In this thesis , we studied a green emitter (C545T) dopanted SU8. C545T is an organic dye. [10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-2,3,6,7-tetrahydro-1H,5H,11Hbenzo[l]-pyrano[6,7,8-ij]quinolizin-11one(C545T)] . When the sample of C545T and SU8 with thin films were exposured to UV-light. We found that the thin film between with UV exposure (L1-Red) and without UV exposure (L2-Green) will show the different chemistry properties.We can achieve proper CIE coordinates and color by adjusting .The different concentrations of C545T dopanted in SU8 thin films.The L1 and L2 were close-kint blue back-light in order to achieve a tunable emission module . If we crafted meticulously optimization , we can find a exclusive white light. This is a optic thin film attach to Color-change materials

Objetivos: Este estudo in vivo avaliou comparativamente diferentes técnicas de clareamento de dentes polpados, quanto ao grau de mudança de cor e estabilidade do tratamento num período de doze meses, sensibilidade dentinária e o condicionamento ácido prévio ao clareamento. Métodos: Quarenta e cinco voluntários foram selecionados, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, e divididos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n=15). No clareamento em consultório, apenas na hemi-arcada direita (inferior e superior), o gel clareador foi ativado com uma fonte de luz híbrida enquanto no outro lado o gel não foi ativado, assim um mesmo voluntário participou de dois grupos. Além disso, um primeiro pré-molar superior direito ou esquerdo foi condicionado previamente ao clareamento com ácido fosfórico a 37% durante 15s. G1- Lase Peroxide (DMC Equipamentos), a base de peróxido de hidrogênio (PH) a 35% + duas ativações do gel com luz híbrida (LED e Laser de Diodo) (Whitening Lase II DMC Equipamentos) por três minutos e intervalo de 1min; em três aplicações; G2- Lase Peroxide em três aplicações de 15min e intervalos de 15mim; G3 - Opalescence Xtra Boost (Ultradent), a base de PH a 38% + duas ativações do gel com luz híbrida por três minutos e intervalo de 1min; em três aplicações; G4- Opalescence Xtra Boost em três aplicações de 15min e intervalos de 15mim; G5 - Opalescence PF (Ultradent), a base de peróxido de carbamida (PC) a 15%, 2 horas diárias por 10 dias. A avaliação da cor quantitativamente foi realizada com o espectofotômetro Vita EasyShade (Vita), antes do clareamento e após 24horas, 1 semana, 6 e 12 meses. A diferença de cor (_E) foi mensurada através do programa CIELab. A sensibilidade dentinária foi avaliada por meio do questionário VAS antes, imediatamente após o clareamento, 24 horas e uma semana. Resultados: A análise estatística não revelou nenhuma diferença estatística significante entre os grupos com e sem ativação do gel com luz híbrida. Diferença estatística foi observada entre os resultados após 24h, 1 semana e 1, 6 e 12 meses para todos os grupos experimentais. O clareamento em consultório utilizando o Lase Peroxide mostrou um aumento significante na sensibilidade quando comparado com o clareamento caseiro. O Lase Peroxida utilizado com luz híbrida e condicionamento prévio do esmalte demonstrou aumento significante da alteração de cor. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que todas as técnicas e agentes clareadores usados são efetivos no clareamento dental. O uso de condicionamento ácido prévio ao clareamento aumenta o grau clareamento dos dentes. / Objectives: This study was evaluated color change and stability and tooth sensitivity in patients submitted to different bleaching techniques. Methods: Forty five patients were selected according to inclusion/exclusion criteria and divided in five groups (n=15). A half-mouth design was conducted to compare two in-office bleaching techniques with the same product and the effect of acid condition before treatment. G1: 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (Lase Peroxide, DMC Equipments) + hybrid light (LED + Diode Laser) Whitening Lase II (DMC equipments); G2: 35%HP; G3: 38%HP, X-tra Boost (Ultradent) + hybrid light; G4: 38%HP and G5: 20% Carbamide Peroxide (PC), Opalescence PF (Ultradent). For G1 and G2, PH was applied on the enamel surface for three consecutive times and activated by hybrid light during 6 min; G2 and G4, PH was applied on the enamel surface for three consecutive times during 15min and interval of 15min; G5, 15% PC for 2 hours daily during 10 days at home. The spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade (VITA) was used for color change, before the treatment and 24h, 1 week, 1, 6 and 12 months after. Color differences (_E) were assessed by means of the CIELab Program. VAS questioner was used for sensitivity tooth before the treatment and immediately, 24h and 1 week after. Results: The statistical analysis did not reveal any significant difference between activated or not by hybrid light. Statistical difference was observed between the results after 24h, 1 week and 1, 6 and 12 months, for both experimental groups. In-office bleaching with Lase Peroxide showed significant increase tooth sensitivity compared to home bleaching. Lase Peroxide with hybrid light and acid condition showed a significant increase in color change. Conclusion: It could be concluded that all the techniques and bleaching agents used are effective for dental bleaching. The use of acid condition before bleaching increase color chance.

