No / Non-medical consultant posts are a relatively new addition to the National Health Service (NHS) workforce, the role first being announced for nurses in 1998 followed by the Allied Health Professions in 2000. They have been described as multidimensional positions that encompass the four core functions of consultant practice: expert clinical practice; professional leadership and consultancy; practice and service development, research and evaluation; education and professional development. Consequently, the purpose of non-medical consultants is to promote and develop practice at the clinical, strategic and policy level. Despite the professional drive to develop consultant radiographer roles, by the end of 2005 only 15 were in post. One of the reasons for this poor appointment rate is the deficiency in suitably qualified and experienced candidates, a finding acknowledged to be an issue across all the non-medical professions. Further, the development of potential consultant practitioners has been hampered by the lack of clearly defined clinical and educational pathways. This paper acknowledges the limited published material available to radiographers wishing to advance to consultant positions. Yet while recognising the need to establish a true consultant career pathway underpinned by an appropriate education and research strategy, it explores the requirements of consultant practice, identifying some opportunities available to radiographers to develop appropriate consultant level skills.

The tenets of representative bureaucracy suggest that the composition of the bureaucracy should mirror the people it serves including women in order to influence the name, scope, and implementation of public policies. Women are still underrepresented in mid-to-upper management in male-dominated occupations. When women are under-represented in mid-to-upper levels of management in government, there are implications regarding representative bureaucracy. This study examined the career progression experiences of women who were successful in reaching mid-to-upper levels of management in male-dominated occupations in state government. Specifically, the study explored how women perceive various occupational factors including their rates of participation, experiences, gender, roles within the bureaucracy, interactions with their coworkers, leaders and organizational policies, personal influence, and decision-making abilities. The findings revealed that women experience various barriers to career progression in male-dominated occupations, but find mechanisms to navigate obstacles imposed by the negative consequences of tokenism. The findings indicate that although women have been successful in reaching mid-to-upper level management in male-dominated occupations, they do so in institutions, regional, district, field or offices with fewer overall employees where they have less opportunity to have influence on overall agency-wide policy decisions. The decision-making power is limited to implementation strategies of agency-wide policies within their smaller domains or geographical area of responsibility.

Magister Commercii (Industrial Psychology) - MCom(IPS) / The aim of this research study was to assess the existence and impact of career barriers on women in a municipal environment and to understand whether career salience explains some of the differences in the perception of career barriers. To answer the research hypothesis, permission was obtained from the municipal management to embark on the study and the respondents were notified in writing of the purpose and benefits of the study. A cross-sectional, convenience sample of 89 female employees in post levels one to ten was used. The survey questionnaire consisted of a demographical questionnaire, The Career Barriers Inventory-Revised (CBI-R) (Swanson, Daniels & Tokar, 1996) and a career salience scale. The statistical analyses included descriptive, inferential statistics and analysis of variance. The data was also subjected to a Scheffe’s test to determine the differences in perceptions. The results (N = 89) of this study do not support the hypothesis that there is a significant difference between age and women’s experiences of sex discrimination as a career barrier. The first and second hypothesis, which meant to prove a significant relationship between career salience and career barriers and a significant difference in women’s perceptions of career barriers based on their career salience, was partially accepted

Engagement in networking is described as a facilitator for an individual's career progression. Research has shown how men tend to benefit from informal networking, and difficulties appearing for women to penetrate these male informal networks. Formal networks have thereby arisen as a countermeasure, and more precisely, women-only-networks, which have been argued to serve as a means for women in their career. However, there is limited knowledge of the experienced role women-only-networks provide for female career progression. Through qualitative research with an inductive approach, top-position women in the financial industry were interviewed. The study’s results show how women-only-networks work as a facilitator for women's career progression, both through soft values such as providing women with a community of relatedness, as well as career enhancing resources such as recruitment possibilities. Further, the results display how women-only-networks serve a collective purpose for women as they facilitate change of existing gender structures in the industry. The overall conclusion is hence that women-only-networks have an equal worth in themselves for female career progression as mens’ informal networks have for male career progression.

