The increase in industrial activities has contributed towards an increase in environmental pollution problems. Many ecosystems have deteriorated as a result of an accumulation of pollutants including heavy metals contained in effluents discharged from various industrial processes. Legislative standards require that pollutant levels be controlled to fall within set limits. The World Health Organisation (WHO) states that the following metals: aluminium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, cadmium, mercury and lead are a concern. The research has focussed on the removal of heavy metals from industrial waste water. This was achieved by investigating, characterising and quantifying pollutants within a metallurgical industry environment resulting from applied operations technology and then looking into abatement measures that can be put in place.The study was done and conclusions are discussed below. Analysis of samples indicated the presence of heavy metals with varying concentrations at different sampling points. D1 borehole is found to have higher chromium levels because ferrochrome was once stored in that catchment area. The dam and road bridge sites manganese content is higher due to suspended particulates settling on the ground and being washed down by water streams . Raw materials from mines contain heavy metals which are transferred to water systems during handling. In this research the toxic metal ion biosorption on an inexpensive and efficient biosorbent from agricultural waste materials has been investigated as replacement strategy for existing conventional systems. The study was conducted by using eucalyptus leaves powder for sequestering heavy metal ions from waste water. The metal uptake from an aqueous solution is facilitated by functional groups in the ligno-cellulosic material Many solids are capable of adsorbing ions and molecules from solutions . The removal of heavy v metals from aqueous solution using eucalyptus leaves has been investigated under different experimental conditions viz. initial metal concentration and adsorbent mass. Results obtained indicated a decrease in metal concentration due to biosorption of a known elemental concentration per known volume by a known mass of sorbent over a specific time. Sorption is found to be dependent upon contact time, initial concentration, sorbent dose of small quantities of wastewaters containing heavy metals. In the event of high levels of heavy metal being experienced, ground eucalyptus leaves can be used for heavy metal recovery from wastewater. A procedure covering the sorbent mass required per average specific pollutant concentration over a specific time frame can be compiled to optimise sorption. The advantage of biosorption compared to conventional treatment methods are low cost, high efficiency, minimisation of chemical and biological sludge as well as the regeneration of biosorbents and a possibility of metal recovery. vi

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Washington, 2002. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 107-112).

Thesis (M.S.)--Ohio University, June, 2008. / Title from PDF t.p. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M.S.)--Oregon State University, 2007. / Printout. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 89-95). Also available on the World Wide Web.

A forested first-order catchment in western Amazonia was monitored for 2 years to determine the chemical fingerprints of precipitation, throughfall, overland flow, pipe flow, soil water, groundwater, and streamflow. We used five tracers (hydrogen, calcium, magnesium, potassium, and silica) to distinguish “fast” flow paths mainly influenced by the biological subsystem from “slow” flow paths in the geochemical subsystem. The former comprise throughfall, overland flow, and pipe flow and are characterized by a high potassium/silica ratio; the latter are represented by soil water and groundwater, which have a low potassium/silica ratio. Soil water and groundwater differ with respect to calcium and magnesium. The groundwater-controlled streamflow chemistry is strongly modified by contributions from fast flow paths during precipitation events. The high potassium/silica ratio of these flow paths suggests that the storm flow response at La Cuenca is dominated by event water.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Institute of Paper Chemistry, 1976. / Bibliography: leaves 93-95.

