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I denna empiriska studie har användningen av transspråkande undersökts på tre olikaskolor. Transspråkande innebär i korta drag att flerspråkiga elever ges möjlighet attanvända alla sina språk i undervisningen. Studien utgår från det sociokulturellaperspektivet, och syftet med studien är att undersöka hur muntlig kommunikationrealiseras i transspråkande klassrum samt hur lärmiljön i dessa klassrum är utformade.Materialet har samlats in genom systematiska observationer i transspråkandeklassrum på tre skolor. Med stöd av ett etablerat schema för observationer av 44språkutvecklande faktorer har lärmiljöer, lärtillfällen och interaktioner studeratsunder tolv lektioner i matematik och svenska. Resultatet visar att lärmiljön i detransspråkande klassrummen var utformade med öppna planlösningar där väggarnautnyttjades för att exponera bildstöd i både svenska och matematik. Vid interaktionenmellan lärare och elev var det särskilt karaktäristiskt att läraren bemötte eleverna medderas förnamn, gick ned till deras ögonhöjd, uppmuntrande turtagande och berömdeelevernas lyssnande. Särskilt utmärkande för lärtillfällen i de transspråkandeklassrummen var att lärarna uppmuntrade användningen av flera språk blandeleverna, såväl i diskussioner som vid skriv- och läsuppgifter. Detobservationsschema som har använts i studien har tidigare inte använts vidobservation av just transspråkande.

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This study is an evaluation of the effectiveness of the current teacher appraisal system as practised in Botswana secondary schools. The study sought to establish inter alia the relationship between the current teacher appraisal and the day to day duties of teachers, the extent to which it leads to improvements in the teaching and students' learning process, how it addresses the staff development needs of the teachers, and whether the mechanisms and procedures for the management and implementation of the appraisal system in the schools is adequate. Teacher appraisal was defined as a process of staff development aimed at the professional development of the teacher through collegial interaction in order to enhance the quality of teaching and students' learning. Other strategies to achieve the effectiveness were also discussed in the thesis. Chapter One of the thesis provided the orientation of the study, while Chapter Two looked at the international literature on appraisal, including two case studies on the introduction of teacher appraisal in Great Britain and the United States of America. Chapter Three provided the contextual literature for the study. Chapter Four provided the research design of the study. Chapter Five discussed and analysed the research findings and Chapter Six presented the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study. A survey questionnaire based on a five items Likert Scale and a semi-structured interview were used to collect data. The study was carried out in the Southern Region of Botswana in the Lobatse and Kanye Clusters of secondary schools. From both the literature reviews and the empirical research findings, it became clear that:  Teacher appraisal is a process and not an event;  The clarity of the purpose of the appraisal process is fundamental to its effectiveness;  The training of both the appraisees and appraisers on the appraisal process is crucial to its effectiveness;  Feedback is a sine qua non for the appraisal process to be effective. / Teacher Education / D.Ed. (Education Management)

Student self-regulation is associated with mathematics achievement in Nigerian primary schools, and formative assessment holds promise for increasing self-regulation. However, to date no research has explored teacher professional development (PD) for formative assessment and its effects on students' self-regulation in Nigerian primary schools. This quasi-experimental nonequivalent control group design used Desimone's teacher professional development conceptual framework, Popham's model for practicing formative assessment, and Zimmerman's concept of self-regulated learning. Research questions concerned whether differences existed in teachers' practice and students' self-regulation between two groups of Nigerian primary school mathematics teachers who received variations of professional development. The sample was 13 volunteer mathematics teachers (7 in a workshop plus follow-up group and 6 in a workshop-only group) and 183 students from 7 primary schools. Teacher formative assessment quality (FAQ) data was collected from 3 classroom observations and student end-of-project self-regulation was measured via a questionnaire. Descriptive analysis at the teacher level showed that teachers in the workshop-plus group had a higher level of FAQ than workshop-only teachers. A t test showed students with workshop-plus teachers had significantly higher self-regulation scores on average than students with workshop-only teachers, although FAQ did not correlate with students' self-regulation scores, possibly due to a small sample size. This study contributes to social change by providing supporting evidence for school administrators to provide workshop plus follow-up coaching PD to teachers to increase the quality of formative assessment, which may have implications for improving mathematics achievement among primary students in Nigeria.

This study is an evaluation of the effectiveness of the current teacher appraisal system as practised in Botswana secondary schools. The study sought to establish inter alia the relationship between the current teacher appraisal and the day to day duties of teachers, the extent to which it leads to improvements in the teaching and students' learning process, how it addresses the staff development needs of the teachers, and whether the mechanisms and procedures for the management and implementation of the appraisal system in the schools is adequate. Teacher appraisal was defined as a process of staff development aimed at the professional development of the teacher through collegial interaction in order to enhance the quality of teaching and students' learning. Other strategies to achieve the effectiveness were also discussed in the thesis. Chapter One of the thesis provided the orientation of the study, while Chapter Two looked at the international literature on appraisal, including two case studies on the introduction of teacher appraisal in Great Britain and the United States of America. Chapter Three provided the contextual literature for the study. Chapter Four provided the research design of the study. Chapter Five discussed and analysed the research findings and Chapter Six presented the summary, conclusions and recommendations of the study. A survey questionnaire based on a five items Likert Scale and a semi-structured interview were used to collect data. The study was carried out in the Southern Region of Botswana in the Lobatse and Kanye Clusters of secondary schools. From both the literature reviews and the empirical research findings, it became clear that:  Teacher appraisal is a process and not an event;  The clarity of the purpose of the appraisal process is fundamental to its effectiveness;  The training of both the appraisees and appraisers on the appraisal process is crucial to its effectiveness;  Feedback is a sine qua non for the appraisal process to be effective. / Teacher Education / D.Ed. (Education Management)

