Abstract Background: Cash management means the management of liquidity in order to meet their day-to-day commitment. The result of poor focus on cash management often means that the financial assets are bound. The management of liquidity is not something new but cash management is a modern way of doing that. Cash management is a very broad subject which involves many factors, this paper will focus on examine how the liquidity is managed in Jonsons Byggnads AB, in order to improve the liquidity through cash management thinking. Jonsons Byggnads AB is a local construction firm located in Jönköping. This paper will examine the firm’s liquidity with focus on payment/payout routines, liquidity management, short-term financing and the connection between accounts receivables and payables.   Purpose: The purpose is to examine Jonsons bygg’s liquidity today in order to later recognize which factors within cash management that can strengthen the liquidity position for Jonsons Byggnads AB. Method: This is a qualitative study based examining the liquidity management for Jonsons Byggnads AB. The collection of the data and information was gathered by interviews, observations and balance sheet/income statement (Jonsons Byggnads AB). The interviews were done with Fadi Babil (The owner of Jonsons Byggnads AB) and two other staff members, which have chosen to be anonymous. Fadil Sadiku (Financial advisor at Swedbank) have also been interviewed in order to gather information about various products Swedbank offers to improve the liquidity for Jonsons Byggnads AB. Conclusion: The result of this study showed us that Jonsons Byggnads AB have good liquidity position even though the company does not have anyone employed to manage the liquidity. Even though Jonsons bygg’s liquidity position is healthy, there are some areas that can be improved. Improvements in the payment/payout routines can be done by computerizing the sales ledger system completely and therefore be more efficient and profitable. Connecting the invoices to an account with higher interest is also an approach to be more profitable. Since the accounts being used today have almost no interest.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Western Australia, 2006.

Thesis (M.A.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 88-91). Also available via the Internet.

Master-Arbeit Univ. St. Gallen, 2007.

This study consists of two essays. In the first essay, I examine the effect of employee blockholdings on the values of corporate cash and capital expenditures. I find that when employees hold large equity stake in their companies, corporate cash holdings are worth less to outside shareholders and capital expenditures contribute less to shareholder value. The negative effect of employee block ownership on the values of cash and capital expenditures is concentrated in companies with fewer anti-takeover provisions, in companies which pay their employees abnormally high wages, and in companies where managers have little equity ownership. Our findings support the hypothesis that employee blockholdings can serve as a protection for managers from the market for corporate control and allow managers to extract private benefits at the expense of shareholders. In the second essay, I examine how labor power affects the informativeness of companies’ reported earnings. Using a sample of firms in 42 countries for the period of 1990 to 2009, I find that strong union laws provide managers greater incentives to manipulate reported earnings to hide firm true performance from labor, leading to lower value relevance of earnings in these countries. Further analysis shows that firms use more negative accruals in countries with more powerful labor unions. Overall, these findings support the hypothesis that managers intentionally distort reported earnings to shelter corporate income from labor so that they can improve their bargaining position against powerful labor unions

This study investigates the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses in Uganda. Whereas anecdotal evidence has for some time revealed that informal businesses in Uganda are faced with the challenge of cash management, no specific studies have been conducted to investigate how this relates to the growth of businesses where evidence has also indicated that most of these businesses do not exist for very long. In particular, the study assesses and explores the growth levels of informal businesses in terms of sales volume, growth in employment and length of existence. The study investigates the various ways in which informal businesses manage their cash and investigates the various internal and external factors that moderate cash management and the growth of the informal businesses. Furthermore, the study proposes a possible framework to manage cash in informal businesses and makes recommendations to informal business owners and managers on how to effectively manage cash in order to stimulate business growth. In order to investigate the relationships between the variables, an empirical investigation was undertaken. Based on the literature review, the primary objective of the study was formulated to investigate the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses amidst the external and internal environment in Uganda in order to suggest a framework for effective management of cash by informal businesses that would enhance their growth. A positivistic research paradigm was adopted in this study. A sample of 383 informal businesses was drawn from the five divisions of Kampala district namely; Central, Kawempe, Makindye, Nakawa and Rubaga. To ensure validity and reliability, EFA and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient were computed. Six hypotheses were developed to test the relationships between cash management and growth of informal businesses. The empirical results revealed that there is a significant relationship between cash management and the external environment in which informal businesses operate, a significant relationship between the external environment and the growth of informal businesses and a significant relationship between cash management and growth of informal businesses where the external environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The empirical results did not establish a significant relationship between cash management and the internal environment in which informal businesses operate, the internal environment and growth of informal businesses and cash management and growth of informal businesses where internal environment will have a moderating influence on the relationship. The results of this study show that the growth of informal businesses is largely hampered by poor cash management practices and challenges such as the lack of cash planning, lack of cash forecasting and budgeting, lack of financial controls and reporting, the tendency to invest largely in short-term assets which limits their profitability, the employment of less competent and skilled staff and lack of formal accounting information systems. The magnitude of the impact of these is accelerated by the external environment such as competition and the legal and regulatory environment which put pressure on the little cash resources owned by these businesses. Based on the study results, several strategies based on individual cash components of cash planning, cash forecasting and budgeting, financial controls and reporting, short-term investment of cash surplus, competence and skills of staff and accounting information systems were recommended for implementation. It was further recommended that these strategies should be implemented while giving due attention to the external environment if informal businesses are to effectively manage cash and enhance their growth.

