A Fuzzy Preference Framework for the Graph Model for Conflict Resolution (FGM) is developed so that real-world conflicts in which decision makers (DMs) have uncertain preferences can be modeled and analyzed mathematically in order to gain strategic insights. The graph model methodology constitutes both a formal representation of a multiple participant-multiple objective decision problem and a set of analysis procedures that provide insights into them. Because crisp or definite preference is a special case of fuzzy preference, the new framework of the graph model can include---and integrate into the analysis---both certain and uncertain information about DMs' preferences. In this sense, the FGM is an important generalization of the existing graph model for conflict resolution. One key contribution of this study is to extend the four basic graph model stability definitions to models with fuzzy preferences. Together, fuzzy Nash stability, fuzzy general metarationality, fuzzy symmetric metarationality, and fuzzy sequential stability provide a realistic description of human behavior under conflict in the face of uncertainty. A state is fuzzy stable for a DM if a move to any other state is not sufficiently likely to yield an outcome the DM prefers, where sufficiency is measured according to a fuzzy satisficing threshold that is characteristic of the DM. A fuzzy equilibrium, an outcome that is fuzzy stable for all DMs, therefore represents a possible resolution of the conflict. To demonstrate their applicability, the fuzzy stability definitions are applied to a generic two-DM sustainable development conflict, in which a developer plans to build or operate a project inspected by an environmental agency. This application identifies stable outcomes, and thus clarifies the necessary conditions for sustainability. The methodology is then applied to an actual dispute with more than two DMs concerning groundwater contamination that took place in Elmira, Ontario, Canada, again uncovering valuable strategic insights. To investigate how DMs with fuzzy preferences can cooperate in a strategic conflict, coalition fuzzy stability concepts are developed within FGM. In particular, coalition fuzzy Nash stability, coalition fuzzy general metarationality, coalition fuzzy symmetric metarationality, and coalition fuzzy sequential stability are defined, for both a coalition and a single DM. These concepts constitute a natural generalization of the corresponding non-cooperative fuzzy preference-based definitions for Nash stability, general metarationality, symmetric metarationality, and sequential stability, respectively. As a follow-up analysis of the non-cooperative fuzzy stability results and to demonstrate their applicability, the coalition fuzzy stability definitions are applied to the aforementioned Elmira groundwater contamination conflict. These new concepts can be conveniently utilized in the study of practical problems in order to gain strategic insights and to compare conclusions derived from both cooperative and non-cooperative stability notions. A fuzzy option prioritization technique is developed within the FGM so that uncertain preferences of DMs in strategic conflicts can be efficiently modeled as fuzzy preferences by using the fuzzy truth values they assign to preference statements about feasible states. The preference statements of a DM express desirable combinations of options or courses of action, and are listed in order of importance. A fuzzy truth value is a truth degree, expressed as a number between 0 and 1, capturing uncertainty in the truth of a preference statement at a feasible state. It is established that the output of a fuzzy preference formula, developed based on the fuzzy truth values of preference statements, is always a fuzzy preference relation. The fuzzy option prioritization methodology can also be employed when the truth values of preference statements at feasible states are formally based on Boolean logic, thereby generating a crisp preference over feasible states that is the same as would be found using the existing crisp option prioritization approach. Therefore, crisp option prioritization is a special case of fuzzy option prioritization. To demonstrate how this methodology can be used to represent fuzzy preferences in real-world problems, the new fuzzy option prioritization technique is applied to the Elmira aquifer contamination conflict. It is observed that the fuzzy preferences obtained by employing this technique are very close to those found using the rather complicated and tedious pairwise comparison approach.

