The present study determined how object-based alignment effects are influenced by the arrangement of the stimuli and response options. It is well established that the magnitude of these effects differ depending on the mode of responding. This finding has often been used to support claims that viewing photograph images of graspable objects can automatically trigger motor representations, regardless of the intentions of the observer. Our findings instead suggest that the distinction between response modes is primarily a difference in response discriminability. More importantly, it was found that this influence of response discriminability works in a completely opposite manner, dependent on the technique used to center the frying pan stimuli. Pixel-centered stimuli produced a handle-based alignment effect that was enhanced under conditions of high response discriminability. Object-centered stimuli produced a body-based alignment effect that was diminished under conditions of high-response discriminability. These findings provide overwhelming evidence that qualitatively different principles govern the alignment effect found with pixel-centered and object-centered stimuli. Crucially, these finding also provide strong evidence against the notion that motor representations are triggered by images of graspable objects in the absence of an intention to act. / Graduate

M.Ing. / Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) of electronic equipment is currently an important design parameter. Layout play a significant role in the EMC of power electronic converters. This thesis describes an investigation undertaken into the electromagnetic effects of converter layout. Typical detrimental effects identified during experimental work are presented. Possible causes for these effects are discussed. The experimental work is based on a systematic approach, which starts with a basic single switch chopper and ends in a split supply half-bridge converter. Interconnection modelling and SPICE simulations of layout affects are investigated next. The focus falls on analytical equations for extraction and simplified simulation circuits to make the process generally accessible. Typical resonant frequencies present in some of the experimental circuits are investigated with the help of analytically extracted parameters. The possibility of minimizing detrimental layout effects through impedance matching of interconnections and their terminations, is investigated next, since the previous section quantified layout parameters. Distributed vs. lumped element modelling of interconnections, and the boudary in between, are discussed. Simulation and experimental results are presented. Since maximum fuctionality and power, and minimum cost, per volume drives product development, all elements of a circuit should be investigated for the possibility of realizing secondary or even tertiary functions contributing to normal circuit operation. This is the focus of the last part of this thesis. Employing interconnections as low-pass or surge filters are investigated. Several waveforms are used to test experimental interconnection structures. Lumped and distributed modelling of these strucutres are discussed. The thesis concludes with a theoretical investigation into the possibility of dissipation of surge-energy instead of reflection utilizing interconnection-structures. One of these structures utilizes the skin- and proximity effect to realize low-pass behaviour.

M.Ing. / This thesis investigates why electromagnetic interference (EMI) and electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) problems exist and how EMI is generated, measured and limited. This investigation is done with reference to power systems and satellite earth stations. To understand the full extend of EMI generation from power systems on satellite earth stations, it was necessary to do a study of EMI, in order to understand EMI in its simplest form. This study consists of the following work: •A background study investigates the components of EMI, how EMI are generated and manifest in electric systems, methods to limit conducted EMI, a theoretical model on how to estimate conducted EMI quantities and EMI measurement techniques. •A conducted EMI model with which the parasitic impedances could be controlled was developed. With this model it could then be determined how conducted EMI would manifest in 3-wire circuit designs and how conducted EMI could be reduced in such circuits. •It was investigated how inductive coupling and capacitive coupling can be reduced. Time and frequency domain measurements were used to investigate the effects of these couplings. It was also of great importance to understand how EMI from measurement set-ups could influence measurements to give inaccurate results. This work investigated how high frequency measurements can be done effectively, how high frequency circuit designs can be improved and how parasitic impedances can be limited in high frequency equipment. •The expected EMI problem at the Klipheuwel wind farm was analysed. Simulations of expected EMI levels, worst case scenarios and measurements taken there showed that no significant EMI are generated from the wind generators and that power systems don’t hold a threat to satellite earth stations, if the necessary precautions are taken.

