Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Increasing research shows that the use of electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS) is associated with higher rates and quantity of alcohol consumption; however, no research to date experimentally examines the relationship between ENDS use and alcohol use. The present study uses a two-session within-subjects design to examine 1) the relationship between ENDS use prime and attentional bias for alcohol related cues and 2) the relationship between ENDS use and laboratory ad libitum alcohol consumption. A total of N = 31 (mean age = 28.71, SD = 11.17; 45.2% women; 54.8% White/Caucasian) healthy users of ENDS who endorsed liking beer completed the present study, which included 1) a dot-probe and eye-tracking task that assessed attentional bias (reaction time, initial orientation, and delayed disengagement) to alcohol images following ENDS prime or no prime and 2) an ad libitum beer consumption task that assessed mL of beer consumed by the participants when concurrent use of ENDS was allowed or not allowed. All analyses controlled for age, race, and gender. Results of repeated measure ANCOVA’s indicate that attentional bias for alcohol does not differ between the ENDS prime or control conditions (F’s 0.01 to 0.12, ηp2’s 0.001 to 0.01). There is a large interactive effect of self-reported days of concurrent use of ENDS and alcohol over the last 14 days (ηp2’s 0.35 to 0.85), small to medium effects of alcohol craving preceding eye-tracking (ηp2’s 0.02 to 0.09), and small to medium effects of ENDS craving preceding eye-tracking (ηp2’s 0.06 to 0.13), all of which show increases in attentional bias following the ENDS prime; however, these results were limited by data quality issues that preclude strong support of these effects. Results of repeated measure ANCOVA’s demonstrate that amount of beer consumed does not differ by ENDS condition, F (4, 26) = 0.03, p = .86, ηp2 = 0.001. Results of a hierarchical linear regression show that amount of ENDS weight change (g) is not significantly related to mL of beer consumed in the ENDS session (b = -86.48, t = -0.90, p = 0.38, ∆R2 = 0.03). Results of linear mixed modeling testing the effect of ENDS puffs on alcohol sips temporally across the ad lib task show puffs are significantly related to sips (estimate = 0.23, SE = 0.07, p = .002) and number ENDS puffs account for some variability in slope of participant sips across participants. Results of repeated measure ANCOVA’s do not demonstrate significant interactions between mL of beer consumed by session and concurrent self-reported ENDS use over the past two weeks (ηp2 = 0.45), alcohol craving, or ENDS craving (ηp2’s = 0.002). Overall, results indicate that increased frequency of ENDS use is related to an increased frequency of beer consumption in real time. Since ENDS is related to alcohol use in time and place, individuals at risk for alcohol use problems should take care in their ENDS use. This study suggests that research should more fully measure and compare event-level and meta-level data on ENDS and alcohol use and that patterns based in the cigarette literature may not always generalize to ENDS.

Thesis (M.Econ)--University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 26). Also available in print.

Cigarettes have been a staple of society for hundreds of years; only 60 years ago did the world begin to realize the damage they cause. In the following decades, the U.S. government poured money into anti-smoking campaigns and enacted new legislation that would help educate the American people on the risks of smoking. These efforts had promising results; as of the early 2010s, smoking levels continued to decrease. However, within the past ten years, the rise of electronic cigarettes surprised public health officials by providing a novel delivery system for nicotine, and creating a new set of consequences. E-cigarettes caught the attention of the nation’s youth, resulting in a headline-worthy “vaping epidemic.” In response, multiple studies were conducted to try to understand the draw and effects of e-cigarettes on adolescents. These projects ranged from national surveys to individual interviews, all aimed at teenagers and young adults. As a result, there is now literature that provides information regarding perceptions and beliefs of youth towards to e-cigarettes. Social considerations (competitions with blowing smoke rings, fitting in with a crowd, feeling cool) were some of the most important to participants, across multiple studies. Other considerations, such as stress relief, the buzz from nicotine, and the multiple flavor options, also played roles in whether an individual chose to use e-cigarettes. Most of these studies focus on adolescents and young adults, leaving the millennial generation (those born between 1981 – 1996) largely excluded from the current research. This gap in the literature is a notable one, as millennials are an ever-growing force in American society. To that end, this paper proposes a mixed-method study to discover the motivations, perceptions, and beliefs of millennials towards e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes. It will consist of an initial survey to a large population, with a second stage of individual interviews with a select number of participants. By using different methods of data collection, the goal is to gain both large amounts of data on general positions, as well as understand the nuance of opinions through interviews. This study hopes to contribute to the body of literature for e-cigarettes and tobacco cigarettes, with a focus on the millennial generation. This subsection of the US population is one that will have increasing influence in the years to come, and so understanding its perceptions and beliefs of tobacco and e-cigarettes will be vital for future public health efforts.

