Syftet med denna studie är att få större insikt i vad det innebär att utveckla en ny sångteknik. För att undersöka detta har jag under en fyraveckorsperiod övat edge tio minuter per dag, fem dagar i veckan. Tre av dessa övningstillfällen har videofilmats. Jag har också använt mig av loggbok för att dokumentera mina olika upplevelser under processens gång. Som teoretisk utgångspunkt har jag utgått utifrån ett sociokulturellt perspektiv. I resultatet redovisas vilka redskap som användes och hur dessa hanterades samt hur processen gällande lärandet har utvecklats. Resultatet visar att de mest centrala redskap som användes var kroppen, metodboken, pianostol, vägg och en låt. Flera av redskapen användes för att få bättre luftkontroll. I diskussionen beskriver jag utifrån det sociokulturella perspektivet vilka förutsättningar som har funnits samt vilka redskap som användes vid lärandet. / The purpose of the study is to get a deeper insight of what it means to develop a new singing technique. To study this I have practiced edge ten minutes per day during a period of four weeks, five times a week. Three of these exercices have been videotaped. I have also used a logbook to document new experiences during the process. I have a socio-cultural perspective as a theoretical base in this study. In the result the different tools that were selected show how these were handled and how the process in learning has developed. The results show that the most central tools that were used were the body, the method book, the piano chair, the wall and a song. In the discussion I describe, from a socio-cultural perspective, what the conditions have been, and which tools I have used.

Complete garment knitting technology is a method of producing knitted products, generally fashion garments, ready-made directly in the knitting machine without additional operations such as cutting and sewing. This makes it possible to manufacture a knitted fashion garment with fewer processes then with conventional production methods. In the fashion business customer demand is always changing due to fashion trends, so to be able to manufacture and deliver products rapidly is important. Mass customisation is a customer co-design process of products and services that tries to meets the needs of an individual customer’s demand for certain product features. In the fashion business this means that the customer can order a garment with a customised style, colour, size, and other personal preferences. The principal objective of this dissertation was to examine if and how complete garment technology can be applied to the customisation of knitted fashion products. It was pursued through several independent studies in knitting technology, mass customisation, and fashion logistics against a theoretical frame of reference in these areas. The papers in this thesis present various examples of how knitted fashion garments can be customised and integrated into fashion retailing concepts. The starting point of the research was the Knit-on-Demand research project conducted at the Swedish School of Textiles in collaboration with a knitting manufacturing and retailing company. The aim was to develop a shop concept built on the complete garment technology where a garment could be customised, produced, and delivered as quickly as possible. This initial idea failed due to the expense of investing in complete garment knitting technology, and so other avenues of research had to be found. The Knit-on-Demand project continued, using a business model similar to the complete garment concept but with the retail store and the production unit situated in different locations. The overall research question addressed in this thesis is: How can complete garment knitting technology be applied in a retail concept for customised garments? This question is then divided in two problems: What are the fashion logistics effects of combining complete garment technology and mass customisation? How does the co-design process function in the customisation of knitted fashion garments?The following is a qualitative study based on five research articles applying different research methodologies: case studies, simulations, and interviews. The empirical context is the area of mass customisation of fashion products and knitting technology, more specifically called complete garment knitting production technology. No prior studies describing mass customisation of complete garment knitting technology in combination with fashion logistics were found in the literature. The main contribution of this study is the demonstration that complete garment knitting technology can be applied in the customisation of fashion products. It also illustrates the importance of the co-design process between the company and the customer through which a knitted garment can be customised, produced, and delivered to the customer in three to five hours. The process of co-design and manufacture of a customised complete fashion product is examined, and the advantages and disadvantages associated with customisation of knitted garments are identified and described.

