Este trabalho tem por objetivo estudar a resolução de litígios no âmbito desportivo por meio das arbitragens realizadas pelo Tribunal Arbitral do Esporte (TAS-CAS), examinando-se a estrutura do referido órgão e determinados aspectos vinculados à sua atuação. Assim, procurou-se contextualizar a utilização do processo arbitral para a solução de controvérsias relacionadas à prática desportiva e a criação do Tribunal Arbitral do Esporte, para posteriormente identificar as principais particularidades de seus procedimentos, comparando-os com as disposições da Lei Modelo da UNCITRAL e das regras da Câmara de Comércio Internacional e da Associação Americana de Arbitragem, que também regulam arbitragens internacionais. No tocante à atuação do tribunal, abordou-se a existência de um corpo normativo especificamente relacionado ao desporto, denominado lex sportiva, cuja formação tem sido fortemente influenciada pelas decisões do TAS-CAS. Apresentaram-se, nesse contexto, alguns dos princípios que compõem a lex sportiva e que foram elaborados com a participação do tribunal. Por fim, utilizando-se dos conceitos proporcionados pela Análise Econômica do Direito, buscou-se identificar elementos que podem aumentar ou reduzir os custos de transação nos procedimentos arbitrais que tramitam perante o TAS-CAS, a partir das normas que os regulam, dispostas no seu Code of Sports-related Arbitration. / This work aims to study the dispute resolution within sports, through the arbitrations performed by the Court of Arbitration for Sport (TAS-CAS), by examining the structure of said body, as well as certain aspects linked to its acting. Thus, it has been made a contextualization of the use of arbitration proceedings to the settlement of conflicts related to the practice of sports and the creation of the Court of Arbitration for Sport, to identify, later, the main peculiarities of its proceedings, comparing them to the provisions of the UNCITRAL Model Law and of the rules of the International Chamber of Commerce and the American Arbitration Association, which also regulate international arbitrations. Regarding the activity of the court, it was addressed the existence of a regulatory body specifically related to sports, called lex sportiva, whose formation has been heavily influenced by the decisions of TAS-CAS. Within this context, it were presented some of the principles which compose lex sportiva and which have been developed with the participation of the tribunal. Finally, using the concepts provided by the Economic Analysis of Law, it was sought to identify factors that can increase or reduce the transaction costs in arbitration proceedings before the TAS-CAS, as from the rules which govern it, disposed in its Code of Sports-related Arbitration.

SpaceWire est un standard de réseau embarqué promu par l'Agence Spatiale Européenne qui envisage de l'utiliser comme réseau bord unique dans ses futures satellites. SpaceWire utilise un mécanisme de routage Wormhole pour réduire la consommation mémoire des routeurs et les coûts associés. Cependant,le routage Wormhole peut engendrer des blocages en cascade dans les routeurs et, par conséquent,d'importantes variations des délais de livraison des paquets.Comme le réseau doit être partagé par des flux critiques et non-critiques, les concepteurs réseau ont besoin d'un outil leur permettant de vérifier le respect des contraintes temporelles des messages critiques. Pour réaliser cet outil, nous avons choisi comme métrique une borne supérieure sur le délai pire-cas de bout en bout d'un paquet traversant un réseau SpaceWire. Au cours de la thèse, nous avons proposé trois méthodes permettant de calculer cette borne. Les trois méthodes utilisent des hypothèses différentes et ont chacune des avantages et des inconvénients. D'une part, les deux premières méthodes sont très générales et ne nécessitent pas d'hypothèses restrictives sur le trafic en entrée du réseau. D'autre part, la troisième méthode nécessite des hypothèses plus précises sur le trafic en entrée. Elle est donc moins générale mais donne la plupart du temps des bornes plus serrées que les deux autres méthodes. Dans cette thèse, nous avons appliqué ces différentes méthodes à une architecture de référence fournie par Thales Alenia Space afin d'en comparer les résultats. Nous avons également appliqué ces méthodes à des exemples plus simples afin de déterminer l'influence de différents paramètres sur les bornes fournies par nos méthodes. / The SpaceWire network standard is promoted by the ESA and is scheduled to be used as the sole onboard network for future satellites. SpaceWire uses a wormhole routing mechanism to reduce memoryconsumption and the associated costs. However, wormhole routing can lead to packet blocking in routerswhich creates large variations in end-to-end delays. As the network will be shared by real-time and nonreal-time traffic, network designers require a tool to check that temporal constraints are verified for allthe critical messages. The metric we chose for this tool is an upper-bound on the worst-case end-to-enddelay of a packet traversing a SpaceWire network. This metric is simpler to compute than the exact delayof each packet and provide enough guarantee to the network designers. During the thesis, we designed three methods to compute this upper-bound. The three methods use different assumptions and have different advantages and drawbacks. On the one hand, the first two methods are very general and do not require strong assumptions on the input traffic. On the other hand, the third method requires more specific assumptions on the input traffic. Thus, it is less general but usually gives tighter bounds than the two other methods. In the thesis, we apply those methods to a case study provided by Thales Alenia Space and compare the results. We also compare the three methods on several smaller networks to study the impact of various parameters on their results.

