A visão cores está diretamente ligada às emoções e estas ao sistema nervoso. Respostas de diâmetro pupilar e de rastreamento do olhar são influenciados pelo que vemos. Nesse trabalho foram estudados o comportamento do olhar, por meio do rastreamento do olhar e do diâmetro pupilar em dicromatas e em tricomatas usando como ferramenta de estímulos visuais fotos retiradas do banco de dados do IAPS, além disso foram medidas as reações emocionais desses indivíduos por meio do SAM, em relação às três dimensões das emoções, valência, alerta e dominância. O objetivo foi observar como o conteúdo emocional de imagens pode ser mediado pela cor e provocar reações emocionais nesses indivíduos. Foram comparadas as respostas de 10 indivíduos dicromatas congênitos com as respostas de 10 indivíduos tricomatas. Valência em fotos coloridas são diferentes quando comparamos dicromatas e tricomatas. A dimensões das emoções e os movimentos oculares em fotos positivas coloridas são diferentes entre os dicromatas e tricomatas. Respostas de valência e diâmetro pupilar nas fotos neutras coloridas são diferentes entre dicromatas e tricomatas. Respostas de alerta e valência em fotos negativas são diferentes entre dicromatas e tricomatas. Respostas de rastreamento do olhar são diferentes em dicromatas em relação às fotos positivas. Respostas de valência e alerta são diferentes em dicromatas em relação às fotos neutras. Respostas de dominância, movimentos sacádicos e movimentos não classificados form diferentes nas fotos positivas entre os tricomatas. Resposta de valência nas fotos negativas e nas fotos neutras são diferentes entre os dicromatas e tricomatas. As cores podem ter influência diferentemente na forma como os dicromatas e os tricomatas reagem em relação à estímulos visuais de forma diferente / The color vison is directly linked to emotions e they to the nervous system. Feedback from the pupil diameter and eyetracker are influenced by what we see. In the presente work we studied the eyes behavior by gazing eyetracker and pupil diameter in dichromats and thichromats using as a tool visual stimulus that were taken from the IAPS photos database, and the emotional reactions were measured from these people by using the SAM, in the three dimensions of emotions, valence, arousal and dominance. The aim of this study was to observe how the emotional content of photos can be mediate by colors and provoke emotinal reaction on these people. We compared the answears from 10 trichromats with the answears from 10 congenitol trichromats. The three dimensions of emotions and the eye movements are diferent between dichromats and thricomats in posivite photos. Valence and pupil diameter in colourful neutral photos between dichromat and trichromat are different. Valence and arousal in negative photos are different between dichromat and trichromat. Eyetracking in positive photos are different between dichromat and trichromat. Valence and arousal are different in dichromat regarding the neutral photos. Dominance, saccadic movements and unclassified movements were different in positive photos to the trichromats. Valence in negative and neutral photos are different beetween dichromat and trichromat. The colours can influence differently on the way dichromat and trichromat people react to the visual stimulus

Background: In the food market, certification marks are considered to give guidance and orientation. This specific market is constantly growing in its product range, which causes a choice overload for the consumer. At the same time, anincreasing differentiation of customer’s needs and demands exists. This increase requires information about the product and led to the development of further certification marks. Thus, it has come to a profusion of certification marks which results in a loss of information value for the consumer and ultimately in a deficient information process and understanding of the certification marks. Purpose: This study investigates the influence of semiotics in the information processing of certification marks. Further insight into the final stage of the consumers’understanding of certification marks is given, in order to reveal semiotics as a communication medium on certification marks. Furthermore, the study aims todraw attention to the current deficiency of the certification marks’ informationprocess and provides improvement measures. Method: An abductive research approach with an interpretivism philosophy was chosen to analyze the collected data. The exploratory study used a total of 17 semi- structured interviews, which were divided into three different modules. The firstmodule shortly investigated a consumer’s general grocery buying behavior andtheir understanding of certification marks. The following modules were basedon the information process. The second module looked at a consumer’sabsorption capacity of certification marks and the third module was divided intothree further themes that explored a consumer’s associations with semiotics. Conclusion: A lack of understanding certification marks was identified in the study, which is based on a deficient information process of the consumer. The first deficiency was detected between the sensory register and short-term memory showing that consumers have a limited absorption capacity for semiotics in certification marks. A further deficiency, found in the short-term memory, reveals that issue scope associations must align with the semiotics used in certification marks in order to be understood. Additionally, the product of the certification mark influences the information process. Finally, it can be said that semiotics play a key role in understanding certification marks as they strongly influence aconsumer’s information processing.