Στην εργασία που ακολουθεί, ασχολούμαστε με την εφαρμογή μεθόδων Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης σε ένα πραγματικό πρόβλημα, που αναφέρεται στην διάγνωση του βαθμού ασφαλισιμότητας ενός πελάτη μιας ασφαλιστικής εταιρείας. Η ανάγκη για την εφαρμογή αυτή προέκυψε από το γεγονός ότι πολλές φορές ο εμπειρογνώμονας της εταιρείας δεν είναι διαθέσιμος, αλλά και όταν είναι, χρειάζεται ένα συμβουλευτικό πρόγραμμα. Πιο συγκεκριμένα, για τη λύση του προβλήματος χρησιμοποιούνται: α) ένα ασαφές έμπειρο σύστημα υλοποιημένο με τη βοήθεια του εργαλείου FuzzyCLIPS, β) ένα έμπειρο σύστημα που χρησιμοποιεί κανόνες με συντελεστές βεβαιότητας τύπου MYCIN, γ) ένα έμπειρο σύστημα που χρησιμοποιεί κανόνες με συντελεστές βεβαιότητας τύπου weighted, υλοποιημένα και τα δύο με βάση το εργαλείο CLIPS και δ) ένα νευρωνικό δίκτυο υλοποιημένο με βάση το εργαλείο WEKA. Στο τέλος συγκρίνουμε τα παραπάνω συστήματα με βάση κάποιες μετρικές. Πριν να ξεκινήσουμε την ανάλυση του προβλήματός μας και των υλοποιήσεων των παραπάνω συστημάτων, αναλύουμε λίγο παραπάνω τους όρους και τα εργαλεία που ήδη αναφέραμε, δίνοντας περισσότερες πληροφορίες για την προέλευση τους, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους, τη χρησιμότητά τους, κτλ. Έτσι, αρχικά δίνουμε περισσότερα στοιχεία για τον τομέα της Τεχνητής Νοημοσύνης και πώς αυτός έχει εξελιχτεί στις τελευταίες δεκαετίες, και αναλύουμε τη συσχέτιση των Έμπειρων Συστημάτων με την Τεχνητή Νοημοσύνη, τα χαρακτηριστικά τους, τη δομή τους, τα πλεονεκτήματα και μειονεκτήματά τους. Στη συνέχεια, αναλύουμε τα τρία εργαλεία που θα χρησιμοποιήσουμε και τις δυνατότητες αυτών. Κι αφού δώσουμε περισσότερες πληροφορίες για το πρόβλημα της ‘Ασφαλισιμότητας’ και τον τρόπο που το αντιμετωπίζουμε, γίνεται παρουσίαση των παραπάνω ευφυών συστημάτων και των αποτελεσμάτων τους σε συγκεκριμένο σύνολο δεδομένων. Τέλος, προχωράμε σε σύγκριση και σχολιασμό των τιμών των μετρικών που προέκυψαν από τις προηγούμενες εφαρμογές, και εξαγωγή των συμπερασμάτων της σύγκρισης. / In the work that follows, we deal with the application of methods of Artificial Intelligence in a real problem, that is concerned with the diagnosis of degree of ‘how safe is to insure a customer’ in an insurance company. The need for this application resulted from the fact that many times over, the expert of the insurance company may not be available, but also when he is, he could use an advisory program. To be more exact, for the solution of the problem described above we use: a) a fuzzy expert system (in our case we use FuzzyCLIPS), b) an expert system that use rules with certainty factors as in the MYCIN tool, c) an expert system that uses rules with certainty factors as in the Weighted tool, both programmed using the CLIPS expert systems tool d) a neural network through WEKA neural network producer tool. Finally, we compare the above mentioned systems by calculating a set of metrics to conclude which method produces the most accurate results. Before analysing our problem and running the systems mentioned above, we analyze fatherly the terms and the tools that we use, providing more information on their characteristics, usefulness, etc. Thus, initially we give more information about Artificial Intelligence and how it has developed in the last decades, and we analyze the cross-correlation of Expert Systems with Artificial Intelligence, their characteristics, their structure, their advantages and disadvantages. After that, we analyze the three tools that we will use, and their possibilities, advantages and disadvantages. After giving more information on the problem of ‘how safe is to insure a customer’ and the way we deal with it, we present the above expert systems and their results in a specific dataset. Finally, we compare the metrics that were calculated from the previous applications, and comment on the conclusions of this comparison.

