La présente étude porte sur l’analyse de l’aspect normatif de l’interdiction de traite en droit international ainsi que sur la mise en oeuvre du principe de cette interdiction. Les recherches effectuées montrent que l’aspect normatif de la notion conditionne une protection renforcée, et que sa mise en oeuvre nécessite une approche axée sur les droits de l’homme. La notion juridique de « traite des personnes » fait son entrée littérale dans le droit international des droits de l’homme par l’adoption du Protocole additionnel à la Convention des Nations Unies contre la criminalité transnationale organisée visant à prévenir, réprimer et punir la traite des personnes, et en particulier des femmes et des enfants (2000). La première définition conventionnelle de traite, qui a un caractère composite, englobant aussi plusieurs autres notions, pose, en même temps, les premières difficultés dans l’appréhension juridique de la notion. Une protection renforcée et une mise en oeuvre axée sur les droits de l’homme, faisant également l’objet de cette étude, permettent, en fait, de voir que le droit positif donne, pour l’essentiel, une définition de la traite aggravée, tandis que la notion de « traite » tout court continue à évoluer à la lumière des exigences des droits de l’homme. La multiplication des instruments internationaux et celle des mécanismes de contrôle dans la lutte contre la traite s’avèrent, pour le moment, incapables de lutter efficacement contre l’augmentation constante du nombre des victimes de traite, ce qui ne cesse de susciter des interrogations. En réalité, une lutte efficace contre la traite ne peut passer que par la reconnaissance des spécificités du crime de traite dans son ensemble ainsi que par une mise en œuvre effective des droits des victimes de traite conformément aux exigences des droits de l’homme, les approches actuelles privilégiant plutôt la punition des bourreaux à la protection de leurs victimes. / This study focuses on the analysis of the normative aspect of the prohibition of trafficking in international law and on the implementation of the principle of the prohibition. Research shows that the normative notion of conditional strengthened protection and its implementation require an approach based on human rights. The legal concept of "trafficking in persons"entered in the international human rights law literature with the adoption of the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000). The first conventional definition of trafficking, which has a composite characterencompassing several other concepts, poses simultaneously the first difficulties in addressing the legal concept. Reinforced protection and an implementation based on human rights, which have also been evaluated in this study, allow one to see that the positive law, in principal, gives a definition of aggravated trafficking while the term "trafficking" in short continues to evolve in light of the requirements of human rights. The proliferation of international instruments and control mechanisms in the fight against trafficking, for the moment, prove to be unable to effectively fight against the ever increasing number of victims of trafficking, which continues to raise questions. An effective fight against trafficking can only be achievedthrough the recognition of the specific crime of trafficking as a whole as well as an effective implementation of human trafficking victims’ rights in accordance with the requirements of human rights, while the current approaches favor instead the punishment of perpetrators to protect their victims.

Durante a operação de um controlador MPC, a planta pode ir para outro ponto de operação principalmente pela decisão operacional ou pela presença de perturbações medidas/não-medidas. Assim, o modelo do controlador deve ser adaptado para a nova condição de operação favorecendo o controle sob as novas condições. Desta forma, as condições ótimas de controle podem ser alcançadas com a maior quantidade de modelos identificados e com um controlador adaptativo que seja capaz de selecionar o melhor modelo. Neste trabalho é apresentada uma metodologia de controle adaptativo com identificação on-line do melhor modelo o qual pertence a um conjunto previamente levantado. A metodologia proposta considera um controlador em duas camadas e a excitação do processo através de um sinal GBN na camada de otimização com o controlador em malha fechada. Está sendo considerada a validação deste controlador adaptativo através da comparação dos resultados com duas diferentes técnicas Controlador MMPC e Identificação ARX, para a comprovação dos bons resultados desta metodologia. / During the operation of a MPC, the plant can change the operation point mainly due to management decision or due to the presence of measured or unmeasured disturbances. Thus, the model of the controller must be adapted to improve the control in the new operation conditions. In such a way, a better control policy can be achieved if a large number of models are identified at the possible operation points and it is available an adaptive controller that is capable of selecting the best model. In this work is presented a methodology of adaptive control with on-line identification of the most adequate model which belongs to a set of models previously obtained. The proposed methodology considers a two-layer controller and process excitation by a GBN signal in the LP optimization layer with the controller in closed loop mode. It is also presented the adaptive controller validation by comparing the proposed approach with two different techniques - MMPC and ARX Identification, to confirm the good results with this new methodology to the adaptive controller.

