Syfte: Avhandlingens övergripande syfte var att öka kunskapen om perspektiv på ungdomars hälsa som utgångspunkt för att utveckla hälsofrämjande insatser i skolan. Metod: Studie I hade en kvantitativ beskrivande tvärsnittsdesign. Datamaterialet inhämtades från 948 ungdomar (11-15 år) som analyserades med multivariat logistik regressionsanalys. Studie II hade en kvalitativ utforskande design. Datamaterialet inhämtades från 117 ungdomar (14-17 år) och analyserades med grundad teori. Studie III hade en kvalitativ beskrivande design. Datamatmaterialet inhämtades från 42 ungdomar (14-15 år) och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Studie IV hade en kvalitativ beskrivande design. Datamaterialet inhämtades från 27 intressenter och analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Ungdomarna strävar mot att lyckas och att bli framgångsrika i nuet och i framtiden. En strävan som för ungdomarna upplevs som en kamp om sin tid, en kamp som de hanterar genom att använda sig av olika strategier för att balansera skolarbete och fritid. Flickors strävan handlar om att nå framgång i skolan för att bli självständig i framtiden. För pojkarna innebär framgång att bli framgångsrika inom någon av sina fritidsaktiviteter så som sport, som visar deras fysiska styrka. Framgång i nuet är av betydelse för pojkarna till skillnad från flickorna som ser på sin framgång i ett längre perspektiv. Det hälsofrämjande arbetet bör inrikta sig på att stödja ungdomars känsla av sammanhang och stärka optimism redan tidigt i tonåren samt synliggöra organisatoriska och kontextuella strukturer och normer som påverkar flickors och pojkars hälsa och livsstil. Konklusion:Sammanfattningsvis visar avhandlingen att perspektiv på ungdomars hälsa bör förstås på olika nivåer i samhället och också inkluderar perspektiv på kön. Vidare bör faktorer som är av betydelse för ungdomars livsstil diskuteras utifrån ett salutogent perspektiv och det hälsofrämjande arbetet i skolan bör utveckla insatser med kontextuella och könsspecifika utgångspunkter för att främja flickors och pojkars hälsa och livsstil. / Aim: The overall aim of the dissertation was to gain greater knowledge about perspectives on adolescent´s health as a basis for developing actions to promote health in schools. Methods: Study I had a quantitative, descriptive cross-sectional design, in which the data was collected from 948 adolescent (11-15 years old) and analyzed with multivariate logistic regression. Study II had a qualitative, investigative design, in which the data was collected from 117 adolescent (14-17 years old) and analyzed with Grounded Theory methodology. Study III had a qualitative, descriptive design, in which the data was collected from 42 adolescent (14-16 years old) and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Study IV had a qualitative, descriptive design, in which the data was collected from 27 stakeholders and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results: The adolescent aspire to make out and be successful both in the present and the future. This aspiration is experienced by the adolescent as a struggle about time, a struggle that they cope with by using various strategies to balance schoolwork and leisure. The girls’ aspiration is to achieve success in school in order to be independent in the future. Success, for the boys, entails being successful in one of their leisure activities such as sport, which demonstrates their physical strength. Success is of importance for the boys in the present, while on the other hand the girls view their success in a longer time perspective. The focus in health promotion should be aimed at supporting the adolescent´s sense of coherence, at strengthening their optimism early in their teenage years as well as making more visible the organizational and contextual structures and norms that affect the health and lifestyles of girls and boys. Conclusions: In summary, the dissertation shows that perspectives on adolescent’s health should be understood at different levels in society and include a gender perspective. Furthermore, factors that are important for adolescent’s lifestyle should be discussed from a salutogenic perspective and the health promotion performed in schools should develop actions that have contextual and gender-specific points of departure in order to enhance the health and lifestyles of girls and boys.

Inferência da força de interação nos fenômenos físicos/biológicos é objetivo comum a diversas áreas da ciência. Em particular, nas neurociências tem-se assistido a uma mudança no paradigma experimental em que a atenção tem-se voltado à compreensão da interação entre grupamentos neuronais. Em vista desta demanda surgiram naturalmente diversos métodos estatísticos de medida de dependência entre grupamentos neurais. Alguns foram desenhados para inferência de fluxo de informação, sem contudo precisar o que se entende por fluxo de informação, gerando consequentemente controvérsias na literatura. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é aplicar os conceitos da Teoria da Informação na análise de processos estacionários de segunda ordem para precisar as idéias de fluxo de informação utilizadas na literatura de forma ad hoc e obter um melhor entendimento da relação existente entre as diferentes medidas de dependência propostas. / We study the relationship between different measures of causality or information flow. We show that the concept of partial measures of dependence are related to the definition of inverse random variables.