Σκοπός της συγκεκριμένης εργασίας είναι η έρευνα πάνω στον τομέα της αυτόματης παραγωγής έμπειρων συστημάτων, ανακαλύπτοντας γνώση μέσα σε σύνολα δεδομένων και αναπαριστώντας την με την μορφή κανόνων. Ουσιαστικά πρόκειται για μια μέθοδο επιτηρούμενης μάθησης όπως η εξόρυξη κανόνων ταξινόμησης, ωστόσο ο στόχος δεν είναι αποκλειστικά η ταξινόμηση, αλλά και η τήρηση σημαντικών προδιαγραφών ενός έμπειρου συστήματος όπως η επεξήγηση, η ενημέρωση για νέα δεδομένα κ.α. Στα πλαίσια της προπτυχιακής μου εργασίας αναπτύχθηκε ένα εργαλείο που είχε σκοπό την σύγκριση μεθόδων για συνδυασμό αβέβαιων συμπερασμάτων για το ίδιο γεγονός, στο μοντέλο των Συντελεστών Βεβαιότητας. Το εργαλείο έδινε την δυνατότητα να παραχθούν Έμπειρα Συστήματα (στη γλώσσα CLIPS) που χρησιμοποιούν τις παραπάνω μεθόδους. Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας ήταν η διερεύνηση του τομέα της μηχανικής μάθησης και η επέκταση του υπάρχοντος εργαλείου, ώστε να παράγει έμπειρα συστήματα με έναν πιο αυτόματο, αποδοτικό και λειτουργικό τρόπο. Πιο συγκεκριμένα τροποποιήθηκε η αρχιτεκτονική για την υποστήριξη μεταβλητών εξόδου με περισσότερες από δυο κλάσεις (Multiclass Classification). Επίσης έγινε επέκταση ώστε να μπορούν να εξαχθούν κανόνες για περισσότερες μεταβλητές του συνόλου δεδομένων (εκτός δηλαδή από την μεταβλητή εξόδου), για τις οποίες δεν χρειάζεται πλέον να γνωρίζει τιμές ο τελικός χρήστης του έμπειρου συστήματος. Η επέκταση αυτή δίνει την δυνατότητα να σχεδιαστούν πιο πολύπλοκες ιεραρχίες κανόνων, που ακολουθούν μια δενδρική δομή, εύκολα ερμηνεύσιμη από τον άνθρωπο. Το μοντέλο συντελεστών βεβαιότητας επανασχεδιάστηκε, ενώ πλέον προσφέρεται και ένας εναλλακτικός τρόπος υπολογισμού των συντελεστών βεβαιότητας των κανόνων ταξινόμησης ο οποίος βασίζεται στον ορισμό τους στο έμπειρο σύστημα MYCIN. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι σε μη ισορροπημένα σύνολα δεδομένων η μέθοδος αυτή ευνοεί την πρόβλεψη για την κλάση μειοψηφίας. Τεχνικές επιλογής υποσυνόλων χαρακτηριστικών, δίνουν την δυνατότητα αυτοματοποίησης σε μεγάλο βαθμό της διαδικασίας παραγωγής του έμπειρου συστήματος με τρόπο αποδοτικό. Άλλες προσθήκες είναι η δυνατότητα δημιουργίας συστημάτων που μπορούν να ενημερώνονται δυναμικά αξιοποιώντας νέα δεδομένα για το πρόβλημα, η παραγωγή κανόνων και συναρτήσεων για την αλληλεπίδραση με τον χρήστη, η παροχή γραφικού περιβάλλοντος για το παραγόμενο έμπειρο σύστημα κ.α. / The main objective of this thesis is to present a method for automatic generation of expert systems, by extracting knowledge from datasets and representing it in the form of production rules. We use a supervised machine learning method, resembling Classification Rule Mining, although classification is not our only goal. Important operational characteristics of expert systems, like explanation of conclusions and dynamic update of the knowledge base, are also taken into account. Our approach is implemented within an existing tool, initially developed by us to compare methods for combining uncertain conclusions about the same event, based on the uncertainty model of Certainty Factors. That tool could generate Expert Systems (in CLIPS language) that use the above methods. The main aim of this thesis is to do research mainly on the field of machine learning in order to enhance the above mentioned tool for generating Expert Systems in a more automatic, efficient and functional fashion. More specifically, the architecture has been modified to support output variables classified in more than two classes (Multiclass Classification). An extension of the system made it possible to generate classification rules for additional variables (apart from the output variable), for which the final user of the expert system cannot provide values. This gives the ability to design more complex rule hierarchies, which are