Nous avons étudié la cohérence excitonique dans le poly[N- 9’-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2’,1’,3’-benzothiadiazole] (PCDTBT). À l’aide d’un modulateur spatial de lumière, nous avons forgé des impulsions lasers ultracourtes permettant de sonder les cohérences du système. Nous nous sommes concentrés sur les propriétés cohérentes des états excitoniques, soit le singulet et l’état à transfert de charge. Nous avons observé que 35 fs après l’excitation, le singulet et l’état à transfert de charge sont toujours cohérents. Cette cohérence se mesure à l’aide de la visibilité qui est de respectivement environ 10% et 30%. De plus, nous avons démontré que les mécanismes permettant de générer du photocourant dans de tels dispositifs photovoltaïques ne sont déjà plus cohérents après 35 fs. Ces mesures révèlent une visibilité inférieure à 3%, ce qui est en deçà de la précision de nos instruments. Nous concluons donc que les états à transfert de charge ne sont pas les états précurseurs à la génération de photocourant, car ceux-ci se comportent très différemment dans les mesures de cohérences. / We have studied the excitonic coherences in poly[N- 9’-heptadecanyl-2,7-carbazole-alt-5,5-(4,7-di-2-thienyl-2’,1’,3’-benzothiadiazole] (PCDTBT). Using a spacial light modulator, we shaped ultrafast laser pulses allowing us to probe the system’s coherences. We focused our strength on studying coherences of excitonic states : the singlet and the charge transfer state. We have observed that that 35 fs after excitation, these states are still coherent. This coherence is measured via the visibility that is of abot 10% and 30% respectively. Furthermore, we have shown that the coherence in states generating photocurrent has already vanished after 35 fs. Our data reveals a visibility smaller than 3%, which is lower our instruments resolution. We therefore conclude that the charge transfer states are not precursor states to photocurrent generation, because of their different visibility behavior.

This thesis examines an impact of high frequency trading on equity market qualities. As an indicator of market quality, stock prices realized volatility is used. To estimate the high frequency trading activity, we implement a special method of identification of high frequency orders from quote data. Study of relation between high frequency trading and market qualities is incited by growing concerns about the welfare impacts of high frequency trading and connected activities. In order to test the dependence and causality between high frequency trading activity and volatility, we implement time-scale estimation techniques. Wavelet coherence is used to study localized dependence. The analysis is amended by a robustness check, using wavelet correlation. Results show inconsistent dependence at short trading horizons and regions of significant continuous dependence at trading horizons within hours. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

The thesis deals with the issue of connectors in contemporary French. The first part offers an outline of different approaches to the term connector/connecteur within Czech and Francophone linguistics. Based on the description and comparison of individual authors' approaches classified by the theoretical aspects applied, this part explains functioning of connectors not only within the logical semantic coherence relations, but also within the hierarchisation of utterance content considering the pragmatic dimension of the text. The second part of the thesis defines the term "connector" with respect to the approaches introduced above. The third part of the work deals with the characteristics and function of concessive connectors. It is based on defining the concessive relations, it describes their different aspects of meaning conditioning the relations classification within logical semantic relations in Czech and French and offers a list of linguistic means to express them and at the same time, it stresses the complex functional character of the connectors.