Remote working is on the rise. It is a work form that has been attributed with both positives and negatives in comparison to the traditional on-site work. A previously unexplored aspect of remote working is how career progression of employees maybe affected by this work form. This study investigates career progression in the remote working context, specifically how both subordinates and managers perceive this aspect, in comparison to on-site work. The study is based on a qualitative method approach, with data collection from 14 semi-structured interviews, including subordinates and managers selected through purposive sampling. A thematic template analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The results show a general perception from subordinates that remote working hinders career progression in terms of recognition from management and the chances for promotions, while other aspects connected to a more modern career view, such as well-being, flexibility, and job-satisfaction, is perceived to been hanced. The managers expressed the same perceptions, resulting in the conclusion that the general perception is that remote workers need to spend at least some time on-site to be able to reach a comprehensive career progression.

The disparity in hierarchical achievement between African American (black) and Caucasian (white) professionals is a known issue in corporate America. Although many organizations have pledged their commitment to closing this gap through programs aimed at increasing the diversity leadership pipeline, little progress has been made to increase the diverse representation in firms. Despite the many obstacles that hinder black managers from rising to leadership positions in U.S. firms, some have found a path to organizational success. Practitioners and scholars alike acknowledge that explicit racism in corporations is no longer openly accepted. Instead, the literature reveals more subtle forms of race-based insults directed toward people of color, racial microaggressions. This research used semi-structured interviews to explore how African American leaders who have achieved career success in large and mid-sized firms cope with the chronic racial microaggressions that occur at the workplace. Furthermore, I explored the implications of those coping strategies on their confidence and ability to make decisions that affect their careers, and ultimately the subsequent career progression associated with their career decisions. This analysis concluded that a relationship exists between methodologies employed to cope with microaggression stresses, career decision-making confidence, and career progression with black professionals. The study results suggest that acknowledging chronic racial microaggression stressors in the workplace by black professionals and using coping mechanisms that approach the stressors as problems to be addressed and solved rather than avoided may be a more likely path to organizational success. / Business Administration/Interdisciplinary

Problembakgrund: Detaljhandeln har länge karakteriserats som en feminiserad bransch,där kvinnor varit överrepresenterade. Fastän kvinnor utgör merparten av de anställda ibranschen, så är de disproportionerligt representerade i chefspositioner. Vilket beror på attkvinnors möjligheter till att nå en chefsposition varit mycket liten. Förklaringen kanhänföras till att kvinnor historisk sett har upplevt faktorer som hindrar deraskarriärutveckling, vilka män däremot inte har mött. Vilket har inneburit en ickejämställdhet mellan könen vad gäller deras möjligheter att klättra uppför i arbetslivet. Attkvinnor mött utmaningar när det kommer till att nå högre positioner kan konstateras,däremot har tidigare studier identifierat både faktorer som har underlättat och försvåratför de båda könen i deras karriärutveckling till butikschef i detaljhandeln. Syfte: Kandidatuppsatsens syfte är att få en ökad förståelse för de potentiella faktorersom kan inverka på manliga och kvinnliga butikschefers karriärutveckling i ett stortsvenskt detaljhandelsföretag. Det vill säga de upplevda faktorer som hittills underlättat endetaljhandelschefs karriär i Sverige, och de upplevda faktorer som dessa varuhuscheferupplever varit problematiska för deras karriärutveckling. Metod: Kandidatuppsatsen utgår ifrån en kvalitativ forskningsmetod där data för studiensamlats in med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer med fem kvinnliga och fem manligavaruhuschefer i ett stort svenskt detaljhandelsföretag. Resultat: Kandidatuppsatsen visar utifrån varuhuschefernas upplevelser att en utvecklinghar skett jämfört med tidigare studier då de kvinnliga och manliga respondenterna idagupplever färre faktorer som har försvårat och fler faktorer som har underlättatkarriärutvecklingen. Trots att en förbättring har påvisats finns fortfarande belägg för attkvinnor, dock i lägre utsträckning, fortfarande upplever fler faktorer som har försvåratderas karriärutveckling, och att män upplever fler faktorer som har underlättat deraskarriärutveckling, som en jämförelse könen emellan. Författarna har även kunnatidentifiera två nya faktorer som ett bidrag till kommande studier. / Background and problem: Retail has long been characterized as a feminized trade,where women have been overrepresented. Although women make up the majority of theemployees in the trade, they are disproportionately represented in managerial positions.Which is because women's opportunities to reach a managerial position have been verysmall. The explanation can be attributed to the fact that women have historicallyexperienced factors that prevent their career progression, which men, on the other hand,have not encountered. Which has meant a non-equality between the sexes in terms oftheir opportunities to ascend in their work. It can be stated that women have facedchallenges when it comes to reaching higher positions, however, previous studies haveidentified both factors that have facilitated and made it more difficult for both sexes intheir career progression as store managers in retail. Purpose: The purpose of the bachelor thesis is to gain an increased understanding of thepotential factors that can affect the career progression of male and female store managersin a large Swedish retail company. That is, the perceived factors that have so farfacilitated a retail manager's career in Sweden, and the perceived factors that these retailstore managers experience have been problematic for their career progression. Method: The bachelor thesis is based on a qualitative research method where the data forthe study was collected with the help of semi-structured interviews with five female andfive male retail store managers in a large Swedish retail company. Results: The bachelor thesis shows, based on the retail store managers' experiences, thata development has taken place compared with previous studies, as the female and malerespondents today experience fewer factors that have made it more difficult and morefactors that have facilitated their career progression. Although an improvement has beendemonstrated, there is still evidence that women, albeit to a lesser extent, still experiencemore factors that have hampered their career progression, and that men experience morefactors that have facilitated their career development, as a comparison between the sexes. The authors have also been able to identify two new factors as a contribution to futurestudies.