Dos nos jours, l'évolution croissante des domaines d'application des circuits intégrés impose aux industriels de nouvelles contraintes de conception. Afin de réaliser des circuits électroniques plus denses et plus performants, ils cherchent à faire cohabiter plusieurs types de composants sur des surfaces plus petites et de surcroît, fonctionnant à des fréquences de plus en plus élevées. Cependant, cette cohabitation pourrait générer des problèmes de CEM (compatibilité électromagnétique). Les travaux présentés dans ce mémoire rentrent dans le cadre du projet de recherche SEISME (Simulation de l'Emission et de l'Immunité des Systèmes et Modules Electroniques). Ils décrivent des méthodologies de mesure et de modélisation de’immunité conduite des circuits intégrés complexes comme les mémoires non volatiles ou bien les microcontrôleurs. L'objectif est d'étudier l'influence des changements de composants et de cartes sur le comportement électromagnétique d'un système électronique. Dans cette perspective, afin de valider son utilisation dans le cas des circuits intégrés complexes, une étude détaillée du standard de mesure DPI (Direct Power injection) est d'abord proposée. Basé sur cette dernière, un nouveau prototype de chemin de couplage est réalisé. Ce multiplexeur permet de superposer un signal agresseur à un signal fonctionnel, avec un chevauchement de leurs bandes de fréquences. Ainsi, il est possible d'agresser une broche fonctionnelle (horloge par exemple) d'un circuit intégré pendant son fonctionnement. Ensuite, une procédure de mesure globale d'immunité conduite est présentée. Elle permet de caractériser la susceptibilité conduite des circuits complexes en tenant compte des différents modes de fonctionnement et avec la possibilité d’utiliser un critère d’immunité fonctionnel ou électrique. Grâce à l'application de cette procédure à deux mémoires non volatiles compatibles broche à broche (mêmes caractéristiques mais de deux différents fournisseurs), il est possible de constater l’influence des technologies de fabrication sur l’immunité conduite de ce type de circuits. Par conséquent, l’effet du changement de composant sur le comportement électromagnétique d’un système électronique devient prédictible. Enfin pour la modélisation, deux méthodologies sont proposées. Une au niveau composant et l'autre au niveau carte. La démarche de modélisation au niveau composant repose sur le standard ICIM-CI (Integrated Circuit Immunity Model-Conducted Immunity) et vise à générer un modèle d’immunité simulable et prédictif. Grâce à l'application de cette démarche dans le contexte des mémoires non volatiles, il est possible de prédire leur immunité dans le cas de modification de l’impédance d'entrée par rajout d'éléments de filtrage par exemple. En ce qui concerne la modélisation au niveau carte, une procédure basée sur la proposition de modèle EBIM-CI (Electronic Board Immunity Model-Conducted Immunity) est développée. Elle consiste à générer un modèle d’immunité d’une carte électronique en utilisant les modèles des différents composants qui la constituent. Un cas d’étude a été défini. Le modèle issu de cette approche permet de simuler l’immunité conduite globale du démonstrateur ainsi que de prédire le comportement électromagnétique de ce dernier lors du changement d’un ou plusieurs composants. / Nowadays, the growing evolution of application fields for integrated circuits sets new constraints for designers and manufacturers. Due to continuous technological advances in integrated circuits, those have become smaller, denser and operational at higher frequencies. The miniaturization of integrated circuits has led to the reduction of power consumption and, thus, noise margins. Mixing digital and analog functions inside the same chip also makes electromagnetic interferences (EMis) more likely to spread and cause disturbances. As a result, complex ICs with coexisting different functions represent a challenge from an EMC point of view, as interferences can cause critical functional failures. The work presented in this manuscript falls within the SEISME project which aims, among others, to perform the simulation of both the emission and the immunity of electronic systems and modules at different levels (JC, PCB, equipment, system). More precisely, this work deals with the development of measurement and modeling methodologies for the characterization of the conducted immunity of complex ICs, such as microcontrollers and non-volatile memories. The main goal is to study the effect of component and/or board replacement on the electromagnetic behavior of a complete electronic system. In this context, a thorough study of the Direct Power Injection (DPI) technique is presented, thus validating its use for complex integrated circuits. Based on this study, a new prototype for the disturbance coupling path is proposed. It consists of a multiplexer that enables the superposition of a disturbance signal and a functional one with overlapping frequency bands. Therefore, it is possible to disturb an IC functional pin (a clock for instance) during its operation. Moreover, measurement procedure for conducted immunity is introduced. Its advantage is to make it possible to characterize the immunity of complex ICs by taking into account different operation modes as well as flexible immunity criteria (electrical / functional). Thanks to the application of this methodology for two different, non-volatile, pin-to-pin-compatible memories (having the same characteristics but different manufacturers), the influence of fabrication technology on the conducted immunity of such ICs is better identified and understood. As a consequence, the effect of changing components on the electromagnetic behavior of an electronic system has become predictable. As far as modeling aspects are concerned, two methodologies are presented in this manuscript. The first one deals with the immunity at the component level whereas the other involves board level immunity. At the IC level, the modeling approach is rather based on the ICIM-CI (lntegrated Circuit Immunity Model-Conducted Immunity) draft standard which makes it possible to extract simulation models that can be incorporated within IC design flows. Once applied to the context of non-volatile memories, this approach allows predicting their immunity in the case of modified input impedance, for example. As far as immunity modeling at the board level is concerned, the idea is to make use of ICIM-CI models corresponding to different ICs on the PCB in order to construct an Electronic Board Immunity Model for Conducted Immunity (EBIM-CI). A case study has been defined and the extracted model makes it possible to simulate the demonstrator's global conducted immunity as well as to predict its electromagnetic behavior following the replacement of one or more components.