Introduction: La stomatite prothétique est une condition inflammatoire chronique de la muqueuse buccale recouverte par une prothèse. Cette maladie est considérée comme la lésion buccale la plus fréquente chez les porteurs de prothèses amovibles. Des études récentes sur l'étiologie de la stomatite prothétique suggèrent que des traitements basés sur la réduction de l'inflammation seraient efficaces dans le traitement de cette maladie. Objectifs: Évaluer l'efficacité du brossage du palais dans le traitement de la stomatite prothétique. Méthodes: Quarante-huit participants (âge moyen : 66,0 ± 11,2 ans) avec un diagnostic de stomatite prothétique, ont été sélectionnés à partir d’un examen préalable de 143 individus, afin de participer à cet essai clinique de phase I à deux centres, réalisé selon un devis de type pré-test/post-test à un seul groupe. L'intervention a consisté en un brossage du palais avec une brosse manuelle après chaque repas et avant le coucher. Des examens cliniques et microbiologiques ont été effectués avant le traitement, et à 1 mois et 3 mois de suivi. Des données supplémentaires ont été obtenues par l'utilisation d'un questionnaire validé. Les résultats primaires et secondaires étaient, respectivement, la rémission de stomatite prothétique et la diminution du nombre de colonies de Candida. Des tests statistiques descriptifs et non paramétriques ont été menés pour analyser les données. Résultats: À 3 mois de suivi, 10,4 % des participants ont été guéris et 70,8 % ont eu une amélioration clinique de la stomatite prothétique grâce au brossage du palais. Une réduction statistiquement significative de la surface et de l’intensité de l’inflammation après 3 mois de brossage du palais a été démontrée (p < 0,0001). L’ampleur de l’effet a varié d’un effet modéré à important (0,34 à 0,54) selon la classification utilisée pour le diagnostique de la stomatite prothétique. De plus, le nombre de colonies de Candida, recueillies par sonication des prothèses et par échantillonnage du palais, a diminué de manière statistiquement significative après 3 mois de brossage (p ≤ 0,05). Conclusion: Les résultats de cette étude suggèrent que le brossage du palais est efficace comme traitement de la stomatite prothétique. / Introduction: Denture-related erythematous stomatitis (denture stomatitis) is a chronic inflammation of the oral mucosa covered by a removable prosthesis. This disease is considered the most prevalent mucosal lesion associated with prosthesis use. Recent research on the etiology of denture stomatitis suggests that treatments based on the reduction of the inflammation are effective in the management of this disease. Objectives: To assess the efficacy of palatal brushing in the treatment of denture stomatitis. Methods: After screening 143 individuals with a potential diagnosis of denture stomatitis, 48 (mean age: 66.0 ± 11.2 years) were enrolled in a phase-I two-center clinical trial with one-group pre-test/post-test design. The intervention of interest was manual palatal brushing after each meal and before bedtime. Clinical and microbiological examinations were performed at baseline, 1 month and 3 months post-intervention. Additional data were obtained by the use of a validated questionnaire. The primary and secondary outcomes were the remission of denture stomatitis and the diminution of Candida Colony-Forming Units (CFUs), respectively. Descriptive and non-parametric statistical tests were conducted to analyze the data. Results: At 3-month follow-up, denture stomatitis was completely cured in 10.4 % of the study participants, and 70.8 % of denture wearers showed improvement in the clinical signs of denture stomatitis. There was a significant reduction in the area and severity of the palatal inflammation at 3-month follow-up (p < 0.0001). The effect size ranged from medium to large (0.34 to 0.54), depending on the classification used for the diagnosis of denture stomatitis. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the number of Candida CFUs isolated from the palatal mucosa and dentures was observed (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study suggest that palatal brushing is effective in the treatment of denture stomatitis.