Esta tese tem como objetivos verificar as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de bem-estar: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) e Core Affects Scale (CAS); apresentar o bem-estar nos grupos de pais e filhos adolescentes; e verificar a relação entre o bem-estar subjetivo de pais e seus filhos adolescentes a partir de diferentes medidas de avaliação. Foram realizados três estudos, com 543 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 16 anos (68,3% meninas) e seus respectivos pais, com idade média aproximada de 44 anos. Os resultados apontam que o PWI e as escalas SWLS, BMSLSS e CAS apresentam, no geral, bons índices de ajuste quando da realização da análise fatorial (exploratória e confirmatória) para a amostra de adolescentes e para a de pais. Verificam-se diferenças significativas entre as médias de diferentes domínios de bem-estar, sendo as médias mais altas para os adolescentes do que para os pais. Com relação às diferenças por sexo, para as medidas de bem-estar globais observa-se que tanto as meninas como as mães apresentam médias mais baixas do que os meninos e os pais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas por idade para os adolescentes e para os pais, apesar de haver uma diminuição nas médias de diversas medidas para os adolescentes com o aumento dos 12 aos 16 anos. Houve diferenças para classe social, sendo as médias de bem-estar mais baixas para os participantes de classe média baixa. Especificamente, há diferenças entre a interação de classe social e sexo, e as participantes do sexo feminino de classe média baixa apresentam as menores médias de bem-estar. Finalmente, a relação entre o bem-estar de pais e filhos foi analisada, chegando-se a 5 itens que apresentam correlação de 0,41 entre pais e filhos: a satisfação com a família, com o lugar onde vive, com as condições onde vive, com o nível de vida e com a segurança, formando uma dimensão denominada de satisfação com o microssistema. Os resultados para os modelos de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) apresentam efeitos significativos entre a satisfação e a felicidade global com a vida dos pais e o bem-estar dos filhos adolescentes, apesar de pequenos. / This thesis aims to examine the psychometric properties of the well-being instruments: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) and Core Affects Scale (CAS); to present the well-being in the groups of parents and children, and to verify the relation of the subjective well-being of parents and their adolescent children using different assessment measures. Three studies were conducted with 543 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years (68.3% girls) and their respective parents with an average age of approximately 44 years. The main results show that the scales SWLS, PWI, BMSLSS and CAS have good overall fit indices when performing factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) for the sample of adolescents and parents. There are significant differences between the averages of different well-being domains and the averages are higher for teenagers than for parents mostly. With respect to gender differences, for some of the measures of well-being it is observed that girls as mothers present lower average than boys and parents. Considering age, in general there were no significant differences found for adolescents and parents, despite a decrease in the mean for several measures for adolescents when increasing age. There were differences in social class, and the means of well-being are lower for participants from lower middle class. Specifically, there are differences between the interaction of social class and gender, and female participants from lower middle class have lower average well-being. Finally, the relationship between the well-being of parents and children was analyzed, reaching up to 5 items that show a correlation of 0.41 between parents and children: satisfaction with family, where you live, with the conditions of where you live, with the standard of living and security, forming a dimension called satisfaction with the microsystem. The results for the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) show significant effects between the overall satisfaction and happiness with life of parents and the well-being of adolescent children, though small.

