POTENTIAL ANTIMICROBIAL METHODS FOR PROVISIONALIZING TEETH AFTER ENDODONTIC TREATMENT By Laura T. Garden, DDS A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in Dentistry at Virginia Commonwealth University. Virginia Commonwealth University, 2018 Thesis Advisor: Garry Myers, DDS Department of Endodontics Objective:To evaluate the effectiveness of a Chlorhexidine soaked cotton pellet on bacterial leakage. Methods: Fifty-one extracted teeth, including six controls, were instrumented, obturated, and sealed with either a cotton pellet (CP), 2% Chlorhexidine soaked cotton pellet (CHX), or a Permaflo orifice barrier (OB). Each root was suspended between two chambers: the coronal chamber inoculated with brain heart infusion broth and colony-forming units of Enterococcus faecalis, the apical chamber with brain heart infusion broth and phenol red. The latter was checked daily for turbidity, indicating bacterial leakage. Results: All open and closed control groups had leaked by day 7. The average CP tooth survived for 13.1 days whereas the CHX and OB teeth leaked by an average of 5.8 days. Conclusion:There is insufficient evidence to support the use of a Chlorhexidine soaked cotton pellet. The results were not as expected and the study design should be re-evaluated.

Includes bibliographical references (leaves 127-141)

Postoperative site infections are the second most common health care associated infection in Sweden. Surgical procedures can lead to postoperative site infection causing great suffer for the patient and an extended care time with an increased cost as a result. In preparation for surgery, it is important that the skin is well prepared with antiseptics to decrease the risk of postoperative site infection. The purpose with this study was to shed light upon the skin preparation before surgery and its significance to postoperative site infection. Ten scientific articles have been scrutinized and compiled and two themes have been identified – the preoperative and the intraoperative skin preparation. All in all, difference could be spotted in the number of washes and how these had been preformed before the surgery. Similarities could be spotted in the hair shortening procedure and the alcohol added in selected disinfectant, influences the probability for decrease in postoperative surgical site infection. The result from this study shows that more research is needed regarding how the skin shall be prepared before surgery to reduce the number of postoperative site infections.

Chlorhexidine mouth rinses remove dental plaque from teeth, preventing dental caries, dental decay, and more serious systemic infections. Tooth discoloration due to extrinsic staining is the most prominent side effect of regular chlorhexidine use. Decreasing the concentration of chlorhexidine reduces staining area and severity. Staining can also be prevented and treated by tooth bleaching, a common cosmetic dental procedure that diminishes extrinsic staining by oxidizing chromagens adsorbed onto the tooth surface. In the proposed trial, common bleaching agents will be investigated for their efficacies in preventing chlorhexidine staining. Results of the trial could further the development of a chlorhexidine mouth rinse that is suitable for long term use.

Thesis (M.S.D.)--Indiana University School of Dentistry, 2010. / Title from PDF t. p. (viewed July 28, 2010) Advisor(s): Mychel Vail, Chair of the Research Committee, Richard Gregory, Joseph Legan, Kenneth Spolnik, Susan Zunt. Curriculum vitae. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 108-120).