by Yu Ying Choi Alan Abel. / Bibliography: leaves 72-73 / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985

Stora koncerner med verksamhet i flera företag och inte sällan i flera länder kan gynnas av att styra hela koncernens ekonomi från en gemensam enhet. Moderbolaget har olika stor insyn i dotterbolagens verksamheter beroende på koncernens storlek och organisationsstruktur och därmed kan centralisering av likviditetsstyrningen ske på olika sätt. Syftet med uppsatsen är att ur ett ledarskapsperspektiv studera hur centraliserad likviditetsstyrning utförs samt hur det kan påverka koncerner. För att uppnå syftet har kvalitativa intervjuer genomförts med ekonomicheferna i fyra koncerner. Studien har därmed gjorts ur ett ledarskapsperspektiv och personliga intervjuer har gjorts för att få en djupare förståelse för hur koncernerna väljer att centralisera sin likviditetsstyrning samt vilken påverkan det har. Koncernerna som intervjuats har i hög grad centraliserad likviditetsstyrning och de viktigaste besluten fattas i huvudsak från en och samma enhet, resultatet av intervjuerna visar att centraliserad likviditetsstyrning skapar ökad översikt och kontroll. Ekonomicheferna anser sig ha god insyn i dotterbolagens verksamheter och kan därmed fatta de beslut som är de bästa för koncernen.  För att få en ökad förståelse för hur cash pooling kan användas som instrument för att centralisera likviditetsstyrningen intervjuades även två banker. Cash pooling ger en översiktlig bild över koncernens likviditet genom interna överföringar mellan konton med intern ränta. Därmed används det befintliga kapitalet på ett effektivt sätt innan externa lån behöver tas. Tre av koncernerna använder sig av cash pooling och de anser att det skapar en överskådlighet över koncernens likviditet samt en ökad effektivitet eftersom antalet externa banklån reduceras. Bankerna är eniga och menar att cash pooling skapar en samlad bild över koncernens likviditet. Utöver cash pooling tar studien även upp begrepp som centralisering, cash management och treasury management, vilka även de kan ses som sätt att effektivisera likviditetsstyrningen i en koncern. / Business groups with companies active in several countries can benefit from managing the entire group’s economy from one single entity. The parent company’s transparency of its subsidiaries is depending on the size and the organizational structure of the concern. Therefore, centralization of the liquidity can be done in several ways. The purpose of the study aims to clarify how centralization of the liquidity can be performed and what consequences it gives the concern. The study has been conducted through the leaders’ perspectives of the business groups. Interviews have been carried out with the financial chiefs of four business groups, in order to get a deeper knowledge of how the liquidity is centralized and what effects it brings. The business groups have in a great extent centralized their liquidity to one entity where the most important decisions are made. The financial chiefs consider themselves to have the right knowledge to make decisions with the concern’s best interest in mind. To get a deeper knowledge about centralization of liquidity from the perspectives of the banks, and also to get awareness of cash pooling and how it is used, the decision of interviewing two banks as well, was made. Cash pooling is an instrument for optimizing the liquidity within business groups and thereby enabling an effective management of cash, and reducing the need for external borrowings. Three out of the four concerns interviewed are users of cash pooling and they all consider it an effective instrument that creates transparency and control over the liquidity. The banks agree and say that it gives a more composed picture of the liquidity of the concern, which simplifies the contact with the bank. In addition to cash pooling, the study also discusses cash management and treasury management. In conclusion, it is clear to say that there are considerable advantages, such as a greater transparency and control, when a corporate group is centralizing its liquidity. It also creates legitimacy against banks.