Bakgrund: Våld i nära relationer mot kvinnor är ett globalt folkhälsoproblem och skapar ett lidande hos de utsatta på flera plan och dessa kvinnor är i särskilt behov av stöd. Vårdpersonal har en viktig roll i att möta dessa kvinnor, där hela människan måste tas i beaktande. Kunskapsbrist och organisatoriska brister försvårar mötet med kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld. Syfte: Beskriva hur kvinnor som blivit utsatta för våld i nära relationer upplevde omvårdnaden från vårdpersonalen. Metod: Litteraturöversikt där elva kvalitativa artiklar analyserades. Resultat: I resultatet framkommer det fyra huvudteman och två subteman. (1) Vårdpersonalens attityder och bemötande; vikten av tid, utsatt patientgrupp. (2) Betydelsen av att vårdpersonal frågar om våld. (3) Fokus på symtom. (4) Upplevelser av stöd och hjälp. Konklusion: Vårdpersonal behöver mer utbildning, tydliga riktlinjer och stöd/handledning från arbetsplatsen. Relationen mellan vårdpersonal och den utsatta kvinnan behöver präglas av en trygg miljö, tillit och medmänsklighet. / Background: Violence against women is a major public health problem and creates a suffering on several levels and these women are in particular need of support. Healthcare professionals have an important role in meeting these women, where the whole person must be considered. Lack of knowledge and organizational shortcomings complicate the encounter with women who have been exposed to violence. Aim: The aim of this study was to describe women’s experiences of care whom been a victim of violence in close relationship. Method: Literature review where eleven qualitative articles were analyzed. Result: The result shows four main themes and two sub-themes. (1) Attitudes and treatment of healthcare professionals; the importance of time, exposed patient group. (2) The importance of healthcare professionals asking about violence. (3) Focus on symptoms. (4) Experiences of support and help. Conclusion: Healthcare professionals need more education, clear guidelines and support/supervision from the workplace. The relationship between healthcare professionals and the women needs to be characterized by a safe environment, trust and compassion.

<p>U ovom radu se ispituje fenomen&nbsp; kvaliteta 5 vrsta bliskih odnosa u odraslom dobu (majka, otac, brat/sestra, prijatelj, partner). Istraživanjem se razmatraju specifičnosti bliskih odnosa na domaćoj populaciji i razlike u kvaliteti bliskih odnosa s obzirom na nekoliko personalnih i kontekstualnih karakteristika ispitanika. Poseban akcenat se stavlja na relacije između individualnih (osobine ličnosti, afektivna vezanost, autoritarnost i stilovi komunikacije) i socijalnih (porodična interakcija sa majkom i ocem) determinanti i kvaliteta bliskih odnosa.</p> / <p>This paper examines the quality phenomenon of 5 types of close relationships in adulthood (mother, father, brother / sister, friend, partner). The research examines the specificity of close relationships on the domestic population and the differences in the quality of close relationships with regard to several personal and contextual characteristics of the respondents. Particular emphasis is put on the relationships between individual (personality traits, attachment, authoritarianism and communication styles) and social (family interaction with mother and father) determinants and quality of close relationships.</p>

<p><strong>Background:</strong> People who is close to patients suffering from incurable diseases experiences both suffering and grief. It is hard to be there for someone and at the same time handle your own grief. This can create feeling of anxiety, stress and guilt. <strong>Problem:</strong> Near related persons might not accept the further loss of someone near, the hope remains until it is final. They may not know the whole width of the situation, not acknowledge to the patient or himself how it is going to end. <strong>Aim:</strong> The aim with the literature study was to describe close ones experiences of suffering and grief within the palliative care. <strong>Method:</strong> The study is a qualitative analysis of autobiographies written by people close to patients in the palliative care. <strong>Result:</strong> The study shows how close ones can be spared suffering and grief through kind treatment<em> </em>and empathic personnel. The result shows a great individual dissemination<em> </em>when feelings are to be worked trough and grief gets to the surface and is accepted. <strong>Conclusion:</strong> To be close to someone in the end of his or her life wakes hard and irrational feelings and thoughts in people. To handle your own experiences and feelings is difficult. To support these persons due to their individual needs is a crucial part in reducing there suffering.</p> / <p><strong>Bakgrund:</strong> Närstående till patienter med en obotlig sjukdom som leder till döden upplever både lidande och sorg. Att vara till för någon som skall dö samtidigt som man bearbetar sin egen sorg kan skapa känslor av oro, stress och skuldkänslor. <strong>Problem: </strong>Närstående vill kanske inte acceptera den kommande förlusten av någon som står en nära, hoppet finns kvar in i det sista. De kanske inte kan förstå hela vidden av situationen, inte erkänna för den sjuke eller sig själva hur det kommer att sluta. <strong> Syfte: </strong>Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av lidande och sorg inom den palliativa vården. <strong>Metod:</strong> Studien är en kvalitativ analys av självbiografier författade av närstående inom den palliativa vården. <strong> Resultat:</strong> Studien visar på hur närstående kan besparas lidande genom gott bemötande och empatisk personal. Resultatet visar på en stor individuell spridning när känslor skall bearbetas och sorg komma upp till ytan och accepteras. <strong>Slutsats:</strong> Att vara närstående till någon i livets slutskede väcker svåra och irrationella känslor och tankar hos människor. Att hantera sina egna upplevelser och känslor är svårt. Att stödja dessa personer utifrån individuella behov har en avgörande roll för reducering av deras lidande.</p>