Introdução. As Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Interespaçadas (CRISPRs) são DNAs que consistem de repetições de nucleotídeos. Existem 3 tipos: CRISPR1-CAS, CRISPR3-CAS e CRISPR2. Os bacteriófagos são partículas virais que infectam bactérias. Os bacteriófagos SAP6, IME-EF1, BC-611, VD-13 e F4 são encontrados em E. faecalis assim como FL1ABC, FL2AB, FL3AB e FL4A. Objetivo. Identificar e caracterizar as classes de CRISPRs e bacteriófagos de E. faecalis e E. faecium isoaldos de amostras alimentares, clínicas e fezes de animais. Materiais e métodos. Foram usadas DNA de 153 isolados, sendo 98 de E. faecalis e 55 de E. faecium. A técnica de detecção foi a PCR utilizando iniciadores para os genes CRISPR1-Cas, CRISPR2, CRISPR3-cas e bacteriófagos, seguido por electroforese em gel de agarose. Resultados. Para E. faecalis foram detectadas 58 isolados que amplifacaram para o gene CRISPR1-Cas; 87 para CRISPR2 e 13 para CRISPR3-Cas. Para E. faecium foram detectadas 4 isolados positivos para o gene CRISPR1-Cas; 18 para CRISPR2 e 1 para CRISPR3-CAS. O bacteriófago FL2ABfoi detectado em 13 isolados de E. faecalis; o bacteriófago FL3AB em 13 isolados de E. faecalis e o FL4A em 28 isolados de E. faecalis. Conclusão. Neste estudo nos encontramos diferentes proporções e distribuições dos genes CRISPRs em E. faecalis e E. faecium. O bacteriófago FL4A apresentou-se como o mais frequente entre os bacteriófagos avalados. / Introduction. The CRISPR are small portions of DNA consisting of nucleotide repeats. There are three types of CRISPRs recognized: CRISPR-associated genes cas: CRISPR1-CAS and CRISPR3-CAS and a orphan locus lacking cas genes: CRISPR2. Bacteriophages are viral particles that infect bacterial. The bacteriophages SAP6, IME-EF1, BC-611 and F4 are found in E. faecalis as well as FL1ABC, FL2AB, FL3AB, FL4A. Objectivy: To Identify and to characterize CRISPRs genes and bacteriophage genes in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from food, clinical and animal fecal samples. Materials and methods. A total of 153 DNA samples were used, 98 from E. faecalis and 55 from E. faecium. The PCR technique using primers was used to detect the genes CRISPR1-Cas, CRISPR2, CRISPR3-cas and bacteriophages, followed the agarose gel electrophoresis. Results. To E. faecalis was detected 58 isolates that amplified the CRISPR1-Cas genes, 87 to CRISPR2 and 13 to CRISPR3-Cas. To E. faecium was detected 4 isolates positive to CRISPR1-Cas gene, 18 to CRISPR2 e 1 to CRISPR3-CAS. The FL2AB bacteriophage was detected in 13 isolates of E. faecalis; the FL3AB bacteriophage in 13 isolates of E. faecalis and the FL4A in 28 isolates of E. faecalis. Conclusion. In this work, we found out different proportions and distributions of CRISPRs genes in E. faecalis e E. faecium. The FL4A bacteriophage showed a high frequency among the bacteriophages tested.

Compte tenu du taux d’échec élevé qu’enregistrent bon nombre d’opérations de fusions & acquisitions (F&A), le transfert des connaissances semble être un facteur déterminant dans le processus d’intégration entre les entreprises qui fusionnent. La littérature empirique sur le transfert de connaissances dans les F&A tend à se répartir en deux catégories distinctes : d’une part, les études "macro" (au niveau inter-organisationnel) et d’autre part, les études "micro" (au niveau de l’individu). Or, il est possible de noter qu’au cours des dernières années, une troisième catégorie récente a fait son apparition, qui axe son analyse sur les dimensions "soft" (au niveau collectif). Ce clivage limite la portée et la capacité explicative des études empiriques sur les facteurs de succès et d’échec du transfert de connaissances. Pour combler ce manque d’études, nous proposons une grille d’analyse multi-niveaux tenant compte des "macro" facteurs, "micro" facteurs et "soft" facteurs simultanément. Ce cadre théorique permet d’envisager le transfert de connaissances dans le processus d’intégration post-F&A comme un phénomène complexe et "multi-facette" qui regroupe un certain nombre de tâches successives ou simultanées. S’appuyant sur un positionnement épistémologique aménagé, la méthodologie retenue dans notre thèse combine une analyse de cinq études de cas réalisées dans les secteurs français de la haute technologie (analyse intra-cas) et une démarche comparative (analyse inter-cas). Les résultats de cette recherche