represented in an easy-to-understand tree form. Furthermore, the certainty factors model has been revised and an additional method of computing them is offered, following the definitions in MYCIN’s model. Experimental results showed improved performance, especially for prediction of minority classes in imbalanced datasets. Feature ranking and subset selection techniques help to achieve the generation task in a more automatic and efficient way. Other enhancements include the ability to produce expert systems that dynamically update the certainty factors in their rules, the generation of rules and functions for interaction with the end-user and a graphical interface for the produced expert system.

La pertinence des travaux de recherche envisagés réside dans les trois axes suivants : d’abord, établir une définition systématique, précise et juridique des notions de sécurité juridique et de fiscalité de la Recherche ; ensuite, entreprendre une étude approfondie des causes de l’insécurité juridique dans le domaine de la fiscalité de la Recherche ; enfin, proposer des solutions concrètes pour y remédier.Dans un premier temps, le travail indispensable de définition devra conduire à clarifier, tant pour le profane que pour le juriste, l’emploi des termes « sécurité juridique » et « fiscalité de la Recherche ». De la définition, découlera certainement l’ébauche d’un régime juridique - donc une systématisation - de la notion de sécurité juridique appliquée au domaine de la fiscalité de la Recherche.D’un point de vue universitaire, la notion de sécurité juridique est encore très peu étudiée. Envisager une telle notion sous l’angle du droit fiscal et plus particulièrement dans un domaine appliqué à la recherche contribuera à faire progresser l’état des connaissances existantes sur la notion de sécurité juridique. Les travaux de recherche devront d’une part, mettre en évidence l’existence d’une forte insécurité juridique dans la fiscalité de la Recherche et en identifier les causes et d’autre part, proposer des solutions systématiques reposant soit sur la valorisation de dispositifs existants, soit sur la suggestion de nouveaux mécanismes pour sécuriser la fiscalité de la Recherche. La thèse découlant de tels travaux de recherche se veut « force de proposition » concernant la sécurité juridique dans le domaine de la fiscalité de la Recherche. / The relevance of the proposed research lies in the following three axes: first, to establish a systematic, precise and legal definition of the concepts of legal certainty and taxation of research; second, to undertake a thorough study of the causes of legal uncertainty in the field of taxation of research; finally, to propose concrete solutions to remedy them.In the first place, the essential work of definition should lead to the clarification of the use of the terms "legal security" and "taxation of research", both for the layman and for the jurist. From the definition, the outline of a legal regime - and therefore a systematization - will certainly emerge from the notion of legal certainty applied to the field of taxation of research.From a university point of view, the concept of legal certainty is still very little studied. To consider such a concept from the point of view of tax law and more particularly in a field applied to research will help to advance the state of existing knowledge on the concept of legal certainty. Research should firstly highlight the existence of a considerable degree of legal uncertainty in the taxation of research and identify its causes and propose systematic solutions based either on the valorisation of devices or on the suggestion of new mechanisms to secure the taxation of research. The thesis arising from such research is intended as a "proposal force" on legal certainty in the field of taxation of research.