<p>This thesis explores the possibilities of avoiding the issues generally associated with compression of noisy imagery, through the usage of vector quantization. By utilizing the learning aspects of vector quantization, image processing operations such as noise reduction could be implemented in a straightforward way. Several techniques are presented and evaluated. A direct comparison shows that for noisy imagery, vector quantization, in spite of it's simplicity, has clear advantages over MPEG-4 encoding.</p>

The 3:12-provisions are part of a legal system specified for owners of close corporations (companies owned and managed by a small group of businesspeople), for taxation of capi-tal gains and dividend. The reason for special rules for the taxation of these owners is to prevent them from transforming their income, to only be subject of the lower taxation of capital gains, instead of income of service. Since the rules were put in force, they have been subject to several changes. The most recent changes took effect on the 1 January 2006. They involve a higher importance for the rule of salary-based taxation. The rule of salary-based taxation means that compensation paid out to employees may increase the part of a company owner’s income which is taxed at the lower taxation of capital gains. The salary-base is calculated including compensation paid out in cash to employees based within the area of the European Economic Community. When applying the rule several problems in the interpretation arise. Questions concerning whether the part of per diem and allowance for expenses, which are subject to taxation, should be considered compensation paid out in cash, as well as whether board members are to be considered as employees. In addition, it is not certain how to deal with salaries in subsidiaries, which are trading companies, and salaries paid to employees outside of the European Economic Community. / 3:12-reglerna utgör en del av ett skattesystem för beskattning av kapitalvinst och utdelning för fåmansföretagsdelägare. Anledningen till att dessa skall beskattas enligt särskilda regler är att förhindra inkomstomvandling, så att exempelvis tjänsteinkomster inte beskattas som kapitalinkomster, och därmed med en lägre skattesats. Sedan regelverkets tillkomst har flera förändringar skett. De senaste förändringarna trädde i kraft den 1 januari 2006, och innebär bl.a. att löneunderlaget får en ökad betydelse vid be-skattning av fåmansföretagsdelägare. Löneunderlagsregeln innebär att ersättningar utbetal-da till arbetstagare får öka den delen av fåmansföretagsdelägarens inkomster som beskattas som inkomst av kapital, och därför till en lägre skattesats än inkomst av tjänst. I löneunderlaget ingår kontanta ersättningar utbetalda till arbetstagare inom EES-området. Denna bestämmelse innebär flera tolkningssvårigheter vid dess tillämpning. Frågor uppstår om den skattepliktiga delen av kostnadsersättningar och traktamenten skall räknas som en kontant utbetald ersättning, samt om styrelseledamöter räknas som arbetstagare. Dessutom är rättsläget osäkert vad gäller löner utbetalade i dotterbolag som är handelsbolag, och löner utbetalade till arbetstagare utanför EES-området. Vad gäller den senaste är det troligt att löneunderlagsregeln står i strid med EG-rätten. Det finns inte något klart och tydligt svar att finna för dessa tolkningsproblem varken i lag-text, förarbete, praxis eller doktrin. Rättsläget vid tillämpningen av löneunderlagsregeln är därför osäkert. Eftersom bestämmelsen utgör en sådan viktig del vid beskattning av få-mansföretagare är det anmärkningsvärt att lagstiftaren inte lade mer vikt vid att utforma re-geln på ett annat sätt.