Bakgrund: Det råder ett alltmer hårt företagsklimat i dagens samhälle, därför är det viktigt att företag har en så god hantering av affärsprocesserna i verksamheten som möjligt. Det område som då blir meningsfullt att arbeta med är cash management. Cash management kan användas av företag för att förbättra både lönsamhet och finansiering. Inom ämnet ryms många olika delar, bland annat inbetalningar, utbetalningar, kundfordringar, och likviditetshantering. I nära samband med cash management uppkommer också riskhantering. Riskhantering har aldrig varit en lätt uppgift och särskilt inte för små företag. För att bemöta risker på ett så bra sätt som möjligt krävs det att företagen utformar och applicerar effektiva metoder. Det är av stor betydelse att förebygga risker snarare än att angripa dem när de väl uppstår. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur cash management samt risker relaterat till cash management hanteras i små företag. Teoretisk utgångspunkt: Arbetets teoretiska utgångspunkt är cash management och dess olika delar samt tillhörande risker. De identifierade olika delarna är inbetalningar, utbetalningar, kredittid, kundfordringar, likviditetsplanering, placering av likvida överskott och likviditetsreserv. De tillhörande riskerna utgörs av kreditrisk, likviditetsrisk, ränterisk och valutarisk. Metod: Studien utgår från en kvalitativ ansats eftersom tidigare forskning visat att detta är en lämplig metod för att undersöka problemområdet. Studiens empiri är insamlad genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med tio olika småföretag. Slutsatser: Studien pekar på att småföretag arbetar med cash management på olika sätt, i olika utsträckning och att det finns utrymme för förbättring. Även riskhantering i små företag ser olika ut samt att små företag är exponerade olika mycket för olika risker. Vi ser kopplingar mellan riskhantering och cash management i de små företagen och oftast går hantering av goda cash management-rutiner ihop med en minskad riskexponering. / Background: There is an increasingly rough business climate in today’s society, therefore it is important for enterprises to have a good management of the business processes as possible. What becomes meaningful to work with then is cash management. Cash management can be used by enterprises to improve both profitability and financing. The topic includes different parts such as payments, accounts receivable and liquidity management. Also risk management is often associated with cash management. Risk management has never been an easy task and especially not for small enterprises. To deal with this it is required for the enterprises to design and apply efficient methods and strategies. It is of great importance to prevent these risks than deal with them once they occur. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to research how cash management and risks related to cash management are managed in small enterprises. Theoretical starting point: The theoretical starting point of the study is cash management and its different elements and associated risks. The different identified elements are payments,credit period, accounts receivables, liquidity management, investment of liquid surpluses and liquidity reserve. The related risks are credit risk, liquidity risk, interest rate risk and currency risk. Method: The study is based on a quantitative approach since previous studies shown that this is an appropriate method in order to research the issue. The empirical data is collected by semi-structured interviews with ten different small enterprises. Conclusions: The study shows that small enterprises work with cash management differently, in different extent and there is room for improvements. Also risk management in small enterprises tends to differ and the enterprises are exposed in different extent for various risks. There is a connection between risk management and cash management in small enterprisesand good management of cash often tends to minimize risk exposure.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2009. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In financial accounting and economics it is important to be in a position to determine replacement costs of assets. These costs are essential for application of inflation accounting , the calculation of Tobin's q ratio, as well as the calculation of the free cash flow (FCF) of a company. However, it proves to be a daunting challenge to calculate especially accurate replacement costs of a company's fixed assets, owing to the considerable effects that inflation, economic lifetime of fixed assets and procurement strategies have on the replacement cost, and consequently on the FCF of a firm . In determining the FCF of a company, it is essential to differentiate between the goals of a company to maintain fixed assets or to expand operations. This split is difficult to ascertain, as few companies in South Africa publish the split. In addition to this, it is important to distinguish between actual required replacement investment (RI) and that part of the RI that has conveniently been postponed. As a consequence, analysis of a company's financial statements to determine replacement costs and subsequent FCF is further complicated. In 2001 , Hall investigated the behaviour of the average age of fixed assets as calculated with the Cutler and Westwick (1973: 17) formula , by developing specific inflation adjustment models. Hall's (2001: 40) study provided insight into some of the factors that might influence the application of the Cutler and