apportent une contribution majeure par rapport au management des processus d’intégration, en permettant de mettre à jour les facteurs favorisant la réussite du transfert de connaissances. / Considering the high failure rate recorded by a good number of mergers and acquisitions (M&A), knowledge transfer seems to be a determining factor in the integration process among merging enterprises. The empirical literature on the transfer of knowledge in M&A tends to divide up into two distinct categories: on the one hand, "macro" studies (at inter-organizational level) and on the other hand, "micro" studies (at individual’s level). Yet, a looming third category has been scored recently, which focuses its analysis on "soft" dimensions (at collective level). This scission restricts the scope and explanatory capacities of empirical studies upon the success and failure factors of knowledge transfer. To make up for this gap, we suggest a multi-level analytical grid taking "macro" factors, "micro" factors and "soft" factors simultaneously into account. This theoretical framework allows the transfer of knowledge in the post-M&A integration process to be considered as a complex and multifaceted phenomenon gathering a number of successive and simultaneous tasks. Hinging on an adapted epistemic positioning, the methodology retained for our thesis combines an analysis of five case studies carried out in the French sectors of high technology (intra-case analysis) with a comparative approach (intra-case analysis). The findings of this research bring about a major contribution to the management of integration processes, while enabling the factors favoring knowledge transfer to be updated

Cette thèse se compose de trois chapitres distincts. Dans le premier chapitre, nous examinons si les facteurs explicatifs de la maturité de la dette précédemment identifiés dans la littérature ont des impacts qui varient en fonction du niveau de maturité de la dette en mettant l'accent sur les cas extrêmes. Nous constatons que les effets des déterminants classiques varient sensiblement en fonction de la distribution de la maturité de la dette. Ces effets sont beaucoup plus faibles pour les percentiles les plus bas et les plus élevés. Cela indique que le risque de refinancement est beaucoup plus contraignant à très court terme et beaucoup moins à très long terme. En revanche, le fait d'avoir accès ou non au financement public accentue ce phénomène d'hétérogénéité de l'impact des déterminants en fonction du niveau de maturité de la dette. Ce dernier point peut s'expliquer par le fait que le risque de refinancement est beaucoup plus important pour les entreprises n'ayant pas accès au financement public. En résumé, nos résultats confirment notre intuition concernant les impacts hétérogènes des déterminants de la maturité de la dette en fonction du niveau de maturité de la dette et en particulier dans les cas extrêmes. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous examinons les choix de la maturité de la dette des entreprises dans une perspective dynamique. Premièrement, nos résultats mettent en évidence des effets moutonniers. Aussi bien en termes de niveaux de la maturité de la dette qu'en termes de modifications de la maturité de la dette, les entreprises reproduisent le comportement des entreprises du même secteur. Ce comportement moutonnier explique beaucoup plus les variations de la maturité des dettes que les caractéristiques propres des entreprises. Après avoir éliminé l'impact des variations de la structure par terme des taux d'intérêt, ce comportement moutonnier en réponse aux modifications de la maturité de la dette des entreprises du même secteur est encore plus conséquent. Deuxièmement, nous constatons une persistance de niveaux de maturité de la dette dans le temps, notamment pour les entreprises ayant des maturités de la dette très faibles. Le troisième chapitre analyse l'impact du « market timing » sur la maturité de la dette. Nous affirmons que les grandes entreprises affichant des fondamentaux solides ont tendance à émettre des dettes à long terme plutôt qu'à court terme en cas de surévaluation temporaire des titres de ces entreprises. En particulier, pour ce type d'entreprises, l'effet du timing domine celui du comportement moutonnier pendant les périodes de refinancement important. Pour les petites entreprises dont les fondamentaux sont faibles, l'effet