Melanophores are dark brown pigment cells located in the skin of fish, amphibia, reptiles, and many invertebrates. The color of the animal can change via rearrangement of pigment granules, melanosomes, in the cells. The dark melanophores can either hide colorful cells so that the animal appears dark, or let through colors from underneath. The animal regulates its colors and patterns via communicating nerve cells and hormones in the blood stream. It is nowadays well established that melatonin-stimulation of melanophores results in aggregation of melanosomes to the cell center and that the evident outcome is more transparent cells. It has previously been shown that the activity of serine and threonine kinases as well as phosphatases regulates the distribution of melanosomes in the cells. We wanted to study if tyrosine phosphorylations were involved in the regulation of melanosome aggregation. Melatonin-stimulated signaling in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, melanophores was examined. Melansome aggregation was accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation as shown by immunoblots. Inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation reduced melanosome aggregation by melatonin, and the phosphorylation most likely regulated pigment aggregation. Tyrosine phosphorylation of the protein was mediated via a Gi/o protein coupled receptor, probably the melatonin receptor Mel1c. The phosphorylation was most likely not a result of the classical Gi/o protein pathway, as Src-kinase and mitogen-activated protein kinase seemed required for phosphorylation and melanosome aggregation. Two candidates for the phosphorylated protein were presented, talin and β-spectrin. The possible involvement of nitric oxide in melanosome aggregation by melatonin was investigated. Nitric oxide appeared to be necessary for melanosome aggregation. The effect of nitric oxide synthase inhibition on melanosome aggregation was not mediated via changes in the tyrosine-phosphorylated protein. We speculated that nitric oxide could affect melanosome distribution via modifications of the actin cytoskeleton. The use of recombinant melanophores as a biosensor has also been examined. A human G protein coupled receptor, opioid receptor 3, was inserted into melanophores by electroporation. The transfected melanophores responded dose-dependently to opioids and an inhibitor of opioid receptors reduced the aggregation response. Future melanophore biosensors migh detect a variety of substances, such as narcotics, pheromones, odors, and tastes.