Sammanfattning Bakgrund: Att drabbas av hjärt-eller hjärnsjukdomar i en ålder av 30 till 49 kan förändra livet radikalt. Tillvaron kan upplevas som kaotiskt, stressande och utmanande. Livet efter sjukdomen kan skapa fysiska och psykiska följdsjukdomar som behöver vårdas. Mål utifrån egna värderingarna och upplevd kompetens motiverar till handling. Det behövs olika former av stöd i syfte att finna livet begripligt, hanterbart och meningsfullt. Syfte: Syftet med studien är att utforska hur personer som drabbats av hjärt-och hjärnsjukdomar i en ålder av 30 till 49 upplever sin sjukdomshistoria och rehabilitering. Metod: För studien valdes en kvalitativ design där intervjuer genomfördes med åtta personer, både män och kvinnor. Datainsamlingen bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer och analyserades med hjälp av kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat: Tre kategorier framkom från analysen: Faktorer på individnivå (1) som innehåller underkategorierna ”health literacy” och ”livsvärderingar”; Stöd från omgivningen (2) som innehåller ”omsorg”, ”coacha” och ”professionell vård”; Leva i ny verklighet (3) som innehåller ”stress och hjärntrött”, ”identitet”, ”känslor och tankar som vägledande” och ”återgång till arbetet”. Ett tema steg fram ur intervjustudierna, ” Kroppsliga- och själsliga symtom behöver vårdas, så positiv energi kan frigöras till meningsfulla aktiviteter”. Kategorierna visar på viktiga hinder och möjligheter som påverkar ett hälsofrämjande rehabiliteringsarbete. Slutsats: Det behövs kunskap och ett coachande stöd i rehabiliteringen utifrån individens unika livssituation i syfte att uppleva större egenmakt och ökad upplevd hälsa. Den professionella rådgivaren behöver ha en bred kunskap, främja empowerment och inneha ett holistiskt hälsoperspektiv. Studien visar att ytterligare forskning om professionellt stöd är värdefullt både ur samhälls- och individperspektiv. Nyckelord: Coping, Empowerment, Hälsopromotion, Kris, Känsla av sammanhang / Abstract Background: To suffer from heart or brain diseases at the age of 30 to 49 can create an existential life crisis. Existence is experienced as chaotic, stressful and challenging.Life after the disease can create physical and mental complications that need to be treated. Objectives based on own values and perceived skills motivate action. People need different kind of support in order to find life comprehensible, manageable and meaningful. Aim: The aim of this study was to explore how people at the age of 30 to 49 have experienced their medical history and rehabilitation. Method: For the study, a qualitative design was chosen in which interviews were conducted with eight people, both men and women. The data collection consisted of semistructured interviews and was analyzed using qualitative content analysis. Results: Three categories emerged from the analysis: Individual-level factors (1) containing the subcategories 'health literacy' and 'life values'; Support from the environment (2) containing "care", "coach" and "professional care"; Live in new reality (3) containing "stress and brain fatigue", "identity", "feelings and thoughts as guiding" and "return to work". One theme emerged from the interviews, "Bodily and mental symptoms need to be looked after so that positive energy can be released into meaningful activities." The categories show important obstacles and opportunities that affect health-promoting rehabilitation work. Conclusion: There is a need for knowledge and coaching support in rehabilitation based on the individual's unique life situation in order to experience greater empowerment and increased health. The professional adviser needs a holistic approach towards health care and rehabilitation. The findings shows that further research about professional support is valuable both from a societal and individual perspective. Keywords Coping, Crisis, Empowerment, Health promotion, Sense of coherence

Background and objectives: Stress-related illness is a growing public health problem in Sweden and it is the most common reason for sick leave today. Stress-related illness causes suffering on a number of levels and affects the patient’s health and life in the long term. The stress-related ill health also leads to consequences for society, causing high costs for sick leave and health care as well as lost workforce since people partially or entirely lose their capacity to work. Research on stress-related ill health and rehabilitation often underline work-related conditions as crucial in dealing with the problem. There is also research that points out psychosocial factors in understanding stress-related ill health. What we know little about is the existential perspective of clinical burn-out. Therefore, it is of importance to investigate people’s existential experiences of clinical burn-out and the significance of an existential perspective in rehabilitation. Aim: The overall aim of this thesis is to gain insight into the existential experience of clinical burn-out as well as to highlight the significance of an existential perspective in rehabilitation. In addition, the thesis aims to reach a deeper understanding of clinical burn-out from an existential point of view and contribute to the field with knowledge of the existential dimension of health. Methods: The study, conducted in 2011, is based on qualitative interviews made with an inductive hermeneutic approach. Five patients and seven care givers were interviewed, focusing their existential experiences of clinical burn-out as well as their experiences of rehabilitation with an existential approach. A strategic selection was made of informants in the context of a rehabilitation program with an existential approach for people diagnosed with clinical burn-out. The data was analysed in two steps. In the first step the data was interpreted with an inductive hermeneutic approach. In step two of the analysis, the data was interpreted with a deductive hermeneutic approach, using Karl Jasper’s concept of limit situation as a way of interpreting the existential experience. Aaron Antonovsky’s concept sense of coherence was used as a tool for understanding components