Este trabalho procura demonstrar a irracionalidade do controle e da interpretação constitucionais sem o stare decisis e a viabilidade e a necessidade de correção deste erro com o CPC/15. Analisa-se o anacronismo do CPC/73, completamente inadequado ao Estado Social Contemporâneo. Buzaid baseou-se em teorias vinculadas a uma visão do direito anterior a Kelsen e completamente incapazes de instrumentar políticas públicas e de lidar com um direito no qual as normas-regra convivem com as normas-princípio. Estudam-se as caraterísticas fundamentais da jurisdição constitucional de molde norte-americano e os problemas gerados pelo transplante institucional inadequado e a consequente violação dos níveis do ordenamento. Demonstra-se a essencialidade do stare decisis na jurisdição constitucional e a vinculação do controle e da interpretação constitucionais brasileiras, sob o CPC/73, a uma ultrapassada visão interpretativa das cortes superiores e do pretenso caráter declaratório das decisões judiciais. Demonstra-se a adequação do CPC/15 ao Estado Social Contemporâneo e à CRFB/88. Analisa-se a viabilidade e a necessidade de correção institucional no tratamento tanto do recurso extraordinário cível como da interpretação constitucional com o novo CPC. Demonstra-se a evolução interpretativa e processual inerente ao novo Código e o seu vínculo com o modelo de cortes supremas, que separa os níveis do ordenamento, corrigindo ao menos parte do arranjo institucional brasileiro e alterando profundamente a jurisdição constitucional do país. / This work seeks to demonstrate the irrationality of the Brazilian judicial review and constitutional interpretation without stare decisis and the necessity and feasibility of the correction of this mistake with the new Civilian Procedural Code of 2015. It analyzes the anachronism of the Civilian Procedural Code of 1973 (CPC/73), which was completely inadequate to the Welfare Stare. Buzaid was based in theories linked to conceptions of law previous to Kelsen, that were unable to establish public policies, as well as to deal with a law system where rules coexist with principles. The fundamental characteristics of the American judicial review of legislation and constitutional interpretation are studied, as well as the problems generated by the inadequate institutional transplant, causing the violation of the levels of the law system. This work demonstrates the essentiality of stare decisis in the constitutional jurisdiction and the link between the Brazilian judicial review and constitutional interpretation, under the CPC/73, to an outdated interpretative view of the function of the high courts and the pretended declaratory character of the judicial rulings. It proves the inadequacy of the CPC/73 to the Welfare State and to the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 (CRFB/88). It analysis the feasibility and the necessity of the institutional rectification of both the appeal to the Brazilian Supreme Court and the constitutional interpretation with the new Procedural Code. It demonstrates the interpretative and procedural evolution inherent to new Code and its link with the standard of Supreme Courts, that detach the different levels of the law system, rectifying at least part of the Brazilian institutional arrangement, changing considerably the country´s constitutional jurisdiction.

In this article, the author stresses the importance of the right to proper motivation in the context of administrative procedures. In that sense, he states that all public bodies are required to issue administrative acts duly substantiated, because this is a requirement which, if unobserved, generates the nullity of the act. But beyond to validate administrative act, the author argues that the main benefit of meeting the proper motivation lies in the improvement of the interaction between the taxpayers and the Public Administration, generating greater confidence in state activity and promoting the development of economic activities with increasing levels of formality. / En el presente artículo, el autor destaca la importancia del principio-derecho a la debida motivación en el marco de los procedimientos administrativos. En esa línea, afirma que todas las entidades públicas están obligadas a expedir actos administrativos debidamente fundamentados, pues este constituye un requisito de validez que, de ser inobservado, acarrea la nulidad del acto. Pero más allá de validar al acto administrativo, el autor sostiene que el principal beneficio de que se cumpla con la debida motivación radica en la mejora de la interacción entre los administrados y la Administración Pública, generando mayor confianza en la actividad estatal y propiciando el desarrollo de actividades económicas con cada vez mayores niveles de formalidad.