abstract: In this study, the Arizona State University Mathematics and Science Teaching Fellows 2010 program was analyzed qualitatively from start to finish to determine the impact of the research experience on teachers in the classroom. The sample for the study was the 2010 cohort of eight high school science teachers. Erickson's (1986) interpretive, participant observational fieldwork method was used to report data by means of detailed descriptions of the research experience and classroom implementation. Data was collected from teacher documents, interviews, and observations. The findings revealed various factors that were responsible for an ineffective implementation of the research experience in the classroom such as research experience, curriculum support, availability of resources, and school curriculum. Implications and recommendations for future programs are discussed in the study. / Dissertation/Thesis / Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2012

Syftet med det här arbetet är att ta reda på vad eleverna i årskurs 4 tänker om att skriva texter tillsammans och hur respons kan skapa ett samarbete när eleverna skriver texter. I undersökningen användes två metoder. Den ena metoden är att genomföra kvalitativa intervjuer med eleverna. Den andra metoden är att genomföra observationer i klassrummet. Syftet med intervjuerna är att ta reda på vad eleverna tänker om att skriva texter tillsammans och vad de tänker om respons. Syftet med observationerna är att se hur respons används i klassrummet och hur eleverna samarbetar när de skriver texter tillsammans. Ett annat syfte med observationerna är att ta reda på hur ett samarbete uppstår i interaktionen mellan eleverna. Resultatet av studien visar att vad eleverna tänker om samarbete och respons skiljer sig från vad som händer i praktiken. I studien går det även att hitta tre faktorer som skapar samarbete och respons mellan eleverna. De tre faktorerna är behovet av bekräftelse, behovet av kunskap och behovet av att jämföra texter. / The purpose of this study is to find out what pupils think about writing texts together and how response can create cooperation between pupils when they write texts. Two methods were used in the study. One method was an interview and the other one was an observation. The purpose of the interviews was to find out what the pupils thought about writing texts together and what they thought about response. The purpose of the observations was to see how response was used in the classroom and in what way the pupils cooperated by writing texts together. Another purpose with the observations was to find out how cooperation and response emerges in the interaction between pupils. The result of the study showed that what the pupils thought about cooperation and response was different from how it was in reality. At the same time three different elements behind the cooperation and response between pupils could be found. The three elements was the need to confirm, the need to know (knowledge) and the need to compare texts.

Teachers (n=14) at four high schools in North Carolina were interviewed about their perspectives of evaluation policy at two time points during the 2016-2017 school year. This study specifically examined statements teachers made about feedback from observations using de-identified interview transcripts. Teachers discussed feedback from formal observations along with other sources of informal observational feedback (e.g., coaches, peers). Overall, teachers described useful feedback as that which provided actionable recommendations informed by the observer’s knowledge of three domains: the classroom context (as aided by the frequency and timing of observations), subject area, and pedagogy. Teachers also identified two aspects of formal evaluation that interfered with feedback: breadth of the observational standards and use as a growth measure.

Considering the context of large city schools, this study explores what variables in a kindergarten classroom may impact the process of children’s engagement with nature. In particular I examine the central role of children and teacher in co-constructing their own unique understanding, knowledge, and attitude towards the natural world. In this study, I examine nature-child’s connection considering the complexity of nature beyond a pre-packaged concept (Louv, 2007) and avoiding a linear identification of a cause and effect relationship between children’s learning experiences and nature, (Kellert, 2005). This qualitative case study is based on extensive classroom observations, in which 20 kindergarten children and their teacher participate. The children’s direct, indirect, and vicarious experiences with nature are documented using digital photography, video-audio recording, and collection of artifacts. I interview the classroom teacher two times and invite the parents to fill up a questionnaire about their children’s experiences with nature outside the school time. I use the techniques and procedure of the grounded theory to analyze the data. A comparative analysis of the five learning episodes demonstrates four major factors that when all woven together encourage and sustain the children’s engagement with nature. These factors are: investigating children’s meaningful and autotelic questions, encountering and experiencing nature in familiar contexts, developing emotional bonding, and having sufficient time. The findings show the crucial role of the classroom teacher in creating five main conditions to engage the children in the process of each inquiry. She offers the children many opportunities to use their prior skills and knowledge, take responsibility of their own learning, and experiment with learning as a process. She often responds positively to the children’s learning endeavours and communicates her high confidence and expectations for them. This study makes an important contribution to the field of early childhood education and environmental education by demonstrating the possibilities and challenges in actively and holistically engaging children with nature in school settings. The findings shed light on our understanding of children and teacher’s sense of ownership and motivation as two driving forces of learning.