<p>Two novel contributions to Content Based Image Retrieval are presented and discussed. The first is a search engine for font recognition. The intended usage is the search in very large font databases. The input to the search engine is an image of a text line, and the output is the name of the font used when printing the text. After pre-processing and segmentation of the input image, a local approach is used, where features are calculated for individual characters. The method is based on eigenimages calculated from edge filtered character images, which enables compact feature vectors that can be computed rapidly. A system for visualizing the entire font database is also proposed. Applying geometry preserving linear- and non-linear manifold learning methods, the structure of the high-dimensional feature space is mapped to a two-dimensional representation, which can be reorganized into a grid-based display. The performance of the search engine and the visualization tool is illustrated with a large database containing more than 2700 fonts.</p><p>The second contribution is the inclusion of color-based emotion-related properties in image retrieval. The color emotion metric used is derived from psychophysical experiments and uses three scales: <em>activity</em>, <em>weight </em>and <em>heat</em>. It was originally designed for single-color combinations and later extended to include pairs of colors. A modified approach for statistical analysis of color emotions in images, involving transformations of ordinary RGB-histograms, is used for image classification and retrieval. The methods are very fast in feature extraction, and descriptor vectors are very short. This is essential in our application where the intended use is the search in huge image databases containing millions or billions of images. The proposed method is evaluated in psychophysical experiments, using both category scaling and interval scaling. The results show that people in general perceive color emotions for multi-colored images in similar ways, and that observer judgments correlate with derived values.</p><p>Both the font search engine and the emotion based retrieval system are implemented in publicly available search engines. User statistics gathered during a period of 20 respectively 14 months are presented and discussed.</p>

<p>Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is used to obtain images showing the vascular system. To detect stenosis, which is narrowing of for example blood vessels, maximum intensity projection (MIP) is typically used. This technique often fails to demonstrate the stenosis if the projection angle is not suitably chosen. To improve identification of this region a color-coding algorithm could be helpful. The color should be carefully chosen depending on the vessel diameter. </p><p>In this thesis a segmentation to produce a binary 3d-volume is made, followed by a distance transform to approximate the Euclidean distance from the centerline of the vessel to the background. The distance is used to calculate the smallest diameter of the vessel and that value is mapped to a color. This way the color information regarding the diameter would be the same from all the projection angles. </p><p>Color-coded MIPs, where the color represents the maximum distance, are also implemented. The MIP will result in images with contradictory information depending on the angle choice. Looking in one angle you would see the actual stenosis and looking in another you would see a color representing the abnormal diameter.</p>

<p>The use of spectrophotometers for color measurements on printed substrates is widely spread among paper producers as well as within the printing industry. Spectrophotometer measurements are precise, but time-consuming procedures and faster methods are desirable. Previously presented work on color calibration of flatbed scanners has shown that they can be used for fast color measurements with acceptable results. Furthermore, the rapid development of digital cameras has made it possible to transfer the methods to a camera-based system, and in this work a moderately priced consumer digital camera is used for color measurements. </p><p>Earlier presented methods for color calibration have been implemented in the camera-based system and new modifications that can improve their performance are proposed. Moreover, if the spectral sensitivities of the color filters in the camera sensor can be characterized, this can further improve the performance of the color measurements. Two methods for characterization of the color filters are presented in this work together with methods that use the camera characteristics for color measurements. </p><p>The findings of this work show that a consumer digital camera can be used as a fast and inexpensive alternative to spectrophotometers for color measurements on printed substrates.</p>