du « market timing » est faible, tandis que celui du comportement moutonnier est conséquent. / This dissertation is made of three distinct chapters. The first chapter investigates whether the effects of the previously identified factors vary along the debt maturity spectrum. Special emphasis is place on the extremely cases. Notably, we find that the effects of the conventional determinants vary substantially across the debt maturity distribution. Effect attenuation is observed at the lower and the higher debt maturity percentiles. The mechanism lies in the binding refinancing risk in the short extremes and the lessened refinancing risk in the long extremes. By contrast, the fact that a firm has access to public credit or not accentuates to a larger degree the heterogeneity in the observed effects of the included factors across the debt maturity distribution. This result can be explained by the argument that the refinancing risk is even more binding for firms without access to public credit. Altogether, our findings confirm our intuition concerning the heterogeneous effects of the conventional factors exerted along the debt maturity spectrum, especially for the extreme cases. In the second chapter, we examine debt maturity choices of firms from a dynamic perspective. Our results draw clear implications for a herding effect. Firms herd towards the levels as well as the changes of industry peers' debt maturities. Remarkably, this herding effect explains a much larger proportion of variation in debt maturity adjustment than firms' own characteristics. After eliminating the impact of changes in the yield curve, changes in peer firms' debt maturity policies drives debt maturity dynamics to a larger extent. Meanwhile, we find that debt maturity is persistent over time and that the persistence is primarily attributed to firms with short debt maturities. The third chapter analyzes the impact of market timing. We document that big firms with strong fundamentals attempt to “time” the issuance of long-term debts subsequent to temporary market mispricing. Particularly, for this type of firms, the effect of market timing dominates over that of herding during the periods firms raise large amounts of debts. For small firms with weak fundamentals, the effect of market timing is insignificant whereas the herding evidence is prominent.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 TeseGMG.pdf: 4914831 bytes, checksum: 1d048739debba70d1c2f92d0a969f785 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-21 / Outra / The wastewater treatment plant (WWTPs) play an important role to ensuring the health and preservation of aquatic ecosystems through biological removal (mainly) of pollutants and microorganisms in the sanitary and industrial sewage, avoiding the disposal "in natura" of sewage on water and soil. Among these organic contaminants stand out Emerging Contaminants (EC), like pharmaceuticals, personal care products and endocrine disruptors, drug abuse, etc.In this study, it was investigated the occurrence and evaluated the removal of 12 EC: naproxen (NPX), diclofenac (DCF), ibuprofen (IBU), caffeine (CAF), carbamazepine (CBZ), propranolol (PRP), atenolol (ATL ), 1-hydroxyibuprofen (IBU-1OH), 2-hydroxy-ibuprofen (IBU-2OH), 10,11-dihydro-10,11-dihydroxy-carbamazepine (CBZ-DIOH), 2-hydroxy-carbamazepine (CBZ-2OH) at two wastewater treatment plants operating with biologic system, one aerobic and another one anaerobic. The first one is located in Jundiaí / SP city and the second one in São Carlos / SP. The target compounds were extracted from the aqueous phase by solid phase extraction (SPE). The analytical determinations were done through liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with triple quadrupole analyzer (UPLC-MS / MS).Pharmaceuticals, metabolites and personal care product triclosan were detected in all samples. The WWTP CSJJundiaí, which operates in aerobic system showed high removal values (R>70%), in all samples, for the CAF, NPX, ATL, IBU-1OH and TCS, moderate removal (70%>R> 20%) for the IBU and IBU-2 OH, low removal (R <20%) and production (R <0%) for CBZ and PRP.On the other hand ETE-Monjolinho, which operates in an anaerobic system presented a less removal of contaminants, where only caffeine had R> 70%.Thecompounds TCS IBU-2OH, IBU-1OH and ATL was moderate removal, CBZ-DIOH, CBZ and IBU was poorly removal, while it was