I det komplexa och moderna arbetslivet förändras både människor och organisationer. Detta leder till att hälsofrämjande på arbetsplatser får en allt större betydelse i samband med att alla förändringar ställer nya krav på organisationer och dess anställda. Syftet med studien var att undersöka på vilka sätt chefer aktivt arbetar för att främja och bibehålla den arbetsrelaterade hälsan hos medarbetare. Det genomfördes kvalitativa telefonintervjuer med åtta första linjens chefer, vilka var aktiva inom skolverksamheten, fritidsgårdsverksamheten, rättspsykiatriska vården och kommunen. Intervjuerna bearbetades genom tematisk analys, något som visade att chefer främjar och bibehåller sina medarbetares hälsa genom att ge medarbetarna möjlighet till kontroll och delaktighet i arbetet samt genom ett närvarande och stöttande ledarskap. Studien ansågs vara praktiskt användbar av nuvarande och framtida chefer som vill arbeta hälsofrämjande samt av intresse för de undersökta arbetsplatserna där studien kan fungera som ett synliggörande underlag kring det hälsofrämjande arbetet.

abstract: Given the post 9/11 influx of veteran students in higher education and the importance of early career decision-making for establishment of a post-graduation careers, understanding factors that help and hinder the college success and career decision-making of student veterans is needed. The purpose of this study was to explore the experiences of veterans in higher education in relation to career decision-making difficulties. Thus, the influence of variables related to campus environment (mentoring and cultural congruity), experiences of post-traumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and college stress, and resilience as evidenced by sense of coherence (SOC) was investigated. A sample of 239 United States Armed Forces veterans (171 male, 67 female, 1 nonbinary) enrolled in institutions of higher education across the United States was recruited through an online program. In addition to a demographic sheet, participants completed self-report measures assessing cultural congruity, sense of coherence, post-traumatic stress symptoms, mentoring, college stress, and career decision-making difficulties. Hierarchical multiple regressions revealed that of the two constructs comprising campus environment, only cultural congruity was a significant and negative predictor of college stress. Mentoring was not a significant predictor. Post-traumatic stress symptoms predicted college stress above and beyond the variance predicted by college environment. The greater student veterans’ post-traumatic stress symptoms, the more college stress they reported experiencing. A moderated hierarchical regression revealed that college environment did not moderate the relation between post-traumatic stress symptoms and college stress. College stress was found to be a positive predictor of career decision-making difficulties. Sense of coherence did not moderate the relation between college stress and career decision-making difficulties. Findings are discussed in the context of Schlossberg’s transition model, which posits that individuals will navigate the transition process based on their perceptions of the transition and their personal assets and liabilities, factors that influence coping ability. Limitations and clinical implications for working with student veterans are presented. The importance of early intervention to enhance cultural congruity and address post-traumatic stress symptoms and career decision-making difficulties among student veterans is discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Counseling Psychology 2020

Bakgrund: Hjärtsvikt är en vanlig folksjukdom som idag ökar i prevalens, det är en av de vanligaste orsakerna till sjukhusvård, sjuklighet och dödlighet bland äldre. Sjukdomen går idag inte att bota utan kräver istället vård i form av lindring. Den kan påverka patienten på flera olika plan och innebära ett lidande. För att ge rätt stöd till rätt patient behöver dennes individuella behov och förmåga identifieras när det kommer till att handskas med påfrestningar i sårbara situationer. Syfte: Att beskriva patienters upplevelse av att leva med hjärtsvikt. Metod: En litteraturöversikt med kvalitativ design genomfördes och utgick från fjorton studier som beskrev upplevelsen ur ett patientperspektiv. Data samlades in med hjälp av databaserna CINAHL, MEDLINE och PsycInfo och analyserades med hjälp av Fribergs analysmetod.Resultat: I resultatet framkom tre huvudteman, begränsat liv i vardagen, att förlika sig med det nya livet och, behov av hjälp och stöd. Vidare sex subteman, att påverkas av andfåddhet och trötthet, emotionella och mentala reaktioner, acceptans och förändrad självbild, att behöva anpassa sig med nya strategier, stöd från nära relationer och bristande stöd från hälso- och sjukvård. Slutsats: Att söka förståelse kring upplevelsen av att leva med hjärtsvikt kan bidra till ökad kunskap kring hur patientens behov i praktiken kan tillgodoses. Särskilt då sjuksköterskan ansvarar för att främja hälsa, förebygga sjukdom, återupprätta hälsa och lindra lidande med ett holistiskt perspektiv. Sjuksköterskan kan stötta patienten genom att stärka ochstödja den individuella känslan av sammanhang. / Background: Heart failure is a common public health problem which increases in prevalence. It is a leading cause to hospitalizations, morbidity and mortality among the elderly. Since there is no cure availablethe disease requires a health care that focuses on alleviating. The patient can get