Transportation is an essential part of city life. However the extensive use of private cars in urban transport systems leads not only to a decrease in public health and quality of life but also drives global warming through the emission of GHG. The growth rate of CO 2 emissions caused by transportation is among the highest across all energy sectors. In order to mitigate climate change, it is therefore crucial to reverse this trend and change urban transport systems towards more climate compatibility. Thus, this thesis investigates if and how mobility demand and climate protection can be combined in urban transport systems.To answer these questions, the thesis discusses characteristics of climate-friendly transportation based on findings from academic literature. Moreover, policy instruments to transform urban transportation towards climate compatibility as well as possible obstacles and constraints in this regard are investigated. More precisely, socio-technical/infrastructural, technological, financial, legal, institutional/organisational, political, habitual, and cultural constraints are described and the significance of pragmatic, moral, and cognitive legitimacy is ascertained with regard to public and political acceptance of policies.Drawing on these theoretical assumptions, the case of Berlin is analysed in more detail. Based on policy documents, statistical data, expert interviews, and a public hearing in the Senate of Berlin, it is investigated how the city plans to make its transport system more climate-friendly and what the actual state of climate compatibility within the transport sector is at the moment. As a result, it could be observed that policies for climate-friendly transport are in place and mostly implemented but that the amount of CO 2 emissions caused by the transport system and especially by road traffic has more or less stagnated since the 1990s. Several reasons for this development could be ascertained: The transformation towards climate compatibility is, on the one hand, constrained bylegal, infrastructural, institutional, political, habitual, and cultural factors as well as by the lack of personnel within the city administration, and, on the other hand, hampered by the perceived inacceptability of car-restrictive policies.The conclusion from this thesis is therefore that it is thereotically possible to combine mobility demand and climate protection in urban transport systems and it is furthermore imperative in order to mitigate climate change and its dreaded impacts. In practical terms, however, cities face several intertwined and often very distinct obstacles and constraints that can only be overcome by long-term, dedicated, and citizen-oriented policy planning and implementation.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(経済学) / 甲第22227号 / 経博第615号 / 新制||経||293(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院経済学研究科経済学専攻 / (主査)教授 関口 格, 教授 原 千秋, 准教授 NEWTON Jonathan Charles Scott / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Economics / Kyoto University / DGAM

Les schémas de subdivision sont largement utilisés pour la génération rapide de courbes ou de surfaces. Des développements récents ont produit des schémas variés, en particulier non-linéaires, non-interpolants ou non-homogènes.Pour pouvoir être utilisés en compression, analyse ou contrôle de données, ces schémas de subdivision doivent être incorporés dans une analyse multiresolution qui, imitant les analyses en ondelettes, fournit une décomposition multi-échelle d'un signal, d'une courbe ou d'une surface. Les ingrédients nécessaires à la définition d'une analyse multiresolution associée à un schéma de subdivision sont des schémas de décimation et de détails. Leur construction est facile quand le schéma de multiresolution est interpolant.Cette thèse est consacrée à la construction de schémas de décimation et de détails compatibles avec un schéma de subdivision le plus général possible. Nous commençons par une construction générique dans le cas d'opérateurs homogènes (mais pas interpolants) puis nous généralisons à des situations non-homogènes et non-linéaires. Nous construisons ainsi des analyses multiresolutions compatibles avec de nombreux schémas récemment développés. L'analyse des performances des analyses ainsi construitesest effectuée. Nous présentons des applications numériques en compression d'images. / Subdivision schemes are widely used for rapid curve or surface generation. Recent developments have produced various schemes, in particular non-linear, non-interpolatory or non-uniform.To be used in compression, analysis or control of data, subdivision schemes should be incorporated in a multiresolution analysis that, mimicking wavelet analyses, provides a multi-scale decomposition of a signal, a curve, or a surface. The ingredients needed to define a multiresolution analysis associated with a subdivision scheme are decimation scheme and detail operators. Their construction is straightforward when the multiresolution scheme is interpolatory.This thesis is devoted to the construction of decimation schemes and detail operators compatible with general subdivision schemes. We start with a generic construction in the uniform (but not interpolatory) case and then generalize to non-uniform and non-linear situations. Applying these results, we build multiresolution analyses that are compatible with many recently developed schemes. Analysis of the performances of the constructed analyses is carried out. We present numerical applications in image compression.