observed production of DCF, PRP and CBZ-2OH (R < 0%). The metabolite CBZ-DIOH was recalcitrant to degradation in both WWTP. Moreover, it was noticed that WWTP can not only promote the degradation of some contaminants but also the production of the same, as is the case of DCF, CBZ, CBZ-2OH, CBZ-DIOH and PRP in both WWTP, and Moreover, it is possible to observe that STPs can promote not only the degradation of some contaminants but also the production of the same, as is the case of DCF, CBZ, CBZ-2 OH, CBZ-DIOH and PRP in both STPs, and ATL, IBU, and IBU-1OH only in ETE-Monjolinho. Despite both WWTP not completely remove the organic contaminants, it was found that WWTP with aerobic biodegradation has proved more effective in removing the EC than anaerobic biodegradation.The currently WWTP technologies are not able to eliminated most of EC, providing this contaminants into water bodies. This work aim to contributes to the understanding the EC in WWTP, in order to support better operating parameters of WWTP or the requirement of new technologies which allowed the removal of these contaminants providing treated wastewater that could helping for the global water scarcity problem. / As Estações de Tratamento de Esgoto (ETEs) desempenham papel importante na garantia da saúde pública e preservação dos ecossistemas aquáticos por meio da remoção biológica (majoritariamente) de poluentes e microorganismos presentes no esgoto sanitário e industrial, evitando o aporte“in natura”do esgoto nos corpos hídricos e solos. Dentre estes contaminantes orgânicos destacam-se os Contaminantes Emergentes (CE), uma categoria composta por fármacos, produtos de higiene pessoal e desreguladores endócrinos, drogas de abuso, entre outros. Neste trabalho foi investigada a ocorrência e avaliada a remoção de 12 CE, sendo eles: naproxeno (NPX), diclofenaco (DCF), ibuprofeno (IBU), cafeína (CAF), carbamazepina (CBZ), propranolol (PRP), atenolol (ATL), 1- hidroxi-ibuprofeno (IBU-1OH), 2-hidroxi-ibuprofeno (IBU-2OH), 10,11-dihidro-10,11-dihidroxi-carbamazepina (CBZ-DIOH), 2-hidroxi-carbamazepina (CBZ-2OH) em duas estações de tratamento de esgoto que operam sistemas biológicos, sendo uma aeróbia e outra anaeróbia. A primeira fica na cidade de Jundiaí/SP e a segunda opera na cidade de São Carlos/SP. Os compostos alvos foram extraídos da fase aquosa por extração em fase sólida (SPE). As determinações analíticas foram feitas por cromatografia líquida de ultra eficiência acoplada àespectrometria de massas com analisador triplo quadrupolo (UPLC-MS/MS). Os fármacos, metabólitos e o produto de higiene pessoal triclosan foram detectados em todas as amostras analisadas. A CSJ-Jundiaí, que opera em regime aeróbio, apresentou ao longo das campanhas amostrais, altos valores de remoção (R>70%) para a CAF, NPX, ATL, IBU-1OH e TCS, remoção moderada (70%> R > 20%) para o IBU e IBU-2OH, baixa remoção (R<20%) e formação/produção (R<0%) para a CBZ e PRP. Já a ETEMonjolinho, que opera em regime anaeróbio, apresentou um panorama menos favorável na remoção dos contaminantes alvos obtendo R>70% apenas para a cafeína. Os compostos TCS, IBU-2OH, IBU-1OH e ATL tiveram remoção moderada, ao passo que CBZ-DiOH, CBZ e IBU apresentaram baixa remoção e formação/produção do DCF, PRP e CBZ-2OH. O metabólito CBZ-DiOH mostrou-se recalcitrante a degradação em ambas ETEs. Além do mais, é possível observar que as ETE podem promover não somente a degradação de alguns contaminantes mas também a formação/produção dos mesmos, como é o caso do DCF, CBZ, CBZ-2OH, CBZ-DiOH e PRP em ambas ETEs, havendo ainda na ETE-Monjolinho a formação de ATL, IBU, e IBU-1OH. Apesar de ambas ETEs não removerem completamente os compostos avaliados, observouse que o tratamento de esgoto empregando a biodegradação aeróbia tem se mostrado mais eficaz na remoção dos CEs frente à biodegradação anaeróbia. Os sistemas atualmente empregados na maioria das ETEs, não livram os corpos aquáticos da presença de CE. Este trabalho contribui para o conhecimento do comportamento de alguns CE em modelos de ETE comumente empregadose pode amparar estratégias de ajustes de condições operacionais ou o uso de tecnologias que possibilitem a remoção destes contaminantes, contribuindo para que os efluentes das ETEspossam ser transformados em água de reuso de boa qualidade, atualmente uma das alternativas para o gerenciamento do problema global da escassez hídrica.