Background: People who is close to patients suffering from incurable diseases experiences both suffering and grief. It is hard to be there for someone and at the same time handle your own grief. This can create feeling of anxiety, stress and guilt. Problem: Near related persons might not accept the further loss of someone near, the hope remains until it is final. They may not know the whole width of the situation, not acknowledge to the patient or himself how it is going to end. Aim: The aim with the literature study was to describe close ones experiences of suffering and grief within the palliative care. Method: The study is a qualitative analysis of autobiographies written by people close to patients in the palliative care. Result: The study shows how close ones can be spared suffering and grief through kind treatment and empathic personnel. The result shows a great individual dissemination when feelings are to be worked trough and grief gets to the surface and is accepted. Conclusion: To be close to someone in the end of his or her life wakes hard and irrational feelings and thoughts in people. To handle your own experiences and feelings is difficult. To support these persons due to their individual needs is a crucial part in reducing there suffering. / Bakgrund: Närstående till patienter med en obotlig sjukdom som leder till döden upplever både lidande och sorg. Att vara till för någon som skall dö samtidigt som man bearbetar sin egen sorg kan skapa känslor av oro, stress och skuldkänslor. Problem: Närstående vill kanske inte acceptera den kommande förlusten av någon som står en nära, hoppet finns kvar in i det sista. De kanske inte kan förstå hela vidden av situationen, inte erkänna för den sjuke eller sig själva hur det kommer att sluta.  Syfte: Syftet med litteraturstudien var att beskriva närståendes upplevelser av lidande och sorg inom den palliativa vården. Metod: Studien är en kvalitativ analys av självbiografier författade av närstående inom den palliativa vården.  Resultat: Studien visar på hur närstående kan besparas lidande genom gott bemötande och empatisk personal. Resultatet visar på en stor individuell spridning när känslor skall bearbetas och sorg komma upp till ytan och accepteras. Slutsats: Att vara närstående till någon i livets slutskede väcker svåra och irrationella känslor och tankar hos människor. Att hantera sina egna upplevelser och känslor är svårt. Att stödja dessa personer utifrån individuella behov har en avgörande roll för reducering av deras lidande.

Many known extra-solar giant planets lie close to their host stars. Around 60 have their semi-major axes smaller than 0.05 AU. In contrast to planets further out, the vast majority of these close-in planets have low eccentricity orbits. This suggests that their orbits have been circularized likely due to tidal dissipation inside the planets. These exoplanets share with our own Jupiter at least one trait in common: when they are subject to periodic tidal forcing, they behave like a lossy spring, with a tidal ``quality factor'', Q, of order 10^5. This parameter is the ratio between the energy in the tide and the energy dissipated per period. To explain this, a possible solution is resonantly forced internal oscillation. If the frequency of the tidal forcing happens to land on that of an internal eigenmode, this mode can be resonantly excited to a very large amplitude. The damping of such a mode inside the planet may explain the observed Q value. The only normal modes that fall in the frequency range of the tidal forcing (~ few days) are inertial modes, modes restored by the Coriolis force. We present a new numerical technique to solve for inertial modes in a convective, rotating sphere. This technique combines the use of an ellipsoidal coordinate system with a pseudo-spectral method to solve the partial differential equation that governs the inertial oscillations. We show that, this technique produces highly accurate solutions when the density profile is smooth. In particular, the lines of nodes are roughly parallel to the ellipsoidal coordinate axes. In particular, using these accurate solutions, we estimate the resultant tidal dissipation for giant planets, and find that turbulent dissipation of inertial modes in planets with smooth density profiles do not give rise to dissipation as strong as the one observed. We also study inertial modes in density profiles that exhibit discontinuities, as some recent models of Jupiter show. We found that, in this case, our method could not produce convergent solutions for the inertial modes. Additionally, we propose a way to observe inertial modes inside Saturn indirectly, by observing waves in its rings that may be excited by inertial modes inside Saturn.

This study deals with the consequences for household economy in connection with unemployment. Various mechanisms that influence the relationship between unemployment and the reception of supplementary benefits are described and analyzed. The labour market, the social insurance system and the adjustment strategies of families are fields of particular interest to this study. The economic systems of support that have developed are dominated by the unemployment insurance. Those, whose unemployment benefits have ceased or who for some other reason are not covered by the insurance, have to resort to supplementary benefits. The differences in level between working, receiving unemployment benefits or supplementary benefits can be described in terms of a scale of income. The aspect of the scale varies strongly between different types of families. The empirical point of reference for this dissertation is the close-down of a pulp industry (Ncb in Köpmanholmen 130 km south of Umeå in the north of Sweden). The development of those made redundant has been studied with regard to reception of supplementary benefits, income and adjustment strategies. Data about income and supplementary benefits were collected from registers at the local tax charge office and the local administration of social services. 83 out of 444 households were interviewed about adjustment strategies. The close-down in question proved to be exceptional in many aspects. The expected "social catastrophe" never occured due to the economic upswing, raised unemployment benefits and ambitious labour market policy efforts, among other things. Only a very small minority of those made redundant have received supplementary benefits after the close-down. This has been the case although many of those made redundant have been removed from the open labour market with a subsequent lowering of their income level. Amongst those made redundant many different patterns of adjustment havè been observed. It appears that those who lack work after a couple of years after the close-down are often characterized by passivity, whereas those who have been employed are often characterized by activity. Finally the variation in patterns of adjustment can be seen as a social policy problem. Judging from the results a combination of the institutional and marginal social policy strategies would be desirable. Reform schemes can be suggested that are based on a wish to supplement the preventive and institutional social policy with selective features where the adjustment strategies of families should provide an important resource potential. / digitalisering@umu