Objetivos: Este estudo in vivo avaliou comparativamente diferentes técnicas de clareamento de dentes polpados, quanto ao grau de mudança de cor e estabilidade do tratamento num período de doze meses, sensibilidade dentinária e o condicionamento ácido prévio ao clareamento. Métodos: Quarenta e cinco voluntários foram selecionados, de acordo com os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, e divididos aleatoriamente em 5 grupos (n=15). No clareamento em consultório, apenas na hemi-arcada direita (inferior e superior), o gel clareador foi ativado com uma fonte de luz híbrida enquanto no outro lado o gel não foi ativado, assim um mesmo voluntário participou de dois grupos. Além disso, um primeiro pré-molar superior direito ou esquerdo foi condicionado previamente ao clareamento com ácido fosfórico a 37% durante 15s. G1- Lase Peroxide (DMC Equipamentos), a base de peróxido de hidrogênio (PH) a 35% + duas ativações do gel com luz híbrida (LED e Laser de Diodo) (Whitening Lase II DMC Equipamentos) por três minutos e intervalo de 1min; em três aplicações; G2- Lase Peroxide em três aplicações de 15min e intervalos de 15mim; G3 - Opalescence Xtra Boost (Ultradent), a base de PH a 38% + duas ativações do gel com luz híbrida por três minutos e intervalo de 1min; em três aplicações; G4- Opalescence Xtra Boost em três aplicações de 15min e intervalos de 15mim; G5 - Opalescence PF (Ultradent), a base de peróxido de carbamida (PC) a 15%, 2 horas diárias por 10 dias. A avaliação da cor quantitativamente foi realizada com o espectofotômetro Vita EasyShade (Vita), antes do clareamento e após 24horas, 1 semana, 6 e 12 meses. A diferença de cor (_E) foi mensurada através do programa CIELab. A sensibilidade dentinária foi avaliada por meio do questionário VAS antes, imediatamente após o clareamento, 24 horas e uma semana. Resultados: A análise estatística não revelou nenhuma diferença estatística significante entre os grupos com e sem ativação do gel com luz híbrida. Diferença estatística foi observada entre os resultados após 24h, 1 semana e 1, 6 e 12 meses para todos os grupos experimentais. O clareamento em consultório utilizando o Lase Peroxide mostrou um aumento significante na sensibilidade quando comparado com o clareamento caseiro. O Lase Peroxida utilizado com luz híbrida e condicionamento prévio do esmalte demonstrou aumento significante da alteração de cor. Conclusão: Pode-se concluir que todas as técnicas e agentes clareadores usados são efetivos no clareamento dental. O uso de condicionamento ácido prévio ao clareamento aumenta o grau clareamento dos dentes. / Objectives: This study was evaluated color change and stability and tooth sensitivity in patients submitted to different bleaching techniques. Methods: Forty five patients were selected according to inclusion/exclusion criteria and divided in five groups (n=15). A half-mouth design was conducted to compare two in-office bleaching techniques with the same product and the effect of acid condition before treatment. G1: 35% hydrogen peroxide (HP) (Lase Peroxide, DMC Equipments) + hybrid light (LED + Diode Laser) Whitening Lase II (DMC equipments); G2: 35%HP; G3: 38%HP, X-tra Boost (Ultradent) + hybrid light; G4: 38%HP and G5: 20% Carbamide Peroxide (PC), Opalescence PF (Ultradent). For G1 and G2, PH was applied on the enamel surface for three consecutive times and activated by hybrid light during 6 min; G2 and G4, PH was applied on the enamel surface for three consecutive times during 15min and interval of 15min; G5, 15% PC for 2 hours daily during 10 days at home. The spectrophotometer VITA Easyshade (VITA) was used for color change, before the treatment and 24h, 1 week, 1, 6 and 12 months after. Color differences (_E) were assessed by means of the CIELab Program. VAS questioner was used for sensitivity tooth before the treatment and immediately, 24h and 1 week after. Results: The statistical analysis did not reveal any significant difference between activated or not by hybrid light. Statistical difference was observed between the results after 24h, 1 week and 1, 6 and 12 months, for both experimental groups. In-office bleaching with Lase Peroxide showed significant increase tooth sensitivity compared to home bleaching. Lase Peroxide with hybrid light and acid condition showed a significant increase in color change. Conclusion: It could be concluded that all the techniques and bleaching agents used are effective for dental bleaching. The use of acid condition before bleaching increase color chance.