Toxigenic Aspergillus species produce mycotoxins that are carcinogenic, hepatotoxic and teratogenic immunosuppressing agents in both human and animals. Kenya frequently experiences outbreaks of aflatoxicosis with the worst occurring in 2004, which resulted in 125 deaths. This study sought to find possible reasons for frequent aflatoxicosis outbreaks in Kenya by isolating Aspergillus flavus strains from maize kernels sampled from different climatic regions of Kenya. Using diagonal transect random sampling, maize kernels were collected from Makueni, Homa Bay, Nandi, and Kisumu regions. The genetic diversity and variation among the isolates was examined by characterising the strains according to morphology, phenotype, vegetative compatible groups and molecular systematics. Selected atoxigenic and aflatoxigenic A. flavus isolates were also further analysed for aflatoxin production potential using quantitative real-time PCR and various bioanalytical techniques. The influence of the maize lines grown in Kisumu, Homa Bay, Nandi and Makueni region on A. flavus infection and aflatoxin production was also examined and served as the basis for an in vitro biocontrol assay. Out of 37 isolates identified, nitrate non-utilizing auxotroph’s complementation test revealed 20 vegetative compatibility groups. These groups were further designated using the prefix ʻʻKVCGʼʼ, where ʻʻKʼʼ represented Kenya and consequently assigned numbers 1 to 20 based on our findings. KVCG14 and KVCG15 had highest distribution frequency (n = 13; 10.8 %). The distribution of the L, S and S/L- morphotypes across the regions were 57 % (n = 21); 7 % (n = 3) and 36 % (n = 13) respectively. The phylogenetic analysis exhibited high diversity of A. flavus isolates from Makueni. ITS1 and ITS2 markers did not reveal significant information within intraspecies speciation of A. flavus. Furthermore, a unique isolate (KSM015) was identified that had characteristics of S-morphotype, but produced both aflatoxins B and G. Coconut agar medium (CAM) assay, TLC, HPLC and LCMS/MS analyses confirmed the presence or absence of aflatoxins in selected toxigenic and atoxigenic isolates. qPCR analysis revealed aflP, aflS, aflR and aflO transcripts as the most upregulated genes across the tested isolates whereas false detection of aflD gene transcript was observed in both induced and uninduced A. flavus isolates. Diversity Index (H) analyses ranged from 0.11 (Nandi samples) to 0.32 (Kisumu samples). Heterokaryon compatibility ranged from 33 % (for the Makueni samples, n = 3) to 67 % (Nandi samples, n = 6). The KDV1 maize line was more sensitive to A. flavus infection in comparison to GAF4. We also tested the biocontrol of atoxigenic isolates to inhibit toxin production by aflatoxigenic strains on infected maize kernels. It was shown that the atoxigenic strain (KSMO12) could inhibit the aflatoxigenic strain (KSM014) depending on the atoxigenic concentration during infection. To our knowledge, this is the first reported study for A. flavus genetic diversity, variation and distribution in Nandi, Homa Bay and Kisumu regions in comparison to and could assist researchers in the selection of biocontrol strategies to mitigate aflatoxin contamination, especially in Makueni and neighbouring regions.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(エネルギー科学) / 甲第17916号 / エネ博第288号 / 新制||エネ||60(附属図書館) / 30736 / 京都大学大学院エネルギー科学研究科エネルギー変換科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小西 哲之, 教授 星出 敏彦, 教授 木村 晃彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Energy Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

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