastadoras e é causada pelo protozoário Trypanosoma cruzi. O parasita expressa uma enzima de superfície, Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS), responsável pela transferência de ácidos siálicos de células do hospedeiro para moléculas de -galactose terminais presentes em glicoproteínas de sua superfície. As moléculas de glicoproteína sialiladas estão envolvidas na adesão e subsequente penetração do parasita em células hospedeiras. Logo, TcTS desempenha papel fundamental no reconhecimento e na invasão de células do hospedeiro. Além disso, a ausência de trans-sialidase em seres humanos faz de TcTS um alvo potencial a ser explorado, no entanto nenhum inibidor desta enzima (em concentração nanomolar) é conhecido até o momento. Considerando a importância da unidade de galactose e da função carboxila do ácido siálico para interações no sítio activo de TcTS, focamos na síntese de derivados de galactose com ácido succínico em diferentes posições do anel de açúcar e sua avaliação biológica em TcTS. Além disso, foi proposta uma busca por novos inibidores de TcTS através de técnicas de modelagem molecular, como triagem virtual baseada no sítio ativo da enzima. -D-galactose e -Dgalactopiranosídeo de metila, disponíveis comercialmente, foram tratados com reagentes adequados para fornecer alguns intermediários com apenas uma hidroxila livre em poucas etapas. O tratamento destes compostos com anidrido succínico em piridina levou à formação dos respectivos derivados com ácido succínico em todas as posições do anel galactosídico. Após etapa de desproteção foi obtido apenas o derivado com ácido succínico na posição 4 (85), que foi testado em TcTS por ensaio fluorimétrico in vitro para avaliação de sua atividade inibitória. Adicionalmente, 85 foi testado em ensaios in vitro para avaliação de sua atividade tripanocida e citotóxica. De acordo com os ensaios biológicos, o composto 85 apresentou atividade inibitória promissora (56%) na concentração de 1,0 mM. Esse resultado preliminar foi importante para mostrar que esse tipo de derivado pode atuar como inibidor de TcTS e para orientar a síntese de novos derivados de galactose. O valor da atividade tripanocida foi inferior a 40% (0,5 mM) e não foi observada citotoxicidade na concentração de 0,5 mM. Os estudos de triagem virtual realizados neste trabalho através de simulações de \"docking\" resultaram na seleção das 50 melhores moléculas, baseada na orientação de maior pontuação, dentre 50.000 encontradas na base de dados diverset. O próximo passo envolve novos estudos para filtrar as moléculas mais promissoras para serem testadas em TcTS. / Chagas\' disease, also known as American trypanosomiasis, is one of the most devastating tropical diseases and it is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite expresses a cell surface enzyme, Trypanosoma cruzi trans-sialidase (TcTS), responsible for the transference of sialic acids from host cells to terminal -galactose molecules present on its glycoprotein surface. The sialylated glycoprotein molecules are involved in the attachment and subsequent penetration of the parasite into host cells. As a result, TcTS plays a key role in the recognition and invasion of host cells. Moreover, the lack of trans-sialidase in humans makes TcTS a potential drug target to be explored, however no strong inhibitors (at nanomolar range) of this enzyme are known to date. Considering the importance of galactose unit and the carboxyl function in sialic acid for interactions in the active site of TcTS, we have focused on the synthesis of galactose derivatives containing succinic acid in different positions of the sugar ring and on their biological evaluation against TcTS. In addition, we have proposed the search for new TcTS inhibitors applying molecular modeling techniques, like virtual screening based on the enzyme´s active site. Commercially available ,-D-galactose and methyl--D-galactopyranoside were treated with suitable reagents to afford some intermediates with just one free hydroxyl group in few steps. Treatment of these compounds with succinic anhydride in pyridine afforded derivatives thereof with succinic acid in all galactosidic ring positions. After deprotection step it was only obtained the derivative containing succinic acid at position 4 (85), which was tested in in vitro TcTS fluorimetric assay for evaluation of its inhibitory activity. In Addition, 85 was tested in in vitro assays for assessment of their trypanocidal activity and cytotoxic. According to the biological assays, compound 85 showed promising inhibitory activity (56%) at 1.0 mM concentration. This preliminary result was important both to show that this type of derivative can act as an inhibitor of TcTS and to guide the synthesis of new derivatives of galactose. The trypanocidal activity value was lower than 40% (0.5 mM) and there was no cytotoxicity at 0.5 mM concentration. The virtual screening studies performed in this work through docking simulations resulted in the selection of the 50 top-ranked molecules, based in the highest score orientation, among 50.000 found at diverset data base. The next step involves new studies to filter the most promising molecules to be tested against TcTS.

Advances in the elaboration of vaccines and enzyme inhibitors rely on acquiring more knowledge about protein-carbohydrate binding events. Furthermore, the relationships between biological function and the three-dimensional properties of large glycans can be studied by focusing on the structural components they contained, namely, by scaling down the system under analysis. Chemical methods are useful assets as they allow the isolation and determination of epitopes; these small and recognizable fragments that lead to very specific interactions. In this thesis, biologically relevant saccharides were obtained using recently developed concepts in carbohydrate synthesis and NMR spectroscopy was used to unravel their conformational preferences. In paper I, the convergent synthesis of the tetrasaccharide found in the natural product solaradixine is described. Reactivity enhanced disaccharide glycosyl donors were coupled to a disaccharide acceptor in a 2 + 2 fashion. The computer program CASPER was subsequently used to verify the synthesized structure. The conformation arming concept employed in paper I was further investigated in paper II. An NMR-based methodology enabled the determination of the ring conformations of a set of donors. Subsequently, glycosylation reactions were performed and yields were correlated to donors ring shapes. Perturbations in the rings shape caused by bulky silyl ether protective groups were sufficient to boost the potency of several donors. As a matter of fact, complex branched oligosaccharides could be obtained in good to excellent yields. In paper III, NMR spectroscopy observables were measured to elucidate the ring shape, the mutual orientation of the rings across the glycosidic bond and the positions of the side chains of 5 trisaccharides found in larger structures. With the aid of molecular dynamics simulations, their overall conformational propensities were revealed. Finally, the software CASPER prediction skills were improved by adding, inter alia, NMR information of synthesized mono- and disaccharides to its database. Unassigned chemical shifts from polysaccharides served as input to challenge its ability to solve large carbohydrate structures. / <p>At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 2: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.</p>