that can contribute to restoring health. Results: In this study, the patients describe clinical burn-out as a comprehensive existential experience that can be perceived as being in between life and death, in a shadow world, trapped in a dead end. It’s a situation characterized by being powerless. It creates a need to comprehend one’s situation in order to be able to regain control and manage it. It’s a struggle to make sense of the life situation. When not being met with understanding, the patients lose hope. Existential issues in terms of meaning, existence and life choices become urgent. Working with the existential perspective requires trust, openness from both caregiver and patient, distinctness, a way to communicate it and courage to take on the challenge of dealing with existential issues. The perspective also requires that the existential suffering can be contained. Dealing with existential questions leads to self-knowledge and insights that enables a possibility to make different choices and leave negative behavioural patterns. Also, it can lead to a discovery of spirituality and religion as a resource in life. Besides their personal struggle for meaning, the patients see an existential void in society, leaving people without tools to handle existential needs. This is understood as something that affects people’s ability to handle stressful times in life. The care providers understand burn-out as a manifestation of a way of living that is not sustainable. It is an existential experience embodied in body and mind that can be experienced as being drained of life. It’s an existential challenge, causing grief when realizing one’s limitations as a human being. Also, loss of meaning and sense of existential vulnerability due to an experience of being annihilated is crucial for understanding the deep existential crisis that clinical burn-out can induce. This situation makes the patient ask existential questions about identity, meaning, values and direction. In the burnout-process the patients have distanced themselves from their own self and therefore need to reconnect with themselves. This makes the existential questions central in the rehabilitation as a way to reconnect to inner strength and resources, which are prerequisites for starting a health promoting, sustainable process which is empowering, making it possible to see oneself as a human being who experience meaning, not only as a patient with a diagnosis. Instead of finding meaning in the diagnosis, the patient’s existential questions and the existential experience is a key to moving forward, out of the situation. Meaning-making is therefore important in the rehabilitation. A holistic-existential approach and view of man makes it possible to work with the complexity of the situation. The holistic-existential approach creates synergies and offers an extra tool both for the caregiver and the patient. Focusing on the patient’s resources and competence makes it possible to see the crisis as a way to learn from it. The existential perspective in health care and rehabilitation is enabled by competence, openness, reliance, empathy and respect when meeting the patient. It also requires courage to take on the challenge of dealing with existential issues. It can be hard for both the patient and the care giver to confront existential suffering. It is the responsibility of the care giver to enable the existential perspective by acknowledging and making the existential perspective possible to communicate and work it through. The care providers understands values in modern society as contributing to people’s experience of feeling alone with existential needs, which intensifies their existential aloneness. The care providers’ experience is that the biomedical paradigm aggravates an existential perspective. The perspective is not associated with the care situation. There is a lack of knowledge about and understanding of the value of the existential perspective, all the way from the decision-making level to the clinical meeting with the patient. In addition, the paradigm affects how the patients express their illness. Also, the perspective requires time. Existential perspectives, therefore, tend to be concealed in the health care context. Applying Karl Jasper’s concept of limit situation, clinical burn-out can be interpreted as a defining existential experience. It can be understood as a limit situation when humans realize their limitations and at the same time get insights that are crucial for their lives. It’s an experience they wish they had not gone through, but on the other hand, it has led to insights they do not want to be without. The meaning-making process is health promoting by recreating meaning, the fundamental part of sense of coherence, which is crucial for a salutogenic direction. Conclusion: The existential state that the clinical burnout patients go through can, using Karl Jasper’s concept, be understood as a limit situation. According to Jasper’s reasoning, the limit situation can be perceived as facing an abyss, making it clear one has limitations as a human being. At the same time, the experience can be perceived as reaching a limit where humans can get insights about human life that can enhance life. Clinical burn-out, using Aaron Antonovsky’s concept, can be understood as a loss of the components that create sense of coherence. Loss of meaning is particularly central for understanding burn-out. Consequently, it is crucial to acknowledge the existential challenge that the patient is facing, as well as the importance of the meaning-making process for facilitating a movement in a health promoting manner. It gives a deeper understanding of the challenges and needs of patients suffering from clinical burn-out. The existential dimension of health has been highlighted in health promotion, but gets little attention in practice. This is especially significant in the health care context. This points out the need for a discussion about how the existential health dimension can be used as a resource in health care and rehabilitation and how this resource for health can be applied in a better way in health promotion and public health.