This article shows the results of the Public Procurement Administrative Court’s performance from 2012 to 2014, mainly referred to opportunity and predictability on resolutions issuing process, supporting on statistics the evolution of the caseload as well as the time record of closing the procedures related to matters of Administrative Court’s jurisdiction which had a direct effect on the public procurement contracts’ efficiency.Additionally, we go through some Plenary Chamber Rulings, witch jointly with uniform interpretation criteria are the best mechanism to ensure equality in law application and thus institutional framework of Public Procurement Administrative Court. / En el presente artículo, se muestran los resultados de la gestión del Tribunal de Contrataciones del Estado en los años 2012 a 2014, referidos, principalmente, a la oportunidad y predictibilidad en la emisión de resoluciones.Apoyada de algunos datos estadísticos, se muestra la evolución de la carga procesal del Tribunal de Contrataciones y los tiempos de atención de los procedimientos de competencia del Tribunal y que inciden, directamente, en la eficiencia de la compra pública. Asimismo, se revisan algunos de los Acuerdos de Sala Plena emitidos, que junto a criterios de interpretación uniforme, son el mejor mecanismo para garantizar la igualdad en la aplicaciónde la ley y por tanto, la institucionalidad del Tribunal de Contrataciones del Estado.

A insegurança jurídica é uma das grandes preocupações do Direito, especialmente do Direito Processual. O mesmo ocorre com o Direito Eleitoral e o Direito Processual Eleitoral, que estão, essencialmente, imbricados, em uma fase metodológica que não discrepa do arcaico sincretismo do Direito Processual. Para que tão relevante ramo do Direito evolua, faz-se necessário o estudo da segurança jurídica, das fases metodológicas do processo e da Teoria Geral do Processo. Assim, é possível demonstrar o estágio em que se encontra e a imprescindibilidade de desenvolvimento de um Direito Processual Eleitoral. A partir de tais premissas, é que se faz imperiosa a efetiva construção de um Direito Processual Eleitoral, o que fica ainda mais perceptível com o estudo de inúmeros exemplos de insegurança legislativa e jurisprudencial. Nesse contexto, o Direito Processual Eleitoral demanda uma construção legislativa, com a sistematização e consolidação normativa, bem como necessita de uma construção doutrinária, a ser elaborada a partir da ferramenta constitucional dos direitos fundamentais e da ferramenta conceitual da Teoria Geral do Processo, a permitir a mitigação da insegurança jurídica existente. / The lack of legal certainty is one of the major concerns of Law, mainly of Procedural Law. The same happens with Electoral Law and Electoral Procedural Law, which are, essentially imbricated at a methodological phase that does not differ from the archaic syncretism of Procedural Law. In order to make such important area of Law develop, it becomes necessary to study the legal certainty, the methodological phases of the procedure and the General Theory of Procedure. This way, it is possible to identify the stage in which the indispensability of development of an Electoral Procedural Law is. On these grounds it is of foremost importance the effective construction of an Electoral Procedural Law. This becomes even more noticeable through the study of many examples of legislative and jurisprudential lack of security. In such context, the Electoral Procedural Law demands a legislative construction, with its normative systematization and consolidation, as well as the need of a doctrine construction, to be developed from a constitutional tool of fundamental rights and a conceptual tool of General Theory of Procedure, so as to allow the mitigation of the lack of legal certainty existent.