<p>A common problem when using background models to segment moving objects from video sequences is that objects cast shadow usually significantly differ from the background and therefore get detected as foreground. This causes several problems when extracting and labeling objects, such as object shape distortion and several objects merging together. The purpose of this thesis is to explore various possibilities to handle this problem.</p><p>Three methods for statistical background modeling are reviewed. All methods work on a per pixel basis, the first is based on approximating the median, the next on using Gaussian mixture models, and the last one is based on channel representation. It is concluded that all methods detect cast shadows as foreground.</p><p>A study of existing methods to handle cast shadows has been carried out in order to gain knowledge on the subject and get ideas. A common approach is to transform the RGB-color representation into a representation that separates color into intensity and chromatic components in order to determine whether or not newly sampled pixel-values are related to the background. The color spaces HSV, IHSL, CIELAB, YCbCr, and a color model proposed in the literature (Horprasert et al.) are discussed and compared for the purpose of shadow detection. It is concluded that Horprasert's color model is the most suitable for this purpose.</p><p>The thesis ends with a proposal of a method to combine background modeling using Gaussian mixture models with shadow detection using Horprasert's color model. It is concluded that, while not perfect, such a combination can be very helpful in segmenting objects and detecting their cast shadow.</p>

<p>The trichromatic principle of representing color has for a long time been dominating in color imaging. The reason is the trichromatic nature of human color vision, but as the characteristics of typical color imaging devices are different from those of human eyes, there is a need to go beyond the trichromatic approach. The interest for multi-channel imaging, i.e. increasing the number of color channels, has made it an active research topic with a substantial potential of application.</p><p>To achieve consistent color imaging, one needs to map the imaging-device data to the device-independent colorimetric representations CIEXYZ or CIELAB, the key concept of color management. As the color coordinates depend not only on the reflective spectrum of the object but also on the spectral properties of the illuminant, the colorimetric representation suffers from metamerism, i.e. objects of the same color under a specific illumination may appear different when they are illuminated by other light sources. Furthermore, when the sensitivities of the imaging device differ from the CIE color matching functions, two spectra that appear different for human observers may result in identical device response. On contrary, in multispectral imaging, color is represented by the object’s physical characteristics namely the spectrum which is illuminant independent. With multispectral imaging, different spectra are readily distinguishable, no matter they are metameric or not. The spectrum can then be transformed to any color space and be rendered under any illumination.</p><p>The focus of the thesis is high quality image-acquisition in colorimetric and multispectral formats. The image acquisition system used is an experimental system with great flexibility in illumination and image acquisition setup. Besides the conventional trichromatic RGB filters, the system also provides the possibility of acquiring multi-channel images, using 7 narrowband filters. A thorough calibration and characterization of all the components involved in the image acquisition system is carried out. The spectral sensitivity of the CCD camera, which can not be derived by direct measurements, is estimated using least squares regression, optimizing the camera response to measured spectral reflectance of carefully selected color samples.</p><p>To derive mappings to colorimetric and multispectral representations, two conceptually different approaches are used. In the model-based approach, the physical model describing the image acquisition process is inverted, to reconstruct spectral reflectance from the recorded device response. In the empirical approach, the characteristics of the individual components are ignored, and the functions are derived by relating the device response for a set of test colors to the corresponding colorimetric and spectral measurements, using linear and polynomial least squares regression.</p><p>The results indicate that for trichromatic imaging, accurate colorimetric mappings can be derived by the empirical approach, using polynomial regression to CIEXYZ and CIELAB. Because of the media-dependency, the characterization functions should be derived for each combination of media and colorants. However, accurate spectral data reconstruction requires for multi-channel imaging, using the model-based approach. Moreover, the model-based approach is general, since it is based on the spectral characteristics of the image acquisition system, rather than the characteristics of a set of color samples.</p> / Report code: LiU-TEK-LIC- 2006:70