The occurrence of unresolved complex mixtures of hydrocarbons (UCMs) in the aliphatic fraction of marine sediments and organisms from areas impacted by petroleum hydrocarbons is well documented and widely accepted as an indication of fossil fuel contamination. In contrast, the presence of an aromatic UCM is often ignored and environmental concentrations of aromatic UCM hydrocarbons in marine biota and sediments are rarely reported. The aims of this study were to establish the quantitative significance of aromatic UCMs in environmental samples and to assess the toxicological significance of both aliphatic and aromatic UCMs. A reproducible method was developed and validated for the analysis and quantification of petroleum hydrocarbons in mussel (Mytilus edulis) tissue. Emphasis was placed upon development of a method which minimized losses of more volatile, lower molecular weight, toxicologically significant hydrocarbons, without compromising recovery of higher molecular weight compounds which are useful for source identification in environmental monitoring schemes. Analysis of mussels from a small number of U. K. coastal locations indicated that aromatic hydrocarbon UCMs may form a significant proportion (ca 20 %) of the total hydrocarbon body burden of mussels from areas contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. Aromatic UCM hydrocarbons were not observed in mussels from relatively uncontaminated areas but concentrations of 430 μg g'' (dry wt tissue) were measured in mussels from heavily impacted areas. Aliphatic UCM concentrations ranged from 7- 3445 μg gg' (dry wt tissue). For the purposes of toxicological studies, a low molecular weight model aliphatic UCM hydrocarbon, 4-propyloctane (4-PO) was synthesised. Two low molecular weight model aromatic hydrocarbons 7- cyclohexyltetralin and 7-cyclohexyl-l-propyltetralin were also synthesised using a modification of the Haworth synthesis. All three target compounds and synthetic intermediates were characterised by NMR, MSandIR. Exposure of M. edulis to 4-PO caused a significant reduction in mussel ciliary feeding activity indicating that 4-PO was indeed toxic as measured by this bioassay. The demonstrable narcotic activity of 4-PO is presumably related to the greater aqueous solubility of branched hydrocarbons compared with similar straight chain hydrocarbons. Further experiments investigating the effect of 4- PO over exposure periods up to 120h provided a unique and detailed insight into the relationship between concentration of toxicant in the gills of M. edulis and observed feeding rate. The established method of mussel feeding rate determination was modified in light of this relationship to produce an " improved rapid and reproducible screening technique. Both of the model aromatic UCM hydrocarbons were also found to be toxic to mussel ciliary feeding activity. This appears to be the first report of investigations into the toxicity of the aromatic UCM and suggests that previous studies have ignored an environmental burden of toxicological significance. Estimates of the tissue effective concentration (TEC50) for the model UCM hydrocarbons gave comparable values with those reported for the effect of other narcotic hydrocarbons upon mussel feeding rate, providing support for the theory that non-specific narcosis occurs at a relatively constant tissue concentration of toxicant. The demonstrated narcotic activity of each of the three model UCM hydrocarbons has extended the molecular weight range of narcotic hydrocarbons studied to date. The results presented herein suggest that a small proportion of low molecular weight aliphatic UCMs and perhaps a greater proportion of aromatic UCMs are of toxicological significance.

Extracts from Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Michigan, 1934. / Part 2 has title: Evaluation of oils from the manufacture of carburetted water gas by their available hydrogen content. Bibliography at end of each part.