Syftet med studien var att beskriva upplevelsen från vård- och återhämtningstiden hos patienter som vårdats på intensivvårdsavdelning. Metoden som används hade en kvalitativ ansats. Data samlades in via intervjuer med 11 patienter som vårdats på intensivvården från två sjukhus i Sverige. Materialet analyserades genom kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultatet blev fyra kategorier och 14 subkategorier. Kategorin Känna trygghet bestod av subkategorierna: Bli väl omhändertagen i vården, Få information och Vikten av stöd. Kategorin Förlust av kontroll innefattade: Sakna vetskap och förståelse, Fragmenterade minnen från vårdtiden, Overklighetsupplevelser samt Känna rädsla, obehag och smärta. Kategorin Stärkas av egna resurser inkluderade subkategorierna: Vikten av positiv inställning, Hoppas och drivas av framsteg samt Bra fysiska förutsättningar och intressen som drivkraft. Kategorin Erfara förändring bestod av subkategorierna: Känna fysisk svaghet, Komplikationer som påverkar ens tillvaro, Vilja leva som tidigare och Tankar kring livet.  Slutsatsen var att god omvårdnad inkluderade patienters behov av att bli sedda, behandlade med omsorg samt minnas och förstå vad som sker. Förståelse bygger på information om den egna sjukdomsbilden, komplikationer och återhämtning. Dessa behov belyser vikten av att i omvårdnaden utgå från patienterna och att integrera dem i vården.   Som vårdpersonal bör vi sträva efter att stärka patienters känsla av sammanhang vilket förutsätter att de är väl insatta i sin sjukdom, vård och behandling samt konsekvenser av det de går igenom.  Personcentrering är viktigt för patienters känsla av sammanhang och därmed deras hälsa och livskvalité under och efter sjukhusvård. / The aim of this study was to describe the experience from the hospital stay and time of recovery in patients admitted to intensive-care unit. The method used had a qualitative approach. Data was collected through interviews with 11 patients who had received intensive-care from two hospitals in Sweden. Data was analyzed with qualitative content analysis. The result was four categories and 14 subcategories. The category To feel secure included the subcategories: Good patient care, Receive information and The importance of support. The category Loss of control comprised of the subcategories: Lacking knowledge and understanding, Fragmented memories of the hospital stay, Experiences of unreality and To feel fear, pain and discomfort. The category Strengthen by their own resources included the subcategories: Importance of positive attitude, To hope and be driven by success and also Good physical conditions and activities as the driving force. The category Experience changes contained the subcategories: Feel physical weakness, Complications that affects your life, Wish to live as before and Thoughts about life.  The conclusion was that good nursing care included patient’s needs to be seen, treated with care and remember and understand what was happening. Understanding was based on information about their own illness, complications and recovery. These needs highlights the importance of basing nursing care on the patient and to integrate them in their own care and treatment. Health professionals should strive to strengthen the patient’s sense of coherence which implies that they are well versed in their illness, care and treatment and consequences of what they are going through. Person-centering is important for the patient’s sense of coherence and thus their health and quality of life during and after hospitalization.