Este trabalho procura demonstrar a irracionalidade do controle e da interpretação constitucionais sem o stare decisis e a viabilidade e a necessidade de correção deste erro com o CPC/15. Analisa-se o anacronismo do CPC/73, completamente inadequado ao Estado Social Contemporâneo. Buzaid baseou-se em teorias vinculadas a uma visão do direito anterior a Kelsen e completamente incapazes de instrumentar políticas públicas e de lidar com um direito no qual as normas-regra convivem com as normas-princípio. Estudam-se as caraterísticas fundamentais da jurisdição constitucional de molde norte-americano e os problemas gerados pelo transplante institucional inadequado e a consequente violação dos níveis do ordenamento. Demonstra-se a essencialidade do stare decisis na jurisdição constitucional e a vinculação do controle e da interpretação constitucionais brasileiras, sob o CPC/73, a uma ultrapassada visão interpretativa das cortes superiores e do pretenso caráter declaratório das decisões judiciais. Demonstra-se a adequação do CPC/15 ao Estado Social Contemporâneo e à CRFB/88. Analisa-se a viabilidade e a necessidade de correção institucional no tratamento tanto do recurso extraordinário cível como da interpretação constitucional com o novo CPC. Demonstra-se a evolução interpretativa e processual inerente ao novo Código e o seu vínculo com o modelo de cortes supremas, que separa os níveis do ordenamento, corrigindo ao menos parte do arranjo institucional brasileiro e alterando profundamente a jurisdição constitucional do país. / This work seeks to demonstrate the irrationality of the Brazilian judicial review and constitutional interpretation without stare decisis and the necessity and feasibility of the correction of this mistake with the new Civilian Procedural Code of 2015. It analyzes the anachronism of the Civilian Procedural Code of 1973 (CPC/73), which was completely inadequate to the Welfare Stare. Buzaid was based in theories linked to conceptions of law previous to Kelsen, that were unable to establish public policies, as well as to deal with a law system where rules coexist with principles. The fundamental characteristics of the American judicial review of legislation and constitutional interpretation are studied, as well as the problems generated by the inadequate institutional transplant, causing the violation of the levels of the law system. This work demonstrates the essentiality of stare decisis in the constitutional jurisdiction and the link between the Brazilian judicial review and constitutional interpretation, under the CPC/73, to an outdated interpretative view of the function of the high courts and the pretended declaratory character of the judicial rulings. It proves the inadequacy of the CPC/73 to the Welfare State and to the Brazilian Constitution of 1988 (CRFB/88). It analysis the feasibility and the necessity of the institutional rectification of both the appeal to the Brazilian Supreme Court and the constitutional interpretation with the new Procedural Code. It demonstrates the interpretative and procedural evolution inherent to new Code and its link with the standard of Supreme Courts, that detach the different levels of the law system, rectifying at least part of the Brazilian institutional arrangement, changing considerably the country´s constitutional jurisdiction.

Esta dissertação de mestrado, que apresenta verdade, certeza, matemática e ética no exercício profissional do professor como temáticas, tem como objetivo de estudo tomar quatro diferentes perspectivas em Matemática (platonista, formalista, sócio-cultural e normativa) e sua relação com a tarefa do dizer verdadeiro no exercício profissional ético do professor de Matemática. A opção metodológica recai numa analítica de dois diálogos polifônicos, um sobre a verdade e outro sobre a certeza onde, interdiscursivamente, figuram as quatro perspectivas tomadas. A análise será desenvolvida usando como ferramentas regime de verdade, discurso e ética de si que serão tomadas em sentido foucaultiano e certeza, jogos de linguagem, gramática e formas de vida em sentido wittgensteiniano. A questão ética, abordada no penúltimo capítulo, faz a vinculação entre as formações discursivas que figuraram no trabalho e a possibilidade de uma docência em matemática que aposte na dimensão ética da sua constituição através do cuidado com a verdade. / This dissertation, which presents the truth, certainty, mathematics and ethics in the practice of the teacher as thematic study aims to take four different perspectives in Mathematics (Platonist, formalist, socio-cultural and normative) and its relationship with the task of veracious to say in the training of teachers of mathematics and ethics. The choice of analytical methodology lies in two dialogues polyphonic, one about truth and one about certainty where, interdiscursivity, appear the four perspectives taken. The analysis will be developed using tools like regime of truth, discourse ethics and of itself should be taken in the Foucaultian sense and certainty, language games, grammar, and life forms in order wittgensteinian. The ethical question, addressed in the penultimate chapter makes the link between the discursive formations that have figured in the work and the possibility of teaching in mathematics that draws on the ethical dimension of their formation through careful with the truth.