Através do fato de que os silicones pigmentados utilizados na confecção de aloplastias para a reabilitação de pacientes portadores de defeitos faciais apresentam alteração cromática com o decorrer do tempo na experiência clínica, e pela escassez na literatura específica de trabalhos experimentais relacionados ao tema, principalmente quanto aos silicones industriais de cura acética, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o comportamento de três tipos de silicones diferentes coloridos com um determinado pigmento (pó para maquiagem facial), usados rotineiramente no atendimento de próteses faciais. Os silicones usados foram um de cura por calor (HTV) para finalidades médicas, um de cura acética (RTV) para fins industriais com especificações de normas alimentícias e outro também de cura acética (RTV), porém somente de normas industriais. Para a realização do experimento confeccionou-se 30 corpos de prova, sendo 10 para cada tipo de silicone, que foram analisados por espectrofotômetro. Após análise, cada grupo foi dividido em 2 subgrupos, de 5 unidades cada, um grupo exposto (E) e um grupo controle (C). Os 3 grupos (E) passaram por envelhecimento acelerado em exposição ambiental, enquanto os 3 grupos (C) ficaram acondicionados em um lugar totalmente escuro em temperatura ambiente. A leitura inicial foi considerada padrão, enquanto as seguintes foram aos 45 e 90 dias. Os dados obtidos nas três medições foram usados para avaliação das alterações cromáticas. Com os resultados estatísticos após análise, concluímos que todos os silicones expostos apresentaram alteração na cor clinicamente inaceitável, sendo que nos grupos controle somente o silicone de cura acética (RTV), industrial com especificações de normas alimentícias, apresentou mudanças cromáticas clinicamente aceitáveis, enquanto os outros dois se mantiveram estáveis. / Owing to the fact that pigmented silicons used in the making of facial prosthesis or the rehabilitation of patients with facial flaws present , in clinical experience, chromatic alteration as time passes by, and due to the shortage of experimental papers in the specific literature, specially in relation to industrial silicon of acetic cure, the present paper targets to verify the behavior of three types of different silicons colored with a determined pigment (facial make up powder), used as routine in facial prosthesis. The used silicons were: one of cure by heat (HTV) with medical purposes , one of acetic cure (RTV) for industrial purposes with specific nutritious rules and another one of acetic cure (RTV) with industrial rules only. To perform the experiment thirty bodies of proof were made , ten to each silicon type, which were analyzed through spectrophotometer. After analyzing, each group was divided into two sub groups, five units each, one group exposed (E) and one group control (C). The three groups (E) passed through accelerated environmental exposure aging, while the three groups (C) stayed in a totally dark place at normal temperature. The initial reading was considered pattern, while the following readings were within 45 and 90 days. The data from the three measurements were used for evaluating the chromatic alterations. With the statistic results at hand, we came to the conclusion that all silicons exposed showed unacceptable clinical color alteration, and in the control groups only the industrial acetic cure silicon (RTV) with specific nutritious rules, showed acceptable clinical chromatic changes while the other two remained stable.

Increased near infrared (NIR) reflection, closely resembling the red edge found in leaves, has been known in frogs for many years. Whereas previously thought of as an isolated rarity, we have shown that it is likely far more prevalent than previously believed, occurring in multiple distinct family groups and world regions. To date, there are now 26 anuran species known to demonstrate increased NIR reflectance, from 12 different genera, 4 families, and 3 ecozones. The visible/NIR reflection spectra of each individual measured was found to be characteristic of its species; whether it was wild or captive bred; and its sex. A machine learning based classification system was demonstrated as a viable method of identifying these properties from a frog's reflection spectra alone. How this reflection spectra developed from a pre-metamorphosis froglet through to adult frog was tracked, with the gradual changes to the reflection spectra of both NIR reflective and other frogs identified as being most likely dominated by the reduction in epidermal melanophores, and the increasing number of dermal iridophores. A modified consumer camera was shown to be a viable method for rapid identification of increased NIR reflection in anurans, and was used to identify that salamanders also show variation in NIR reflection between ground dwelling and leaf sitting species. The overnight colour change in Hylomantis lemur was observed, and found to occur pre-emptively of the frog's future location; with the frogs regularly transitioning from pale green ‘daytime' colouration, to the dark brown ‘night time' colouration, while still on the green leaf surface before becoming active, and undertaking the reverse transition while still active, but shortly before returning to the leaf. It seems likely that this change is for protection from silhouetting whilst active. Optical coherence tomography images were taken of several species of frog, and found to be a viable method for non-invasive investigation of anuran skin structure, with structural differences observed between the two colourations of H. lemur. It was found that the most likely cause of the increased NIR reflection in frogs is a reduction in melanin, either by absence or substitution with pterorhodin. Although the true benefit to the frog is difficult to determine, it seems likely that cryptic thermoregulation plays a key role: the maintenance of body temperature for the purpose of camouflage from animals capable of far-infrared vision. This thesis demonstrates the legitimacy of several techniques and approaches for non-invasive study of anurans, but the ultimate scope of the project is fundamentally limited by the range of frogs available. Further insight is likely to arise from increasing this scope, applying these techniques to more frogs, from more species, in more regions, and the author wishes all future researchers the greatest success in this endeavour.