A humanidade tem uma importante ligaÃÃo histÃrica com a Ãgua em especial com os Ecossistemas AquÃticos Continentais (EACs) No mundo existem cerca de 1 386 milhÃes de km3 de Ãgua sendo apenas 2 5% Ãgua doce à de extrema importÃncia o conhecimento das variÃveis fÃsico-quÃmicas da Ãgua para prever de forma antecipada os fenÃmenos de estratificaÃÃo e desestratificaÃÃo tÃrmica Assim podendo evita perdas financeiras em empreendimentos aquÃcolas O presente trabalho teve como objetivos determinar quais efeitos a tilapicultura em tanques redes realizada na Fazenda Capo Grande (Pentecoste CearÃ) exerce sobre os parÃmetros da Ãgua subsuperficial e de fundo no cultivo e monitorar sistematicamente as alteraÃÃes fÃsico-quÃmicas nictimerais causadas pelas alteraÃÃes meteorolÃgicas locais O trabalho foi realizado na Piscicultura Campo Grande localizada no AÃude Publico Pereira de Miranda localizado em Pentecoste (Cearà â Brasil) Foram escolhidos dois pontos de coletas com a mesma profundidade e caracterÃsticas semelhantes (PC â Ponto controle localizado a 50 m dos tanques-rede; PTR â Ponto nos Tanques-Rede localizado entre os tanques-rede) Os dados meteorolÃgicos foram obtidos atravÃs da FUNCEME e da EstaÃÃo MeteorolÃgica da UFC As campanhas ocorriam a cada 21 dias se iniciaram no dia 24/03/2012 e foram finalizadas no dia 07/07/2012 Coletava-se Ãguas de sub-superfÃcie (0 30 m) e de fundo (3 90 m) nos dois pontos e em horÃrios diferentes (6 12 18 e 24h00min) Ainda no local foram medidos a temperatura da Ãgua pH e ocorria a fixaÃÃo do oxigÃnio pelo mÃtodo de Winckler Em laboratÃrio foram medidos a condutividade elÃtrica oxigÃnio dissolvido alcalinidade total dureza total salinidade nitrogÃnio amoniacal total nitrito ferro II e fÃsforo dissolvido A transparÃncia da Ãgua foi medida com um disco de secchi Cada campanha gerou 324 resultados de qualidade de Ãgua totalizando 1944 resultados no fim do trabalho Concluiu-se que a Piscicultura Campo Grande eutrofizou o meio de forma insignificante que a alteraÃÃo da qualidade de Ãgua se deu principalmente na Ãgua de fundo ocorreram estratificaÃÃes tÃrmicas na Ãrea da piscicultura mas nem sempre ocorreu à mistura total da massa de Ãgua a dispersÃo de resÃduos foi muito baixa mantendo-se no perÃmetro dos tanques-rede e a qualidade da Ãgua pode ser organizada da seguinte forma em ordem crescente de qualidade de Ãgua (da pior para a melhor Ãgua): 1 â Ãgua de fundo dos tanques-rede; 2 â Ãgua de fundo do ponto-controle; 3 â Ãgua subsuperficial dos pontos controle e tanques-rede / Mankind has an important historical connection with the water especially with Continental Aquatic Ecosystems (CAEs) Worldwide there are about 1386 million km3 of water This value may seem absurdly large almost unimaginable but only a small portion of this amount is freshwater and a smaller portion is still available for consumption by humans This study aimed to determine the effects of tilapia culture in cages held at Fazenda Campo Grande (Weir Pereira de Miranda Pentecost CearÃ) the quality of surface and bottom of the cultivation area and systematically monitor the physical-chemical changes nictimerais changes caused by local weather The study was conducted at Aquaculture Campo Grande located in Weir Public Pereira de Miranda located in Petecoste (Cearà - Brazil) Have chosen two stations (PC - Control Point; PTR - Point in Tanks-Net) Were chosen due to location (50 m away) and divide the similar physical characteristics (depth distance from shore etc ) Meteorological data were obtained from FUNCEME and the the Meteorological Station of Universidade Federal do Cearà The campaigns took place every three weeks and began on 24/03/2012 and were finalized on 07/07/2012 Them were collected waters of sub-surface and bottom in two points and at different times (6 12 18 and 24h00min) Even at the site were measured water temperature pH and oxygen fixation occurred by Winckler method In the laboratory were measured electrical conductivity dissolved oxygen total alkalinity total hardness salinity total ammonia nitrogen nitrite iron II and dissolved phosphorus The water clarity was measured with a Secchi disk Each campaign has generated 324 results in water quality total 1944 results at the end of the work In the end it was concluded that the fish farming Campo Grande eutrophication medium so insignificant that the change in water quality is mainly in the bottom water thermal stratification occurred in fish but there was not always a total mixture of the water body waste dispersion was very low keeping the perimeter of the cages and water quality can be organized as follows in order of increasing water quality (from worse to best water): 1 - bottom water of net cages; 2 - bottom water-point control; 3 - sub-surface water of the control points and net cages