The popularity of electronic cigarettes continues to rise and as a result the variety of electronic cigarette liquids (e-liquids) continues to increase and now includes variations that contain various cannabinoids such as cannabidiol (CBD). E-liquids still lack standardization with regards to their manufacturing as regulation of nicotine containing e-liquids has recently come into effect in the United States. This has resulted in e-liquid matrices and nicotine content that vary greatly depending upon manufacturer. This study sought to look at the variation in e-liquids across a number of manufacturers. A gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method was developed to identify the components of and quantify the amount of nicotine in e-liquids and to identify the components of CBD containing e-liquids. Five manufacturers of e-liquids were selected including one that produced CBD containing liquids. From each of the manufacturers, excluding the one creating CBD liquids, five flavors were selected for testing. E-liquids with reported nicotine concentrations of 0 mg/mL, 6 mg/mL and 18 mg/mL were chosen for each flavor. A total of 58 liquids were tested, as some concentrations of certain flavors were unavailable at the time of testing. Four CBD liquids were obtained from a single-manufacturer for analysis. A dilution was performed prior to analysis by GC-MS due to the viscous nature of the liquids. Analysis was performed in triplicate to identify the components of the liquids and to quantify the amount of nicotine in the nicotine containing e-liquids. Identification of the components of the e-liquids and CBD liquids, and quantitation of nicotine was accomplished using GC-MS. Some but not all of the e-liquids labeled as 0 mg/mL by their manufacturer contained detectable amounts of nicotine. E-liquids labeled as having a particular concentration of nicotine may contain more or less than that which is stated. Cannabidiol liquids may contain compounds not suitable for human consumption and may not contain CBD, even if stated otherwise by the manufacturer.

published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

Background: Over the past ten years or so, there is a huge increase in the popularity of electronic cigarettes around the world. Some people regard e-cigarettes as a tobacco substitute and use them to help smoking abstinence and relieve nicotine withdrawal symptom. On the other hand, there are those who believe that e-cigarettes should not be promoted since safety and efficacy of these battery-operated devices are still under investigation. Hence, this project aims to evaluate the effect of using electronic cigarettes to quit smoking among the conventional smokers. Methods: This project used key words to search on PubMed, MEDLINE, The Cochrane Library, 中国知网(CNKI), EMBASE, and BBCNEWS. Eventually, a total of 111 items in PubMed, 6 in The Cochrane Library and 23 were obtained in CNKI. After the screening process, finally 11relevant papers were reviewed in this project. There were two randomized controlled trials on evaluating the effect of reducing smoking with e-cigarettes. Five surveys(Survey 1-5) analyzed users’ satisfaction and their original expectations on trying electronic cigarettes. Two proof-of-concept trials also assessed the effect of using e-cigarettes on reducing and quitting smoking. In addition, a qualitative study and a case series study provided evidence on interpreting whethere-cigarettes could help smoking abstinence. Results: Brown et al. 10conducted a RCT and showed that in an intention to treat analysis, combined ≥50% smoking reduction and complete smoking abstinence was shown in 33% (99/300) at 12 weeks and 19% (57/300) at 52 weeks. Another RCT conducted by Bullen et al. showed the continuous abstinence at 1 month was23.2%in nicotine e-cigarettes group and15.9%in nicotine patches group and 16.4%in placebo e-cigarettes group; at 3 month, the rateswere13.1%, 9.2% and 6.8%; at 6 months, the rates were 7.3%, 5.8% and 4.1%.In survey 1 (Etter), satisfaction of helping smokers quit was79%; in survey 2 (Kralikova et al.), satisfaction of helping quit was over 60%; in survey 3 (Dawkins et al. 14), participants reported their situation of smoking cessation: 38% for >1 year, 19% for 6-11 months, 43% for < 6months;in survey 4 (Etter and Bullen), 92% current smokers and 96%former smokers reported ECs were effective to reduce their smoking consumption; in survey 5 (B. Siegel et al. ), 66.8% smokers reported it helped quitting smoking. In two proof-of-concept trials, sustained quitting more than 50% including quitter accounted for 55% and 64.3%.Thequalitative study and the case series study indicated that ECs were modestly effective to reduce smoking consumption with less toxic effects. Conclusion: There is some preliminary evidence from11studiesthatelectronic cigarettes could be effective for reducing conventional smoking consumption within a short period. Because there is a lack of adequate and long-term randomized controlled trials to assess the safety and efficacy of e-cigarettes, particularly in comparison to nicotine replacement therapy, government regulations should be established to control e-cigarettes and to the claim that e-cigarettes can be used as a standard as nicotine smoking cessation aid. / published_or_final_version / Public Health / Master / Master of Public Health

The Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC) designates the nation-state as the agent for tobacco control, and it defines its target as an industry composed of manufacturers, wholesalers, and importers. This target fails to include the farmers, tobacco leaf exporters, and retailers profiting from cigarette consumption. Commodity chain analysis uncovers a more comprehensive roster of industry actors, a methodology that can improve tobacco control monitoring efforts, and uncover weaknesses in the industry. A comparative historical analysis of the cigarette commodity chain in Brazil and China exposes four categories of social forces that counter national tobacco control: the actors in the industry, local governments and trade treaty organizations as external actors, the conflicting activities of different units within the nation-state itself, and social norms embedded with 400 years of tobacco use. In conclusion, the author suggests that the FCTC provisions be redirected to local and international levels. / Graduate

Thesis(M.S.)--Auburn University, 2006. / Abstract. Vita. Includes bibliographic references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2008. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xiii, 227 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 165-195).

Report (M.S.)--Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. M.S. 1993. / Vita. Abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaf 81). Also available via the Internet.