Cette recherche vise à améliorer notre compréhension sur les stratégies de pénétration des entreprises chinoises en Afrique du point de vue des entreprises chinoises. La littérature en stratégie internationale souligne la nécessité de choix d’un contexte précis de l’étude de celle-ci. Cependant, la perception des entrepreneurs chinois au regard des investissements qu’ils effectuent en Afrique est quasiment inexistante dans la littérature. Notre thèse tente d’éclairer les différentes stratégies d’implantation des entreprises chinoises dans le contexte africain. L’implantation de ces entreprises sur le continent s’avère-t-elle judicieuse pour leur croissance ? Comment parviennent-elles à s’adapter à l’élargissement de leur périmètre géographique et à gérer la distance physique, culturelle, institutionnelle et psychologique qui les sépare de leurs partenaires potentiels ? Pour ce faire, nous avons conduit une démarche de recherche en trois étapes :Une première phase consacrée à la recherche documentaire et à l’exploration des entreprises chinoises au Mali. Cela pour constituer la littérature de notre recherche. Une deuxième phase empirique a été conduite sur la base de questionnaire auprès de 18 entreprises chinoises sans distinction. Une phase descriptive/prescriptive a permis de prolonger la réponse apportée à notre problématique de recherche en proposant une analyse transversale des différents cas étudiés. Cette recherche démontre l’importance de la perception des entrepreneurs chinois pour une meilleure compréhension du processus d’implantation des entreprises chinoises en Afrique et en particulier au Mali. / This research aims to improve our understanding of the entry strategies of Chinese enterprises in Africa from the perspective of Chinese enterprises. Literature in international strategy emphasizes the need for choosing a specific context of the study thereof. However, the perception of Chinese entrepreneurs in terms of when investing in Africa is virtually nonexistent in the literature. This thesis attempts to illuminate the different implementation strategies of Chinese enterprises in the African context. The implementation of these companies on the continent is she smart for their growth? How do they adapt to expanding their geographic scope and manage the physical distance, cultural, institutional and psychological that separates them from their potential partners? To do this, we conducted a research approach in three steps : The first phase devoted to information retrieval and exploration of Chinese enterprises in Mali. This to be the literature of our research. A second empirical phase was conducted on the basis of a questionnaire with 18 Chinese companies alike. A phase descriptive / prescriptive has extended the response to our research problem by proposing a cross-sectional analysis of the different cases studied. This research demonstrates the importance of the perception of Chinese entrepreneurs to better understand the implementation process of Chinese enterprises in Africa and especially in Mali.

Introdução. As Repetições Palindrômicas Curtas Agrupadas e Regularmente Interespaçadas (CRISPRs) são DNAs que consistem de repetições de nucleotídeos. Existem 3 tipos: CRISPR1-CAS, CRISPR3-CAS e CRISPR2. Os bacteriófagos são partículas virais que infectam bactérias. Os bacteriófagos SAP6, IME-EF1, BC-611, VD-13 e F4 são encontrados em E. faecalis assim como FL1ABC, FL2AB, FL3AB e FL4A. Objetivo. Identificar e caracterizar as classes de CRISPRs e bacteriófagos de E. faecalis e E. faecium isoaldos de amostras alimentares, clínicas e fezes de animais. Materiais e métodos. Foram usadas DNA de 153 isolados, sendo 98 de E. faecalis e 55 de E. faecium. A técnica de detecção foi a PCR utilizando iniciadores para os genes CRISPR1-Cas, CRISPR2, CRISPR3-cas e bacteriófagos, seguido por electroforese em gel de agarose. Resultados. Para E. faecalis foram detectadas 58 isolados que amplifacaram para o gene CRISPR1-Cas; 87 para CRISPR2 e 13 para CRISPR3-Cas. Para E. faecium foram detectadas 4 isolados positivos para o gene CRISPR1-Cas; 18 para CRISPR2 e 1 para CRISPR3-CAS. O bacteriófago FL2ABfoi detectado em 13 isolados de E. faecalis; o bacteriófago FL3AB em 13 isolados de E. faecalis e o FL4A em 28 isolados de E. faecalis. Conclusão. Neste estudo nos encontramos diferentes proporções e distribuições dos genes CRISPRs em E. faecalis e E. faecium. O bacteriófago FL4A apresentou-se como o mais frequente entre os bacteriófagos avalados. / Introduction. The CRISPR are small portions of DNA consisting of nucleotide repeats. There are three types of CRISPRs recognized: CRISPR-associated genes cas: CRISPR1-CAS and CRISPR3-CAS and a orphan locus lacking cas genes: CRISPR2. Bacteriophages are viral particles that infect bacterial. The bacteriophages SAP6, IME-EF1, BC-611 and F4 are found in E. faecalis as well as FL1ABC, FL2AB, FL3AB, FL4A. Objectivy: To Identify and to characterize CRISPRs genes and bacteriophage genes in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolated from food, clinical and animal fecal samples. Materials and methods. A total of 153 DNA samples were used, 98 from E. faecalis and 55 from E. faecium. The PCR technique using primers was used to detect the genes CRISPR1-Cas, CRISPR2, CRISPR3-cas and bacteriophages, followed the agarose gel electrophoresis. Results. To E. faecalis was detected 58 isolates that amplified the CRISPR1-Cas genes, 87 to CRISPR2 and 13 to CRISPR3-Cas. To E. faecium was detected 4 isolates positive to CRISPR1-Cas gene, 18 to CRISPR2 e 1 to CRISPR3-CAS. The FL2AB bacteriophage was detected in 13 isolates of E. faecalis; the FL3AB bacteriophage in 13 isolates of E. faecalis and the FL4A in 28 isolates of E. faecalis. Conclusion. In this work, we found out different proportions and distributions of CRISPRs genes in E. faecalis e E. faecium. The FL4A bacteriophage showed a high frequency among the bacteriophages tested.