As teorias sobre o funcionamento dos sistemas lóticos evoluíram nos últimos anos, os condicionantes geológicos/geomorfológicos como também as regiões de transição têm recebido importância crescente. As regiões de transição merecem destaque uma vez que os sistemas lóticos estabelecem interações de fluxo com os ambientes vizinhos (atmosféricos, terrestres e subterrâneos) e a troca de materiais estabelecida entre esses sistemas é importante para a definição de suas características. As bacias hidrográficas dos ribeirões do Moquém e Água Clara, estudadas no presente trabalho, apresentam: proximidade geográfica além de semelhanças morfológicas e climáticas, porém diferem quanto aos aspectos geológicos e geomorfológicos. A partir desses aspectos, a presente pesquisa investigou as flutuações sazonais nas relações físicas, química e hidrológicas entre águas superficiais e subterrâneas (adjacências do canal), na região do baixo curso dos ribeirões já citados. Foram escolhidos dois trechos em cada ribeirão para a realização de: (1) inventário hidrológico mensal, a partir de medidas de velocidade de escoamento, vazão e do nível de água em poços instalados na região marginal dos rios nos trechos de estudo; (2) caracterização física e química de testemunhos da região marginal dos rios, onde foram utilizadas amostras obtidas durante a perfuração dos poços; (3) amostragens das águas superficiais subterrâneas no mesmo período do inventário para a determinação das características físicas e químicas das mesmas. Os resultados destacaram os seguintes itens. O fluxo de base garantiu vazões regulares e elevadas ao ribeirão Água Clara, ao mesmo tempo que as vazões foram quase insignificantes no ribeirão do Moquém, fato esse que apresenta importância ecológica. A química das águas dos ribeirões estudados é distinta, possivelmente, como resposta às características naturais das bacias. Nos dois trechos de estudo, as águas superficiais e subterrâneas apresentaram diferenças físicas e químicas, o que pode indicar que as trocas entre o canal do rio e suas adjacências são pequenas e/ou lentas. Com base nas observações desta pesquisa, recomenda-se que as características quantitativas e qualitativas, distintas, entre as águas dos ribeirões do Moquém e Água Clara devem ser avaliadas durante a tomada de decisões em processos de gestão de recursos hídricos. / The theories on the operation of the lotic systems developed over the recent years, the geological/geomorphological condicionantes as well as the transition areas have been receiving growing importance. The transition areas deserve prominence once the lotic systems establish flow interactions with the neighboring environment (atmospheric, terrestrial and undergrounds) and the exchange of materials established among those systems is important in order to define their characteristics. The watersheds of the Moquém and Água Clara streams, studied in the present work, present: geographical proximity besides morphologic and climatic similarities, however they differ as far the geological and geomorphological aspects are concerned. From those aspects, the present research investigated the seasonal flutuations in physical, chemical and hydrological relationships among superficial and groundwaters (adjacencies of the channel), in the area of the low course of already mentioned the streams. It was chosen two reaches in each stream in order to accompish: (1) monthly hydrological inventory, starting from measures of drainage speed, discharge and water level in wells installed in floodplain of the streams in the studied reaches; (2) physical and chemical characterization of testimonies in floodplain of the rivers, where samples were used obtained during the perforation of the wells; (3) samplings of the superficial and groundwaters in the same period of the inventory in order to determinate the physical and chemical characteristics of same them. The results notice the following items. The base flow guaranteed regular and high discharges in the Água Clara stream, at the same time that the discharges were almost insignificant in the ribeirão of Moquém, a fact that presents ecological importance. The chemistry of the waters of the studied streams is different, possibly, as an answer to the natural characteristics of the watersheds. In the two studied reaches, the superficial and groundwaters presented physical and chemical differences, what can indicate that the changes between the channel of the river and it adjacencies are small and/or slow. Based on this research observations, it is recommended that the quantitative and qualitative, characteristics, between the waters of the Moquém and Água Clara streams should be appraised during the moment the decisions are made on management processes of hydric resources.