Westwick formula for the calculation of the average age of a firm 's fixed assets. This research report developed Hall's models further, and proved that the average age of fixed assets, as used in the determination of replacement cost of a company's fixed assets, could only be applied in zero inflation conditions. In positive inflation periods, the average age of fixed assets as per Cutler and Westwick's formula is understated, resulting in lower estimations of replacement costs. Consequently, the additional depreciation as determined for inflation accounting purposes is understated. In this research report, the models referred to above were developed further to determine the required maintenance (or RI) part of the investing decision relative to depreciation written off. This enabled the modelling of FCF for companies, assuming certain model restrictions, such as constant inflation, evenroll fixed asset replacement and similar economic lifetimes for all fixed assets. However, this only provides some insight into the trends of additional deprecation required for different situations, and cannot be used in practice as comparable practical situations do not exist. This study therefore concludes that the calculation of replacement cost for inflation accounting purposes proves to be a very complex problem. No simple or quick model currently exists for determining the replacement costs of fixed assets and subsequent FCF of a firm. It is recommended that, when determining the replacement costs of fixed assets, the detailed fixed asset register of the firm should be consulted in order to determine the unique asset investment and replacement strategies, as well as the split of the fixed assets in terms of different economic lifetimes. Once this information is available, unique models per company could be developed based on the applicable inflation rates. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In finansiële rekeningkunde en ekonomie is dit belangrik om die vervangingswaarde van bates te kan bereken. Hierdie waardes is essensieël vir die toepassing van inflasieboekhouding, die berekening van Tobin se q-verhouding, sowel as die berekening van die vrye kontantvloei (VKV) van 'n maatskappy. Dit blyk egter 'n moeilike taak te wees om veral akkurate vervangingswaardes vir 'n maatskappy se vaste bates te bereken, as gevolg van die groet invloed wat inflasie, die ekonomiese leeftyd van die vaste bates en aankoopstrategieë het op die vervangingswaarde, en gevolglik op die VKV van 'n maatskappy. In die bepaling van die VKV van 'n maatskappy, is dit noodsaaklik om te onderskei tussen die doelwitte van die maatskappy om vaste bates te onderhou of om werksaamhede uit te brei. Hierdie onderskeid is moeilik om te bepaal, aangesien min maatskappye in Suid-Afrika dit publiseer. Ook is dit belangrik om te onderskei tussen werklik benodigde vervangingsinvestering (VVI) en daardie gedeelte van die VVI wat gerieflikheidshalwe uitgestel is. Die ontleding van 'n maatskappy se finansiële state ten einde vervangingswaarde en die daaropvolgende VKV te bereken, word gevolglik verder gekompliseer. In 2001 het Hall die gedrag van die gemiddelde ouderdom van vaste bates ondersoek met behulp van die Cutler en Westwick (1973: 17) formule, deur spesifieke inflasie aangepaste modelle te ontwikkel. Hall (2001 : 40) se studie het insig gebied in sommige van die faktore wat die toepassing van die Cutler en Westwick formule vir die berekening van die gemiddelde ouderdom van 'n maatskappy se vaste bates kan beïnvloed. Hierdie navorsingsverslag ontwikkel Hall se modelle verder en bewys dat die gemiddelde ouderdom van vaste bates, soos gebruik in die beraming van die vervangingswaarde van 'n maatskappy se vaste bates, net toegepas kan word in toestande van nul inflasie. In periodes van positiewe inflasie word die gemiddelde ouderdom, soos bepaal deur die Cutler en Westwick formule, te laag opgegee, met 'n gevolglike laer skatting van vervangingswaarde. Dit lei daartoe dat die addisionele waardevermindering, soos bepaal vir inflasieboekhoudingsdoeleindes, te laag opgegee word. In hierdie navorsingsverslag word die modelle waarna hierbo verwys is verder ontwikkel ten einde die vereiste instandhoudings- (of VVI-) gedeelte van die investeringsbesluit relatief tot waardevermindering te bepaal. Dit maak dit moontlik om die VKV van maatskappye te modelleer, met sekere modelbeperkings wat veronderstel word, soos konstante inflasie, vaste batevervanging volgens 'n harmonies opgeboude masjienpark, en soortgelyke ekonomiese leeftye vir aile vaste bates. Dit bied egter net 'n mate van insig in die patrone van addisionele waardevermindering wat vir verskillende situasies benodig word en kan nie in die praktyk aangewend word nie, aangesien vergelykbare praktiese situasies nie bestaan nie. Hierdie studie kom dus tot die gevolgtrekking dat die berekening van vervangingskostes vir die toepassing van inflasieboekhouding 'n baie komplekse probleem is. Geen maklike of vinnige model bestaan tans vir die bepaling van die vervangingswaarde van vaste bates en die gevolglike VKV van 'n maatskappy nie. Daar word aanbeveel dat, wanneer die vervangingswaarde van vaste bates bereken word, die gedetailleerde vaste bateregister van die maatskappy geraadpleeg moet word ten einde die unieke investering- en vervangingstrategieë, sowel as die skeiding van die vaste bates op grand van verskillende ekonomiese leeftye, te kan bepaal. Sodra hierdie inligting beskikbaar is, kan unieke modelle vir die maatskappy ontwikkel word op grand van die toepaslike inflasiesyfers.