<p>Uppsala Universitet Sophie Dicksen</p><p>Medie- och kommunikationsvetenskap C-uppsats</p><p>Abstract</p><p>Title: Communication of gender through design -A study of shapes and colors of perfumebottles and of the fonts on their labels.</p><p>(Genuskommunikation genom design -En studie av form, färg och typsnitt på parfymflaskor)</p><p>Number of pages: 39 (82 including enclosures)</p><p>Author: Sophie Dicksen</p><p>Tutor: Mats Lind</p><p>Course: Media- and Communication Studies C</p><p>Period: Autumn 2006</p><p>University: Division of Media and Communication, Department of information Science,Uppsala University</p><p>Purpose/Aim: To study whether gender is communicated through design, and if so is the case, the aim is also to see by which aspects gender is communicated.</p><p>Material/Method: 40 perfumebottles, 20 for women and 20 for men has been studied, and attributes such as their shapes, colors as well as the fonts on their labels has been analyzed in search of gender differences. An art director has also been interwiewed to receive information about genderdesign from a practical wiew.</p><p>Main results: There is no difference out of a gender perspective between the colors on the bottles in aspect of lightness but colors on ladieperfumes are generally more saturated and they are also more often located among yellow, orange and red shades on the color chart while perfumesbottles for men tend to consist of yellow, green and blue colors in more unsaturated versions. The results of the study of shapes showes that there are more cubes among the male perfumes than there are in the group of womensperfumes. Concidering the study of fonts does results prove that fonts on labels of male perfumes mostly belong to the most common group of fontfamilies. This compared to</p><p>perfumes for ladies where the the fonts varied between the two current fontgroups of the study, and therefore are bort rare and common. The interwiew with the art director gave that he sees differences between products for women and products for men out of a gender perspective. He claims that most perfumes for women generally have soft shapes, warm colors and scriptlike fonts with the opposite of attributes for men and he argues that those products not fitting in these</p><p>genderframes are products for women looking more masculine. According to the art director,products for men are more limited when it comes to design as they would rarely approach areas that would be considered as feminine.</p><p>Keywords: perfume, design, shape, color, font, gender, communication, interview</p>

Detection of both biological and chemical environmental toxicants is essential in the assessment of risk to human health. Cell-based biosensors are capable of activity- based detection of toxicity. Chromatophore cells, responsible for the pigmentation of poikilothermic animal, have shown immense potential as cell-based biosensors in the detection of a broad range of environmental toxicants. Chromatophore cells possess the motile pigment granules that intracellularly aggregate or disperse in response to external stimuli. Previous studies have assessed chromatophore cells isolated from red Betta splendens and grey Oncorhynchus tschawytscha fish for use as a biosensor. The objective of this study was to describe blue B. splendens chromatophore cells in tissue culture. Blue B. splendens chromatophore cells were assessed for their longevity in tissue culture and their responses to previously established control agents. Blue B. splendens chromatophore cells were exposed to select chemicals and pathogenic bacteria to assess their ability to respond to environmental toxicants. Three concentrations of mercuric chloride, methyl mercuric chloride, paraquat, sodium arsenite, sodium cyanide chemicals were tested. Bacillus cereus, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis, and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium were tested. Red B. splendens chromatophore cells were subjected to the select chemical and bacterial toxicants, and observed for their responses. The data collected in this and previous studies were compiled to compare chromatophore cell responses to a broad range of environmental toxicants. Chromatophore cells isolated from both blue and red B. splendens were responsive to methyl mercuric chloride and sodium arsenite. Grey O. tschawytscha chromatophore cells have shown responsiveness to mercuric chloride and sodium arsenite. Blue and red B. splendens chromatophore cells were both responsive to B. cereus and both Salmonella serovars. Grey O. tschawytscha have previously been shown to respond to B. cereus as well. In conclusion, this study reports the chromatophore cells isolated from blue B. splendens in tissue culture and showed similar responsiveness to the selected chemical and bacterial environmental toxicants as chromatophore cells isolated from red and grey colored fish. This study provides compelling evidence that the chromatophore response is not dependent on fish color and that chromatophore cells used for a cell-based detection system may be isolated from different colored fish. / Graduation date: 2012

We argue that one of the early goals of color vision is to distinguish one kind of material from another. Accordingly, we show that when a pair of image regions is such that one region has greater intensity at one wavelength than at another wavelength, and the second region has the opposite property, then the two regions are likely to have arisen from distinct materials in the scene. We call this material change circumstance the 'opposite slope sign condition.' With this criterion as a foundation, we construct a representation of spectral information that facilitates the recognition of material changes. Our theory has implications for both psychology and neurophysiology. In particular, Hering's notion of opponent colors and psychologically unique primaries, and Land's results in two-color projection can be interpreted as different aspects of the visual system's goal of categorizing materials. Also, the theory provides two basic interpretations of the function of double-opponent color cells described by neurophysiologists.