affected in various ways and it can cause a suffering. To make sure proper support goes to the right patient, there is a need of identifying the individual needs and abilities when it comes to dealing with stressful events. Aim: To describe patients’ experience of living with heart failure Method: A literature review with a qualitative design was conducted including fourteen studies that focuses on the experience from a perspective of patients. Data was collected through the databasesCINAHL, MEDLINE and PsycInfo and applied analyses method was carried out through the method of Friberg. Result: The result revealed three main themes, living restricted in daily life, to reconcile with the new life, in need of help and support. Furthermore, six subthemes emerged, to be affected by shortness of breath and fatigue, emotional and mental reactions, acceptance and an altered self-image, having to adapt with new strategies, support by close relationships, and lack of support from health-care. Conclusion: Through an understanding of the experience of living with heart failure an increased knowledge can be gained about how the needs of the patients practically can be met. Especially since nurses has a responsibilityto promote health, prevent illness, restore health and alleviate suffering through a holistic perspective. Nurses can provide help and support for the patientby supporting the induvial sense of coherence.

The study deals with the implementation of specific values in elderly care in the municipality of Hultsfred. The values here are grounded on the interaction between caregivers and caretakers and based on a salutogenetic approach. The aim of this study is to describe and analyse the work with values in elderly care through the understanding how the changes in the organisation have been shaped in the municipality on different levels in organisation of the elderly care through an implementation process. The study is based on semi-structured interviews with care givers, care administrators and managers. National and internal documents were studied. The material was analysed through Fixen et. al (2005) steps in an implementation process. The main findings in the study reveals the importance of a working communication and making every level participate in an implementation process. The study shows an example how popular organisation recipe is translated and used in elderly care. The study was written with support from the Kamprad Family foundation.

It is difficult to find time to read books today, when many other media compete for your spare time. Is the time that pupils get to read in schools enough to make them proficient readers? In Sweden some teachers debate that the homework is a solution to find more time for the pupils to read, while others debate that avoiding homework will make their teaching more equivalent. According to a research paper from Eckerholm (2018), the lack of time is one factor which makes it sometimes difficult for teachers to help their pupils develop a proficient reading comprehension.  The purpose of this study is to examine four elementary teacher’s perspective on reading homework and what they experience is required to find their students time to read. The study also contains a supplementary study of a larger number of pupils’ reading habits and who they believe have authority over their leisure reading. The study will answer the following scientific questions: How do four elementary teacher reason about giving reading homework to their pupils to read at their leisure time? How do four elementary teacher reason about what is required of themselves and their pupils to find the time they need to develop into proficient readers? What do elementary pupils answer to questions about their reading habits in their free time? What do elementary pupils answer to questions about who they believe  have authority over their leisure reading? The entire study is about increasing and develop a better understanding of the subject, according to a hermeneutic perspective. This study used mainly the qualitative method of interviews with elementary teachers and includes a supplementary study that uses the quantitative method of a paper survey of pupils reading habits and who they believe  have authority over their leisure reading time. The results of this study have been analysed using both sociocultural theory and motivation theory and the research from other sources. The result of this study shows that the interviewed teachers are primarily to sceptical to the home conditions of their pupils to use reading homework. The four interviewed teachers feel that it is more efficient to motivate and inspire their pupils to help them find their internal motivation to read in their own time, without the need to be forced by any teacher or parent. This require the students to take responsibility of their own reading at home. The results of the supplementary study show that most of the pupils that participated in the survey read books at home, they have authority over their leisure reading and that they read with an internal motivation. But the time they spend reading books is not enough. The interviewed teachers all mentioned that their pupils do not read enough on their free time and would need the children to receive support from their parents. The conclusion of the study is that the interviewed teachers feel sceptical towards that every pupil have a proper reading culture at home, which would give these children the time they need to develop into a proficient reader.