Objectives: To measure the level of hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp chamber and to evaluate its whitening efficacy when the tooth is treated with an innovative double layer of potassium nitrate desensitizing agent and hydrogen peroxide whitening gel. Methods: Extracted human molar teeth (n=160) were collected. Roots were trimmed 3 mm apical to the cemento-enamel junction, the pulp was removed and a cavity prepared, leaving a standardized wall of 2 mm thickness, which retained 100 µL of acetate buffer solution. A standardized whitening area of 6 mm in diameter was established buccally by painting the rest of the tooth with gray nail varnish. The teeth were randomly assigned into four groups. Group 1: no treatment (glycerin gel, negative control); Group 2: double layer of 20 L 5% potassium nitrate (Relief ACP, Philips Oral Healthcare) and 100 L 25% hydrogen peroxide (Zoom Chairside Whitening Gel, Philips Oral Healthcare); Group 3: double layer of 40 L 5% potassium nitrate and 100 L 25% hydrogen peroxide; and Group 4: 100 L 25% hydrogen peroxide (positive control). All groups received three 45-minute sessions of in-office whitening with light activation at 3-day intervals. Hydrogen peroxide penetration was assessed spectrophotometrically using leucocrystal violet and horseradish peroxidase. Color measurements were assessed with VITA Easyshade at baseline, 1-day, and 1-month post-whitening. Tooth color change was measured per Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage methodology. One-way ANOVA with Tukey multiple comparisons adjustment was performed to compare group differences in overall tooth color change (Delta E*) and hydrogen peroxide penetration (type I error = 0.05). Results: Hydrogen peroxide penetration levels were not significantly different between Group 2 and Group 4; however, the levels were significantly higher than Group 1 and Group 3 (p< 0.0001). Groups 2, 3 and 4 showed no differences for overall tooth color change but differed significantly from the negative control group (Group 1) at 1-day and 1-month post-whitening. Conclusions: Hydrogen peroxide penetration was affected when pretreated by potassium nitrate desensitizer; however, the double layer technique did not adversely affect the whitening efficacy.

In order to investigate the temporal characteristics of cognitive processing, we apply multivariate phase synchronization analysis to event-related potentials. The experimental design combines a semantic incongruity in a sentence context with a physical mismatch (color change). In the ERP average, these result in an N400 component and a P300-like positivity, respectively. The synchronization analysis shows an effect of global desynchronization in the theta band around 288ms after stimulus presentation for the semantic incongruity, while the physical mismatch elicits an increase of global synchronization in the alpha band around 204ms. Both of these effects clearly precede those in the ERP average. Moreover, the delay between synchronization effect and ERP component correlates with the complexity of the cognitive processes.