Esta tese tem como objetivos verificar as propriedades psicométricas dos instrumentos de bem-estar: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) e Core Affects Scale (CAS); apresentar o bem-estar nos grupos de pais e filhos adolescentes; e verificar a relação entre o bem-estar subjetivo de pais e seus filhos adolescentes a partir de diferentes medidas de avaliação. Foram realizados três estudos, com 543 adolescentes com idades entre 12 e 16 anos (68,3% meninas) e seus respectivos pais, com idade média aproximada de 44 anos. Os resultados apontam que o PWI e as escalas SWLS, BMSLSS e CAS apresentam, no geral, bons índices de ajuste quando da realização da análise fatorial (exploratória e confirmatória) para a amostra de adolescentes e para a de pais. Verificam-se diferenças significativas entre as médias de diferentes domínios de bem-estar, sendo as médias mais altas para os adolescentes do que para os pais. Com relação às diferenças por sexo, para as medidas de bem-estar globais observa-se que tanto as meninas como as mães apresentam médias mais baixas do que os meninos e os pais. Não foram encontradas diferenças significativas por idade para os adolescentes e para os pais, apesar de haver uma diminuição nas médias de diversas medidas para os adolescentes com o aumento dos 12 aos 16 anos. Houve diferenças para classe social, sendo as médias de bem-estar mais baixas para os participantes de classe média baixa. Especificamente, há diferenças entre a interação de classe social e sexo, e as participantes do sexo feminino de classe média baixa apresentam as menores médias de bem-estar. Finalmente, a relação entre o bem-estar de pais e filhos foi analisada, chegando-se a 5 itens que apresentam correlação de 0,41 entre pais e filhos: a satisfação com a família, com o lugar onde vive, com as condições onde vive, com o nível de vida e com a segurança, formando uma dimensão denominada de satisfação com o microssistema. Os resultados para os modelos de interdependência ator-parceiro (APIM) apresentam efeitos significativos entre a satisfação e a felicidade global com a vida dos pais e o bem-estar dos filhos adolescentes, apesar de pequenos. / This thesis aims to examine the psychometric properties of the well-being instruments: Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI), Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS), Brief Multidimensional Students’ Life Satisfaction Scale (BMSLSS) and Core Affects Scale (CAS); to present the well-being in the groups of parents and children, and to verify the relation of the subjective well-being of parents and their adolescent children using different assessment measures. Three studies were conducted with 543 adolescents aged between 12 and 16 years (68.3% girls) and their respective parents with an average age of approximately 44 years. The main results show that the scales SWLS, PWI, BMSLSS and CAS have good overall fit indices when performing factor analysis (exploratory and confirmatory) for the sample of adolescents and parents. There are significant differences between the averages of different well-being domains and the averages are higher for teenagers than for parents mostly. With respect to gender differences, for some of the measures of well-being it is observed that girls as mothers present lower average than boys and parents. Considering age, in general there were no significant differences found for adolescents and parents, despite a decrease in the mean for several measures for adolescents when increasing age. There were differences in social class, and the means of well-being are lower for participants from lower middle class. Specifically, there are differences between the interaction of social class and gender, and female participants from lower middle class have lower average well-being. Finally, the relationship between the well-being of parents and children was analyzed, reaching up to 5 items that show a correlation of 0.41 between parents and children: satisfaction with family, where you live, with the conditions of where you live, with the standard of living and security, forming a dimension called satisfaction with the microsystem. The results for the actor-partner interdependence model (APIM) show significant effects between the overall satisfaction and happiness with life of parents and the well-being of adolescent children, though small.