Cette thèse aborde le problème de la vérification automatique de systèmesparamétrés complexes. Cette approche est importante car elle permet de garantircertaines propriétés sans connaître a priori le nombre de composants dusystème. On s'intéresse en particulier à la sûreté de ces systèmes et on traitele côté paramétré du problème avec des méthodes symboliques. Ces travauxs'inscrivent dans le cadre théorique du model checking modulo théories et ontdonné lieu à un nouveau model checker : Cubicle.Une des contributions principale de cette thèse est une nouvelle technique pourinférer des invariants de manière automatique. Le processus de générationd'invariants est intégré à l'algorithme de model checking et permet de vérifieren pratique des systèmes hors de portée des approches symboliquestraditionnelles. Une des applications principales de cet algorithme estl’analyse de sûreté paramétrée de protocoles de cohérence de cache de tailleindustrielle.Enfin, pour répondre au problème de la confiance placée dans le model checker,on présente deux techniques de certification de notre outil Cubicle utilisantla plate-forme Why3. La première consiste à générer des certificats dont lavalidité est évaluée de manière indépendante tandis que la seconde est uneapproche par vérification déductive du cœur de Cubicle. / This thesis tackles the problem of automatically verifying complexparameterized systems. This approach is important because it can guarantee thatsome properties hold without knowing a priori the number of components in thesystem. We focus in particular on the safety of such systems and we handle theparameterized aspect with symbolic methods. This work is set in the theoreticalframework of the model checking modulo theories and resulted in a new modelchecker: Cubicle.One of the main contribution of this thesis is a novel technique forautomatically inferring invariants. The process of invariant generation isintegrated with the model checking algorithm and allows the verification inpractice of systems which are out of reach for traditional symbolicapproaches. One successful application of this algorithm is the safety analysisof industrial size parameterized cache coherence protocols.Finally, to address the problem of trusting the answer given by the modelchecker, we present two techniques for certifying our tool Cubicle based on theframework Why3. The first consists in producing certificates whose validity canbe assessed independently while the second is an approach by deductiveverification of the heart of Cubicle.

Migration and development are a globally recurring topic within media and political discourse. In Europe, the topic gained attention following the so called "refugee crisis", accompanied by rhetoric of solving the root causes of migration and increasing coherence of migration and development policy. Even though the refugee flows mainly avoided Czechia, the crisis had an impact on public and political discourse, including links to migration, development and the need for coherence in policy strategic documents. The diploma thesis analyses trends in Czech migration and development policy and their coherence in the aftermath of global financial and refugee crisis. This thesis aims to assess the progress toward coherence and identify the key areas and causes of incoherence. The concept of policy coherence for migration and development, and a model of policy coherence cycle are used as the main theoretical frameworks. To gain an insight into the process of policy formation, a distinction is made between political commitments and policies on paper, policy coordination and implementation in practice, and the potential impact of the political discourse on this process. This thesis presents attitudes and perceptions of key stakeholders in Czech migration and development policy, based on a series of 20...