Através do fato de que os silicones pigmentados utilizados na confecção de aloplastias para a reabilitação de pacientes portadores de defeitos faciais apresentam alteração cromática com o decorrer do tempo na experiência clínica, e pela escassez na literatura específica de trabalhos experimentais relacionados ao tema, principalmente quanto aos silicones industriais de cura acética, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o comportamento de três tipos de silicones diferentes coloridos com um determinado pigmento (pó para maquiagem facial), usados rotineiramente no atendimento de próteses faciais. Os silicones usados foram um de cura por calor (HTV) para finalidades médicas, um de cura acética (RTV) para fins industriais com especificações de normas alimentícias e outro também de cura acética (RTV), porém somente de normas industriais. Para a realização do experimento confeccionou-se 30 corpos de prova, sendo 10 para cada tipo de silicone, que foram analisados por espectrofotômetro. Após análise, cada grupo foi dividido em 2 subgrupos, de 5 unidades cada, um grupo exposto (E) e um grupo controle (C). Os 3 grupos (E) passaram por envelhecimento acelerado em exposição ambiental, enquanto os 3 grupos (C) ficaram acondicionados em um lugar totalmente escuro em temperatura ambiente. A leitura inicial foi considerada padrão, enquanto as seguintes foram aos 45 e 90 dias. Os dados obtidos nas três medições foram usados para avaliação das alterações cromáticas. Com os resultados estatísticos após análise, concluímos que todos os silicones expostos apresentaram alteração na cor clinicamente inaceitável, sendo que nos grupos controle somente o silicone de cura acética (RTV), industrial com especificações de normas alimentícias, apresentou mudanças cromáticas clinicamente aceitáveis, enquanto os outros dois se mantiveram estáveis. / Owing to the fact that pigmented silicons used in the making of facial prosthesis or the rehabilitation of patients with facial flaws present , in clinical experience, chromatic alteration as time passes by, and due to the shortage of experimental papers in the specific literature, specially in relation to industrial silicon of acetic cure, the present paper targets to verify the behavior of three types of different silicons colored with a determined pigment (facial make up powder), used as routine in facial prosthesis. The used silicons were: one of cure by heat (HTV) with medical purposes , one of acetic cure (RTV) for industrial purposes with specific nutritious rules and another one of acetic cure (RTV) with industrial rules only. To perform the experiment thirty bodies of proof were made , ten to each silicon type, which were analyzed through spectrophotometer. After analyzing, each group was divided into two sub groups, five units each, one group exposed (E) and one group control (C). The three groups (E) passed through accelerated environmental exposure aging, while the three groups (C) stayed in a totally dark place at normal temperature. The initial reading was considered pattern, while the following readings were within 45 and 90 days. The data from the three measurements were used for evaluating the chromatic alterations. With the statistic results at hand, we came to the conclusion that all silicons exposed showed unacceptable clinical color alteration, and in the control groups only the industrial acetic cure silicon (RTV) with specific nutritious rules, showed acceptable clinical chromatic changes while the other two remained stable.

Objectives: To compare two in-office bleaching methods with respect to tooth color change and level of hydrogen peroxide penetration into the pulp cavity, and evaluate relationships between penetration level and color change. Methods: 80 extracted canines were sectioned above the CEJ and pulp tissue removed. Tooth thickness was measured from the outer labial surface to the outer boundary of the pulp cavity at the cross-sectioned root 3mm below the CEJ using a digital caliper. Baseline color was measured spectrophotometrically; acetate buffer was added into the cavity. Teeth were mounted and exposed to two different bleaching regimens (conventional versus sealed bleaching technique). After exposure to 38% hydrogen peroxide gel for one hour, buffer was removed from the cavity and placed into a volumetric flask. Hydrogen peroxide amount was estimated spectrophotometrically using leucocrystal violet and horseradish peroxidase. Specimen color was re-measured 2 hours post-bleaching. Color change was measured per Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage methodology. Linear regression was used to evaluate factors affecting color change, including bleaching technique. Results: The conventional and sealed bleaching groups showed no difference at baseline with respect to tooth thickness or any of the L*a*b color measures (p>0.51); however there was significantly greater hydrogen peroxide penetration in the conventional bleaching group (p<0.0001). Linear modeling of the change in lightness (ΔL) showed that the increase in lightness tended to be greater for teeth with lower initial L* values (r=-0.32, p=0.004). After adjustment for initial L*, there was no evidence that ΔL differed with hydrogen penetration levels (p=0.53) or bleaching technique (mean group difference in ΔL= 0.36; p=0.27). Conclusion: Both groups showed significant increases in lightness exceeding 2 units and therefore discernible to the naked eye (p<0.0001); however, mean ΔL did not differ significantly with bleaching method or hydrogen peroxide penetration.