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) is a safe and non-invasive imaging technique providing high axial resolution. A spectral-domain OCT scanner capable of acquiring volumetric data of the retina is becoming an increasingly important modality in ophthalmology for the diagnosis and management of a variety of retinal diseases such as glaucoma, diabetic retinopathy and age related macular degeneration (AMD) which are major causes of a loss of vision. To analyze and track these ocular diseases, developments of the automated methods for detecting intraretinal layers, optic discs and retinal blood vessels from spectral-domain OCT scans are highly required recently. The major contributions of this thesis include: 1) developing a fast method that can automatically segment ten intraretinal layers in the spectral-domain macular OCT scan for the layer thickness analysis, 2) developing a method that can automatically segment the optic disc cup and neuroretinal rim in the spectral-domain OCT scan centered at the optic nerve head (ONH) to measure the cup-to-disc ratio, an important structural indicator for the progression of glaucoma, and 3) developing a method that can automatically segment the 3-D retinal blood vessels in the spectral-domain ONH-centered OCT scan to extract 3-D features of the vessels for the diagnosis of retinal vascular diseases.

Dans cette thèse, nous examinons différents cadres pour la théorie générale des opérades cycliques de Getzler et Kapranov. Comme le suggère le titre, nous établissons des fondements théoriques de natures syntaxiques, algébriques et catégorifiées pour la notion d’opérade cyclique. Dans le traitement syntaxique, nous proposons un langage formel à la manière du lambda-calcul, appelé mu-syntaxe, en tant que représentation légère de la structure <<entries-only >> d’opérades cycliques. Contrairement à la caractérisation originale des opérades cycliques, appelée la caractérisation <<exchangeable-output>> , selon laquelle les opérations d’une opérade cyclique ont des entrées et une sortie qui peut être << échangée >> avec une entrée, les opérades cycliques <<entries-only >> sont présentées comme des généralisations d’opérades pour lesquelles une opération n’a plus des entrées et une sortie, mais seulement des entrées (c’est-à-dire pour lesquelles la sortie est <<au même niveau>> que les entrées). Grâce aux méthodes de réécriture derrière le formalisme, nous donnons une preuve pas-à-pas complète de l’équivalence entre les définitions biaisées et non biaisées des opérades cycliques.Guidés par le principe du microcosme de Baez et Dolan et par les définitions algébriques des opérades de Kelly et Fiore, dans l’approche algébrique, nous définissons les opérades cycliques à l’intérieur de la catégorie des espèces de structures de Joyal. De cette façon, la caractérisation originale << exchangeable-output>> de Getzler et Kapranov, et la caractérisation alternative <<entries-only>> des opérades cycliques de Markl, sont toutes les deux incarnées comme monoïdes dans une catégorie monoïdale des espèces de structures. En s’appuyant sur un résultat de Lamarche sur la descente pour les espèces, nous utilisons ces définitions monoïdales pour prouver l’équivalence entre les points de vue <<exchangeable-output >> et << entries-only>> pour les opérades cycliques.Enfin, nous établissons une notion d’opérade cyclique catégorifiée pour les opérades cycliques avec symétries, définies dans la catégorie des ensembles en termes de générateurs et relations. Les catégorifications que nous introduisons sont obtenues en remplaçant des ensembles d’opérations de la même arité par des catégories, en relâchant certains axiomes de la structure, comme l’associativité et la commutativité, en isomorphismes, tout en laissant l’équivariance stricte, et en formulant des conditions de cohérence pour ces isomorphismes. Le théorème de cohérence que nous prouvons a la forme << tous les diagrammes d’isomorphismes canoniques commutent >>. Pour les opérades cycliques <<entries-only>> , notre preuve a un caractère syntaxique et s’appuie sur la cohérence des opérades non symétriques catégorifiées, établie par Došen et Petrić. Nous prouvons la cohérence des opérades cycliques <<exchangeable-output >>, en relevant au cadre catégorifié l’équivalence entre les définitions <<entries-only>> et <<exchangeable-output>> , mise en place précédemment dans l’approche algébrique. / In this thesis, we examine different frameworks for the general theory of cyclic operads of Getzler and Kapranov. As suggested by the title, we set up theoretical