Identifying the natal origin of fish is important to understand connectivity among populations. Capelin, Mallotus villosus, is a key forage fish species that spawns at beach and deep-water habitats along the Newfoundland coast. I investigated the ability to identify the natal habitat of larval capelin using otolith chemical signatures quantified via LA ICP-MS. Otolith signatures of larvae reared under identical conditions were highly variable and classification into treatments was low (~50%). To investigate whether maternal investment was responsible for this variability, artificially fertilized eggs were reared under controlled treatments. Otolith signatures reliably classified individuals into families with high success (83.4%), suggesting maternal investment may confound our ability to identify natal origin. Eggs incubated in water enriched with 137Ba revealed trace elements from the environment are being incorporated into developing otoliths. These findings suggest moderate-high differences in water chemistry and environmental conditions are required to identify the natal origin of capelin. / October 2016

O modelo aplicado neste trabalho está baseado em resultados experimentais usando dados de composição química dos fragmentos cerâmicos, aplicados à teste não paramétrico de Spearmann, análise de componente principal e análise discrimante. As amostras são fragmentos cerâmicos da Tradição Tupiguarani de sítios e amostras de solos da região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os elementos químicos, Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K Mn, Pb, Rb, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V e Zn foram determinados usando-se as técnicas de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXFR). Os elementos, Ce, Cu, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Th e Y por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução com fonte de plasma acoplado indutivamente (HR-ICP-MS). A partir destes resultados, foram propostas relações entre as características da cerâmica, os sítios estudados e a dispersão dos fragmentos nos diversos sítios. Observaram-se indícios de assinatura química da função da vasilha de ir ou não ao fogo. A maior dispersão é de vasilhas pequenas com tratamento de superfície não corrugada. Verificaram-se assinaturas químicas para o entorno dos rios Ijuí, Ibicuí-Vacacaí Mirim e Jacuí. / In this work a model based on experimental results using chemical composition data of the pottery sherds applied to Spearmann’s no parametric test, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis, was applied. The samples are soils and Tupiguarani Tradition pottery sherd from the central area of the Rio Grande do Sul State. The chemical elements , Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K Mn, Pb, Rb, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V and Zn were determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXFR) while Ce, Cu, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Th and Y by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) techniques. Relationships among the pottery characteristics, studied sites and sherd dispersion in the several sites were proposed. Indications of chemical signature of the small pottery with function to go or not to the fire were observed. The largest dispersion is of small pottery with surface treatment no corrugated. The potteries chemical fingerprints from Ijuí River, Ibicuí-Vacacaí Mirim River and Jacuí River were verified.

O modelo aplicado neste trabalho está baseado em resultados experimentais usando dados de composição química dos fragmentos cerâmicos, aplicados à teste não paramétrico de Spearmann, análise de componente principal e análise discrimante. As amostras são fragmentos cerâmicos da Tradição Tupiguarani de sítios e amostras de solos da região central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os elementos químicos, Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K Mn, Pb, Rb, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V e Zn foram determinados usando-se as técnicas de fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia (EDXFR). Os elementos, Ce, Cu, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Th e Y por espectrometria de massas de alta resolução com fonte de plasma acoplado indutivamente (HR-ICP-MS). A partir destes resultados, foram propostas relações entre as características da cerâmica, os sítios estudados e a dispersão dos fragmentos nos diversos sítios. Observaram-se indícios de assinatura química da função da vasilha de ir ou não ao fogo. A maior dispersão é de vasilhas pequenas com tratamento de superfície não corrugada. Verificaram-se assinaturas químicas para o entorno dos rios Ijuí, Ibicuí-Vacacaí Mirim e Jacuí. / In this work a model based on experimental results using chemical composition data of the pottery sherds applied to Spearmann’s no parametric test, principal component analysis and discriminant analysis, was applied. The samples are soils and Tupiguarani Tradition pottery sherd from the central area of the Rio Grande do Sul State. The chemical elements , Al, Ba, Ca, Cr, Fe, K Mn, Pb, Rb, S, Si, Sr, Ti, V and Zn were determined by energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXFR) while Ce, Cu, Gd, La, Nd, Pr, Sm, Th and Y by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) techniques. Relationships among the pottery characteristics, studied sites and sherd dispersion in the several sites were proposed. Indications of chemical signature of the small pottery with function to go or not to the fire were observed. The largest dispersion is of small pottery with surface treatment no corrugated. The potteries chemical fingerprints from Ijuí River, Ibicuí-Vacacaí Mirim River and Jacuí River were verified.

L’haplodiploïdie chez les hyménoptères leur confère une meilleure résistance aux effets délétères de la dépression de consanguinité. Cependant, certains hyménoptères ont un déterminisme du sexe particulier qui les rend sensibles à cette dépression. Chez ces espèces, le genre des individus dépend de la complémentarité des allèles à un locus donné, le single-locus Complementary Sex Determination (sl-CSD). Les oeufs non fécondés se développent en mâles haploïdes alors hémizygotes au locus de CSD. En revanche les oeufs fécondés donnent des femelles diploïdes s’ils sont hétérozygotes au locus du CSD mais deviennent des mâles diploïdes s’ils sont homozygotes pour ce même locus. Ces derniers sont d’autant plus fréquents dans les populations consanguines où le taux d’homozygotes est élevé. Or, les mâles diploïdes sont dans la majorité des cas non viables ou stériles. La production de tels mâles est de ce fait coûteuse pour les femelles. La faible viabilité des mâles diploïdes s’apparente alors à de la dépression de consanguinité. Par des approches liées à l’écologie comportementale et à l’écologie chimique le projet de thèse se concentre sur l’étude des coûts individuels générés par la production de mâles diploïdes et à l’évolution des comportements sélectionnés en réponse à ces coûts. Dans un premier temps, je me suis intéressée à la fitness des mâles diploïdes et aux répercussions de leur production sur les femelles de la population. Dans un second temps, j’ai étudié les comportements permettant de réduire les coûts de la production des mâles diploïdes. Les individus apparentés représentent les partenaires sexuels où le risque de produire des fils diploïdes est le plus élevé. De ce fait, les comportements d’évitement de la consanguinité devraient être sélectionnés dans ces populations / Haplodiploidy in hymenopterans offers a great resistance to the deleterious effect of inbreeding depression. However, some hymenopterans have a specific sex determination which drives them to this depression. Among those species, the sex of individuals depends on allele complementary at a particular locus; the single-locus Complementary Sex Determinatation (sl-CSD). Unfertilized eggs give birth to haploid males which are hemizygotes at the CSD locus. Conversely, fertilized eggs develop into females when heterozygote at the CSD locus but become diploid males when homozygote at the same locus. Diploid males are especially frequent in inbred populations with a high inbreeding rate. Yet diploid males are generally unviable or sterile. Production of such males is therefore costly for females. Reduced viability of diploid males is then similar to inbreeding depression. Linked with behavioural ecology and chemical ecology approaches, the PhD project starts by focusing on individual costs due to production of diploid males, and then on behaviours that have evolved in response to these costs. As a first step, the fitness of diploid males and its impact on females of the population have been measured. If they are unviable, their production is akin to female mortality. As a second step, we studied behaviours that reduce the cost of diploid male production. Related individuals are sexual partners that are most likely to father diploid sons. Therefore, behavioural inbreeding avoidance may be selected in such populations