Negativ stress påverkar vår fysiska och psykiska hälsa. Hur vi upplever vår allmänna stress påverkar vår upplevelse av arbete och arbetssituation. Vad som upplevs som stressande varierar bland individer och hur vi hanterar vår upplevda stress är också olika. Syftet med studien var dels att tydliggöra till vilken grad vår allmänna upplevelse av stress samvarierar med känslan av sammanhang i vår upplevelse av arbete och arbetssituation. Ett annat syfte var att undersöka hur detta samband påverkas av ålder samt undersöka om det fanns några könsskillnader. Kvinnor och män (N=171) som arbetat 100 % under den sista månaden deltog i studien. Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), känsla av sammanhang (KASAM), work experience measurement scale (WEMS) samt bakgrundsfrågor användes vid insamling av data. Multipel regressionsanalys visade att PSS var den starkaste prediktorvariabeln för WEMS (B = -1.22, p< .001). KASAM hade ett lägre samband med WEMS (B = 0.35, p< .01). Kön (B = -1.70, p = .717) och ålder (B = -0.22, p = .430) bidrog inte signifikant. Prediktorvariabeln KASAM hade en förklarad varians på 24.2% samt att den förklarade variansen ökade signifikant till 28.4%, när PSS stress lades till modellen. / Negative stress affects our physical and psychological health. How we perceive our general stress affects our experience of work and situations therein. The things that are perceived as stressful vary among individuals and how we deal with our perceived stress also varies. The purpose of this study was to clarify to what extent our general perceived stress-level inter-acted with the sense of coherence in our experience of work and situations at work. Another purpose was to examine how the interaction were affected by age. Lastly, the purpose was to see if there is any differences between genders. Men and women (N=171) working 100 % in the last month participated in my study. To collect the data, I used Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Sense of Coherence Scale (SOC) and Work Experience Measurement Scale (WEMS) in conjunction with question each participant´s background. The multiple regression analysis showed that PSS was the strongest predictor variable on experience of work and situations at work (B = -1.22, p< .001). SOC had a smaller relationship (B = 0.35, p< .01). Gender (B = -1.70, p = .717) and age (B = -0.22, p = .430) was not found to be significant. With the predictor variable SOC, the explained variance was 24.2% and when PSS was added to the model, the explained variance increased significantly to 28.4%.

Syftet med denna studie var att förstå de strategier som användes av socialsekreterarna i hanteringen av en stor arbetsbelastning och undersöka deras nivå av känsla av sammanhang i hanteringen av nätverksfamiljehemsplaceringar av ensamkommande barn under 2015 och 2016. Studien varkvalitativ, och vårt empiriska material bestod av semistrukturerade intervjuer.Åtta socialsekreterare från sju mindre kommuner och två socialsekreterare från störrekommuner i södra Sverige, alla med erfarenhet av att arbeta med ensamkommande barn, deltog i vår studie. Vår ambition var att förstå hur, trots den stora arbetsbelastningen, socialsekreterarna hanterade sin arbetssituation. Vi försökte förstå de strategierna som bidrog till att göra det möjligt för socialsekreterarna att stanna kvar på sitt arbete trots omständigheterna. Vi fann att alla socialsekreterarna som intervjuades i vår studie hade en hög känsla av sammanhang som hjälpte dem att göra deras arbete meningsfullt och hanterbart. Den vanligaste coping strategi som socialsekreterarna använde sig av för att hantera deras arbetssituation var genom att sänka sina ambitioner och acceptera att deras arbete nådde en "good enough" standard. Socialsekreterare med stor arbetslivserfarenhet tenderade också att hantera den högre arbetsbelastningen mer framgångsrikt genom att acceptera, att trots att de inte alltid kunde följa rutiner och riktlinjer var avsikten fortfarande att göra gott i en svår situation. / The aim of this study was to create an understanding of the strategies used by the social workersin order to handle a large workload and to examine their level of sense of coherence intheir handling of kinship foster care placements of unaccompanied children in the years 2015and 2016. The study was qualitative, and our empirical material consists of semi-structuredinterviews. Eight social workers from seven smaller municipalities and two social workersfrom larger municipalities in southern Sweden, all with experience of working with unaccompaniedchildren, have participated in our study. Our ambition was to understand how, despitethe large workload, the social workers handled their situation. We have tried to create an understandingof the strategies that contributed to make it possible for the social workers to remainat work despite the circumstances. We have found that all the social workers interviewedin our study had a high sense of coherence that helped them make their work understandableand manageable. The most common coping strategy the social workers used was tolower their ambitions and accept that their administration reached “good enough” to handletheir workload. Social workers with a lot of work experience also tend to be able to handle ahigh workload more successfully by accepting that, in spite of not always being able to abideby routines and procedures, the intention is still to do good in a bad situation.