grounds of syntactic, algebraic and categorified nature for the notion of a cyclic operad.In the syntactic treatment, we propose a lambda-calculus-style formal language, called mu-syntax, as a lightweight representation of the entries-only cyclic operad structure. As opposed to the original exchangeable-output characterisation of cyclic operads, according to which the operations of a cyclic operad have inputs and an output that can be “exchanged” with one of the inputs, the entries-only cyclic operads have only entries (i.e. the output is put on the same level as the inputs). By employing the rewriting methods behind the formalism, we give a complete step-by-step proof of the equivalence between the unbiased and biased definitions of cyclic operads.Guided by the microcosm principle of Baez and Dolan and by the algebraic definitions of operads of Kelly and Fiore, in the algebraic approach we define cyclic operads internally to the category of Joyal’s species of structures. In this way, both the original exchangeable-output characterisation of Getzler and Kapranov, and the alternative entries-only characterisation of cyclic operads of Markl are epitomised as “monoid-like” objects in “monoidal-like” categories of species. Relying on a result of Lamarche on descent for species, we use these “monoid-like” definitions to prove the equivalence between the exchangeable-output and entries-only points of view on cyclic operads.Finally, we establish a notion of categorified cyclic operad for set-based cyclic operads with symmetries, defined in terms of generators and relations. The categorifications we introduce are obtained by replacing sets of operations of the same arity with categories, by relaxing certain defining axioms, like associativity and commutativity, to isomorphisms, while leaving the equivariance strict, and by formulating coherence conditions for these isomorphisms. The coherence theorem that we prove has the form “all diagrams of canonical isomorphisms commute”.For entries-only categorified cyclic operads, our proof is of syntactic nature and relies on the coherence of categorified operads established by Došen and Petrić. We prove the coherence of exchangeable-output categorified cyclic operads by “lifting to the categorified setting” theequivalence between entries-only and exchangeable-output cyclic operads, set up previously in the algebraic approach.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka om samband fanns mellan respondenters känsla av sammanhang (mätt genom KASAM-13) och psykiska välbefinnande (mätt genom General Health Questionnaire) beroende på om individerna upplevt att de utsatts för mobbning eller inte under grundskoleåren. En kvantitativ studie utfördes med hjälp av en enkät där de 121 deltagarna besvarade frågor gällande KASAM och psykiskt välbefinnande. 74 respondenter rapporterade att de utsatts för mobbning och 47 respondenter att de inte upplevt sig utsatt för mobbning under grundskoleåren. Resultatet visade att KASAM kunde predicera psykiskt välbefinnande, vilket innebar att individer med högre KASAM även hade högre psykiskt välbefinnande. Medelvärdet för KASAM i gruppen med mobbade individer var signifikant lägre än medelvärdet i gruppen med respondenter som inte upplevt sig bli mobbade. Gällande psykiskt välbefinnande var medelvärdet något lägre för mobbad-gruppen än vad det var för icke mobbad-gruppen, men inte signifikant skild från icke mobbad-gruppen. / The purpose of this study was to investigate whether there was a relationship between respondent’s Sense of Coherence (measured by SOC-13), and psychological well-being (measured by the General Health Questionnaire) depending on whether the individuals were bullied during the years they spent in elementary school or not. A quantitative study was conducted with the help of a questionnaire in which 121 participants answered questions about Sense of Coherence and psychological well-being. 74 respondents reported being bullied and 47 responded not being bullied during the elementary school years. The result showed that Sense of Coherence can predict psychological well-being which means that individuals with higher Sense of Coherence also had higher psychological well-being. The mean value of Sense of Coherence in the group of bullied individuals was significantly lower than the mean value in the group of respondents who did not have the same experience. Regarding psychological well-being, the mean was slightly lower for the bullied group than it was for the non-bullied group, but not significantly different from the non-bullied group.