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de avaliar in vitro o efeito da ação antibacteriana de cimentos de ionômero de vidro (CIVs) convencionais incorporados com diacetato de clorexidina (DCHX) sobre o Streptococcus mutans. Foram testados os CIVs Maxxion R e Vitro Fil R com a incorporação dos percentuais de 0,5%, 1% e 2% de DCHX através de difusão em ágar e pela exaustão do DCHX por até 40 dias, a fim de observar a longevidade de sua ação inibitória. Foi também avaliado o efeito do fluoreto de sódio na ação antibacteriana do DCHX. Para determinar a diferença entre a média dos halos de inibição Os resultados foram analisados por análise de variância e pelo teste Student-Newman-Keuls (SNK). Todos os corpos de prova com DCHX apresentaram halo para os CIVs variando de 2,29mm a 6,82mm para o Maxxion R e de 1,73mm a 8,97mm para o Vitro Fil R. A capacidade de inibição foi proporcional à concentração de DCHX. Através do teste SNK apenas os grupos Vitro Fil R 0,5% e1% não variaram significativamente entre si. O 15o dia foi o de maior atividade antibacteriana para ambos os CIVs. Os grupos Maxxion R 1% e 2% foram os que menos apresentaram diferenças ao longo do tempo. Não houve crescimento de S mutans para os períodos de 7 e 15 dias de exaustão, sendo verificado o crescimento de colônias apenas na superfície do meio após o período de 96hs de incubação. Não foi observado efeito antagônico na capacidade antibacteriana do DCHX na presença de fluoreto de sódio. A incorporação de DCHX aos CIVs Maxxion R e Vitro Fil R, nas concentrações testadas e por um período de até 40 dias, apresentam resultados positivos no controle bacteriano de S mutans. Dentro das limitações deste estudo é lícito concluir que: efeito da inibição ao S mutans é dependente da concentração do DCHX; o fluoreto por si só não é capaz de inibir o crescimento de S mutans; a associação do DCHX com os CIVs não alterou a capacidade da ação antibacteriana da CHX; a ação antibacteriana da CHX incorporada aos CIVs se mantém eficaz por 15 dias, independente do CIV testado. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate (the in vitro the effect) of antibacterial action of conventional glass ionomer cements (GICs glass ionomer cements) incorporated with chlorhexidine diacetate (DCHX) on Streptococcus mutans. We tested the GICs Maxxion Vitro Fil R & R with the incorporation of the percentage of 0.5%, 1% and 2% DCHX by agar diffusion and the depletion of DCHX by up to 15 days to observe the longevity of its inhibitory action. It was also evaluated the effect of sodium fluoride on the antibacterial action of DCHX. To determine the difference between the mean of the inhibition zones, the results were analyzed by analysis of variance and the Student-Newman-Keuls test (SNK). All specimens presented with DCHX halo for GICs ranging from 2.29 mm to 6.82 mm for Maxxion R and 1.73 mm to 8.97 mm for the FIL Vitro R. The inhibition capacity were proportional to the concentration of DCHX. Through the SNK test only groups Vitro Fil R 0.5% e1% did not vary significantly. The 15th day was the one with highest antibacterial activity for both GICs. The R Maxxion 1% and 2% were the groups with less differences over time. No growth was observed of S. mutans for periods of 7 and 15 days of exhaustion, with observed growth of colonies only on the surface of the culture media after 96 hours of incubation period. No antagonistic effect was observed in the ability of the antibacterial DCHX in the presence of sodium fluoride. Incorporating DCHX GICs Maxxion Vitro Fil R & R, in tested concentrations and for a period up to 40 days showed a positive bacterial control of S. mutans. Despite the limitations of this study, we may conclude that: inhibition effect of S. mutans is dependent on the concentration of DCHX; fluoride alone is not able to inhibit growth of S. mutans; the association of DCHX with VSDs did not alter the capacity of the antibacterial action of CHX and the antibacterial action of CHX incorporated into GICs remains effective for 15 days, regardless of the GIC tested.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009-06-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:09:52Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 soato_mcda_me_arafo.pdf: 555873 bytes, checksum: b22c5adac5213b0dde7055e54baa52f5 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A presente Dissertação foi composta de dois estudos. O objetivo do primeiro estudo foi avaliar in vivo, por meio da técnica Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization, a contaminação de bráquetes metálicos por 40 espécies diferentes de microrganismos pertencentes aos complexos amarelo, verde, laranja e vermelho, grupo dos Actinomyces e bactérias cariogênicas. Participaram do estudo 18 pacientes (11 a 29 anos), em tratamento ortodôntico, nos quais foram colados 2 bráquetes metálicos novos, em pré-molares diferentes. Decorridos 30 dias, os bráquetes foram removidos e processados pela técnica Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization. Os resultados foram analisados por meio do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis e pós-teste de Dunn (α=5%). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, a maioria dos microrganismos estava presente em 100% dos indivíduos. Dentre os microrganismos cariogênicos, S. mutans e S. sobrinus foram encontrados em maiores quantidades que L. acidophillus e L. casei (p<0,001). As bactérias periodontopatogênicas pertencentes ao complexo laranja foram evidenciadas em maiores quantidades do que as pertencentes ao complexo vermelho (p<0,0001). Dentre os demais microrganismos não associados com patologias específicas, a espécie observada em maior quantidade foi V. parvula (p<0,0001), pertencente ao complexo roxo. A quantidade dos microrganismos dos complexos amarelo, verde e do grupo dos Actinomyces foram semelhantes (p>0,05). O objetivo do segundo estudo foi avaliar, in vivo, por meio da técnica Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization, a contaminação de bráquetes metálicos por 17 espécies de microrganismos periodontopatogênicos dos complexos vermelho e laranja e a eficácia do gluconato de clorexidina a 0,12% (Periogard®), sob a forma de bochechos. Participaram do estudo 39 pacientes (11 a 33 anos), em tratamento ortodôntico, nos quais foram colados 2 bráquetes... / The present Master’s degree thesis was composed of two studies. The purpose of the first study was to evaluate in vivo by the Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization technique the contamination of metallic orthodontic brackets by 40 microbial species of the yellow, green, orange and red complexes, Actinomyces group and cariogenic bacteria. Eighteen patients aged 11 to 29 years under orthodontic treatment were enrolled in this study and all subjects had 2 new metallic brackets bonded to different premolars in a randomized manner. After 30 days, the brackets were removed and processed for analysis by Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization. The data were analyzed statistically by the non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn’s post tests (α=5%). According to the obtained results, most evaluated microorganisms were present in 100% of the individuals. Among the cariogenic microorganisms, S. mutans and S. sobrinus were found in larger numbers than L. acidophillus and L. casei. (p<0.001). The periodontopathogenic bacteria of the orange complex were detected in larger numbers than the red complex bacteria (p<0.0001). Among the other microorganisms not associated with specific pathologies, V. parvula, belonging to the purple complex, was the most frequently detected specie (p<0.0001). The number of yellow and green complex bacteria and Actinomyces group microorganisms was similar (p>0.05). The purpose of the second study was to evaluate in vivo by the Checkerboard DNA-DNA Hybridization technique the contamination of metallic orthodontic brackets by 17 periodontopathogenic microorganisms of the red and orange complexes, and the efficacy of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (Periogard®) mouthwashes against these microbial strains. Thirty-nine patients aged 11 to 33 years under orthodontic treatment were enrolled in this study and all subjects had 2 new metallic brackets... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Elisa Maria Aparecida Giro / Resumo: Lesões de cárie secundarias nas margens das restaurações tem sido a principal razão para a sua substituição. Portanto, o desenvolvimento de materiais com propriedades antibacterianas melhoradas e duradouras é desejável. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência da incorporação de nanopartículas de hexametafosfato de clorexidina (NPs CLX-HMP) a um cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV) de alta viscosidade, nas suas propriedades físico-químicas, mecânica e antibacteriana. Após a síntese e caracterização, as nanopartículas foram adicionadas ao CIV nas concentrações de 1%, 2% e 5%. O CIV sem adição de nanopartículas foi utilizado como controle. Espécimes cilíndricos (3mm x 6mm) foram confeccionados com os materiais (n=12/grupo) e mantidos em água deionizada por 30 dias. A liberação de CLX foi avaliada no eluato por espectrofotometria ultravioleta e a dosagem do flúor foi feita com auxílio de um eletrodo específico, nos períodos de 1 h e 1, 7, 15 e 30 dias. No 30º dia, os espécimes receberam uma aplicação tópica de flúor gel neutro 2% e a liberação de flúor foi reavaliada por mais 30 dias. Para avaliar a atividade antibacteriana, biofilmes polimicrobianos cresceram sobre espécimes dos materiais (n=10/grupo), utilizando um modelo de aderência ativa. Em seguida, foram coletados e inoculados em meios de cultura específicos para a quantificação de microrganismos totais, bactérias acidúricas totais e estreptococos do grupo mutans. A atividade metabólica foi analisada pelo ensaio de ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Secondary caries on the margins of restorations have been the main reason for their replacement. Therefore, the development of materials with improved and long-lasting antibacterial properties is desirable. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the incorporation of chlorhexidine hexametaphosphate nanoparticles (CHX-HMP NPs) to a high viscosity glass ionomer cement (GIC) in its physicochemical, mechanical and antibacterial properties. After synthesis and characterization, the nanoparticles were added to the GIC at concentrations of 0%, 1%, 2% and 5%. Cylindrical specimens (3 mm x 6 mm) made with the materials were kept in deionized water for 30 days. The CHX release was evaluated in the eluate by ultraviolet spectrophotometry and the fluoride dosage was done with the help of a specific electrode, in the periods of 1 h and 1, 7, 15 and 30 days. On the 30th day, the specimens received a topical application of neutral fluorine gel 2% and the fluoride release was reevaluated for another 30 days. To evaluate the antibacterial activity, polymicrobial biofilms grew on the specimens of the materials, using an active adherence model. The biofilms formed were collected, inoculated in specific culture media and thereafter, the quantification of total microorganisms, total acid bacteria and streptococci of mutans group was made. The metabolic activity was analyzed by the XTT assay and the biomass by violet crystal staining. Finally, it was evaluated the bond strength of the material to the sound and caries-affected dentin, after 24 h and 6 months of storage of the specimens in artificial saliva, using the microshear test. The fracture patterns were evaluated with the aid of light microscope. Adequate statistical tests were applied according to the distribution of the data and the homogeneity of variances. The level of significance was set at 5%. The synthesized nanoparticles presented ...(complete abstract electronic access below) / Doutor

Orientador: Douglas Roberto Monteiro / Coorientador: Alberto Carlos Botazzo Delbem / Coorientadora: Débora de Barros Barbosa / Banca: Juliano Pelim Pessan / Banca: Francisco Nunes de Souza Neto / Resumo: Objetivo: Este estudo sintetizou um novo nanosistema carreador de clorexidina (CLX) baseado em nanopartículas magnéticas de óxido de ferro (NMOFs) e quitosana (QS), e avaliou seu efeito antimicrobiano sobre biofilmes de Candida albicans e Streptococcus mutans: Metodologia: O nanosistema NMOFs-QS-CLX foi preparado pela interação de CLX sobre NMOFs revestidas com QS, e caracterizado por difração de raios X, espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho médio com transformada de Fourier, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão e dispersão dinâmica de luz. A concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) do nanosistema NMOFs-QS-CLX capaz de inibir as cepas no estado planctônico foi determinada de acordo com o método de microdiluição em caldo. Na sequência, biofilmes simples e mistos de C. albicans e S. mutans foram formados durante 24 horas em poços de placas de 96 poços na presença do nanosistema contendo CLX a 39 (NMOFs-QS-CLX39) ou 78 μg/mL (NMOFs-QS-CLX78). Ainda, biofilmes pré-formados (24 horas) foram tratados durante 24 horas com o nanosistema nas mesmas concentrações. O efeito antibiofilme foi avaliado através da contagem do número de células cultiváveis, quantificação da biomassa total e avaliação da atividade metabólica. Controles apropriados foram incluídos em todas as análises. Os dados foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis e por ANOVA a um critério, seguidos dos testes Student-Newman-Keuls e Holm-Sidak, respectivamente (α = 0,05). Resultados: Os resultados de car... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Aim: This study synthesized a new chlorhexidine(CHX)-carrier nanosystem based on iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IONPs) and chitosan (CS), as well as evaluated its antimicrobial effect on biofilms of Candida albicans and Streptococcus mutans. Method: The IONPs-CS-CHX nanosystem was prepared by CHX interaction to CS-coated IONPs and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the IONPs-CS-CHX nanosystem was determined according to the broth microdilution assay. After, mono- and dual-species biofilms of C. albicans and S. mutans were formed for 24 hours into wells of 96-well plates in the presence of the nanosystem containing CHX at 39 (IONPs-CS-CHX39) or 78 μg/mL (IONPs-CS-CHX78). Moreover, pre-formed biofilms (24 h) were treated for 24 h with the nanosystem at the same concentrations. The antibiofilm effect was determined by quantification of cultivable cells, total biomass and metabolic activity. Appropriate controls were included in all analyzes. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis' test and one-way ANOVA, followed by Student-Newman-Keuls and Holm-Sidak tests (α = 0.05). Results: Characterization results confirmed the nanosystem formation without altering the crystalline properties of the IONPs. In addition, the characteristic absorption bands of each compound were identified in the infrared spectrum, and the mean diameter of t... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Submitted by Carla Teixeira Leite (carlateixeiraleite@hotmail.com) on 2018-11-20T12:57:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_Carla_Teixeira_Leite.pdf 20:11:18.pdf: 1855862 bytes, checksum: fe5c4f3bdef84bfad158f4a2a2c01a4c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Neli Silvia Pereira null (nelisps@fcav.unesp.br) on 2018-11-20T13:32:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_ct_dr_jabo.pdf: 1855862 bytes, checksum: fe5c4f3bdef84bfad158f4a2a2c01a4c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-20T13:32:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 leite_ct_dr_jabo.pdf: 1855862 bytes, checksum: fe5c4f3bdef84bfad158f4a2a2c01a4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-03 / A doença periodontal (DP) é definida como conjunto de condições inflamatórias de origem bacteriana, a qual acomete cavalos de todas as idades, principalmente geriátricos. Possui correlação com perda prematura dos dentes, sialorreia, dor, disfagia e emagrecimento progressivo. Na maioria dos casos é secundária à má oclusão, desgaste dental irregular, biomecânica mastigatória descompensada, o que predispõe a compactação de alimentos nos espaços interproximais e colonização bacteriana. Com a evolução da afecção, ocorre comprometimento dos ligamentos periodontais causando mobilidade dental. O diagnóstico da DP em equinos pode ser dificultoso principalmente em relação à região caudal da cavidade oral. Por essa razão, o incremento da endoscopia intraoral, ao exame clínico tradicional permite, além da identificação e diagnóstico fidedigno, a documentação das lesões dentais e periodontais. O exame complementar radiológico possui finalidade de localização, caracterização e graduação da DP. A terapia medicamentosa de eleição na profilaxia e tratamento das afecções orais é a Clorexidina. Adicionalmente, o metronidazol é citado como antimicrobiano em potencial na DP. No intuito de incrementar o tratamento da doença periodontal equina, a aplicação de plasma enriquecido com plaquetas intralesional, surge como opção inovadora e com resultados promissores para a área da odontologia equina. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar a evolução de diferentes tratamentos a base de clorexidina, metronidazol e plasma rico em plaquetas, para a doença periodontal em pré-molares e molares de equinos adultos. Foram utilizados cinquenta e um equinos adultos, machos castrados e fêmeas não prenhes, com idade média de 16 anos e com diagnóstico prévio de doença periodontal. O experimento foi realizado nas dependências do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Pampa, Câmpus Uruguaiana/RS e no Círculo Militar de Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana/RS. A partir dos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que não foi possível evidenciar efetividade com aplicação única de clorexidina 0,2% tópica. Entretanto, é importante ressaltar a melhora clínica dos pacientes devido aos procedimentos de curetagem e debridamento. Quanto à utilização de metronidazol, a aplicação única de 200 mg tópico também não foi benéfica no tratamento da DP. Entretanto, é importante frisar a necessidade de estudos complementares utilizando os fármacos com uma frequência maior. Por outro lado, a aplicação intralesional do plasma enriquecido com plaquetas em associação ao tratamento de curetagem da bolsa periodontal, demonstrou efetividade clínica, evidenciando uma inovação promissora no tratamento da DP equina. / Periodontal disease (PD) is defined as a set of inflammatory conditions of bacterial origin, which affects horses of all ages, mainly geriatric. It has a correlation with premature tooth loss, sialorrhea, pain, dysphagia and progressive weight loss. In most cases it is secondary to malocclusion, irregular dental wear, decompensated masticatory biomechanics, which predisposes to food compaction in interproximal spaces and bacterial colonization. With evolution of affection, periodontal ligaments compromise causing dental mobility. The diagnosis of PD in horses can be difficult mainly in relation to caudal region of oral cavity. For this reason, increment of intraoral oral endoscopy, in traditional clinical examination allows, besides identification and reliable diagnosis, documentation of dental and periodontal lesions. Complementary radiological examination has the purpose of locating, characterizing and graduating PD. Drug therapy of choice in prophylaxis and treatment of oral disorders is chlorhexidine. In addition, metronidazole is cited as potential antimicrobial in PD. In order to increase treatment of equine periodontal disease, application of intralesional platelet-enriched plasma appears as an innovative option with promising results for equine dentistry. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate the evolution of different treatments for periodontal disease in premolars and molars of adult horses. Fifty-one adult horses, castrated males and non-pregnant females, with a mean age of 16 years, with prior diagnosis of periodontal disease, were used. The experiment was carried out at Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Pampa, Campus Uruguaiana/RS and at Military Circle of Uruguaiana, Uruguaiana/RS. From the results obtained, it can be concluded that in present study it was not possible to show effectiveness with a single application of 0.2% topical chlorhexidine. However, it is important to highlight the clinical improvement of patients due to curettage and debridement procedures. Regarding the use of metronidazole, the single application of topical 200 mg was also not beneficial in treatment of PD. However, it is important to stress the need for further studies using drugs with a higher frequency. On the other hand, intralesional application of platelet-enriched plasma in association with curettage of periodontal pocket demonstrated clinical effectiveness, evidencing a promising innovation in treatment of equine PD.