The military and scholars assert that the military has created an organization that is based on merit. However, statistics show that African American military men are more likely to be subjected to the military's justice system, they are less likely to promote to the most senior enlisted and officer ranks, they are more likely to receive a negative discharge, and they are disproportionately represented on the military's death row. Despite these assertions, many African-American men succeed within the military structure. Therefore, this qualitative study was conducted to examine the stories of senior field grade warrant officer African American men to determine how they succeeded in a system where others face different problems. Data were collected through interviews with 10 African-American men in the army. Data analysis using Nvivo 12 revealed 9 themes related to motivation and resilience and occupational expectations: competence in primary functional areas, aspiration, overcoming barriers to promotion, proven leadership style, mentorship, educational opportunities, establish a career roadmap, excel through army promotion system, and faith. The findings of this study may provide policy makers, recruiters, and those aspiring to become Army warrant officers (WO) insight into what may help to increase the number of African-American men aspiring to become WOs. This study may also help guide the Army in being an organization where service members are judged solely based on merit.

The study centres on the development of a didactically justified design model of a competency based modular training system for the Printing, Newspaper and Packaging Industries. The design model is represented in a diagram form identifying the components of the design model in relation to their systems function. The components of the design model are; training needs analysis, aims and objectives of training, the learner initial situation, the code of practice for training within industry, the pre-interactive training phase, the interactive training phase and training outcomes. Checklists are developed for using the design model as well as some practical examples of the implementation of the design model in creating a training system which features sound andragogic didactic principles and practices. The use of the design model enables the development of a practical competency based modular training system which meets the unique requirements of the Printing, Newspaper and Packaging Industries. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)

The study centres on the development of a didactically justified design model of a competency based modular training system for the Printing, Newspaper and Packaging Industries. The design model is represented in a diagram form identifying the components of the design model in relation to their systems function. The components of the design model are; training needs analysis, aims and objectives of training, the learner initial situation, the code of practice for training within industry, the pre-interactive training phase, the interactive training phase and training outcomes. Checklists are developed for using the design model as well as some practical examples of the implementation of the design model in creating a training system which features sound andragogic didactic principles and practices. The use of the design model enables the development of a practical competency based modular training system which meets the unique requirements of the Printing, Newspaper and Packaging Industries. / Educational Studies / M. Ed. (Didactics)