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, por meio de estudo in vitro, o efeito de soluções químicas de higienização quanto à ação antimicrobiana e os efeitos sobre as propriedades da resina acrílica termicamente ativada. Para a ação antimicrobiana, corpos de prova circulares (15mm x 3mm) foram esterilizados por radiação em forno micro-ondas e contaminados com suspensão de 106 UFC/mL dos microrganismos: Candida albicans, Candida glabrata e Streptococcus mutans e incubados a 37ºC por 48hs. Em seguida, os espécimes foram imersos nas seguintes soluções: Grupo I - PBS (controle); Grupo II - Solução à base de Ricinus communis a 6,25%; Grupo III - Hipoclorito de sódio 0,20%; durante 20 minutos, e, Grupo IV - Peróxido Alcalino Efferdent® Power Clean Crystals, durante 3 minutos, e lavadas (PBS) e imersas em meio Letheen. A suspensão resultante foi diluída (100 e 10-3) em solução salina estéril e alíquotas foram semeadas em meio específico. Após incubação (37ºC por 24hs), as colônias foram contadas para o cálculo de UFC/mL. Para análise das propriedades da resina acrílica, corpos de prova circulares (15mm x 3 mm) e retangulares (65mm x 10mm x 3,3 mm) foram imersos nas soluções, simulando 05 anos de imersões curtas. Antes e após as imersões, foram submetidos a análise de cor (Colorímetro Color Guide 45/0) e NBS (NBS=&Delta;E* x 0,92); de dureza Knoop (microdurômetro Microhardness Tester Shimadzu); de rugosidade de superfície (rugosímetro Surftest SJ - 201P, Mitutoyo Corporation; microscópio confocal a laser 3D Olympus LEXT OLS4000®, Japão); de morfologia de superfície (microscópio eletrônico de varredura EVO 10 - MEV, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Alemanha); e de resistência à flexão (Máquina Universal de Ensaios DL 2000, EMIC). Os dados com distribuição normal foram analisados por ANOVA, seguido pelo teste de Tukey; os dados com distribuição não-normal, foram analisados pelos testes de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (&alpha;=0,05). Os resultados mostraram que o hipoclorito reduziu a zero a contagem de UFC dos três micro-organismos, os grupos do Ricinus communis e do peróxido Efferdent tiveram ação moderada frente Candida glabrata (p<0,001) e S. mutans (p=0,001), respectivamente. Quanto as propriedades da resina, a solução de Ricinus communis causou leve alteração de cor (p=0,030), segundo NBS; maiores alterações de dureza (p<0,001), rugosidade superficial em rugosímetro (p=0,006) e microscópio 3D (p=0,040) e da resistência à flexão (p<0,001). A maior alteração da morfologia de superfície (MEV) foi observada no grupo do peróxido Efferdent. Pode-se concluir que a solução de hipoclorito de sódio a 0,20% foi a mais efetiva, uma vez que apresentou ação antimicrobiana frente aos três micro-organismos avaliados; as soluções de Candida glabrata e Streptococcus mutans, respectivamente. Quanto à análise das propriedades da resina acrílica, nenhuma das soluções causou alteração clinicamente significante nas propriedades avaliadas / The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial action and adverse effects of denture cleansers on a heat-polymerized acrylic resin. The antimicrobial action was evaluated by samples fabricated on a metallic circular matrix (15mm x 3mm), which were sterilized by microwave (650W, for 6 minutes) and inoculated with a 106 CFU/ml of microorganisms´suspension: Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans. After contamination, the specimens were incubated at 37ºC for 48hs and then immersed on the following solutions: Group I - Saline (control); Group II - Ricinus communis 6.25% solution based; Group III - Sodium hypochlorite 0.2%; Group IV - Alkaline Peroxide Efferdent® Power Clean Crystals. The samples were then washed (PBS) and immersed in the Letheen medium. The resulting solution was diluted (100 and 10-3) in sterile saline, and aliquots were cultured in the specific medium. After incubation (37ºC for 24hs), according to with characteristic morphology, the number of colonies was measured and the number of CFU / mL calculated. For the adverse effects, circular (15 x 3 mm) and rectangular (65 x 10 x 3.3 mm) test specimens of heat-polymerized acrylic resin were immersed in the solutions, simulating 05 years of short immersions per sanitation period. Before and after the immersions, the samples were evaluated for color alteration (Color Guide Color Guide 45/0) and correlation of the data according to NBS units (NBS = &Delta;E * x 0,92); Knoop hardness (Microhardness Microhardness Tester Shimadzu). Analysis of surface roughness (Surftest SJ-201P rugosimeter, Mitutoyo Corporation; Olympus LEXT OLS4000® 3D laser confocal microscope, Japan), surface morphology (scanning electron microscope EVO 10 - MEV, Carl Zeiss Microscopy GmbH, Jena, Germany); and flexural strength (Universal Testing Machine DL 2000, EMIC) was done. The data that presented normal distribution were analyzed by ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey test; Data that presented non-normal distribution were analyzed by the Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test (&alpha;= 0.05). The results showed that hypochlorite reduced the CFU of the three microorganisms to zero, the solution of Ricinus communis and Efferdent peroxide had an average action against Candida glabrata (p <0.001) and Streptococcus mutans (p = 0.001), respectively. The solution of Ricinus communis showed color changes (p = 0.030), classified as &ldquo;light&rdquo; according to NBS; (p <0.001), and higher values of surface roughness, when analyzed by the rugosimeter (p = 0.006) and 3D microscope (p = 0.040), and flexural strength (p <0.001). The major change in surface morphology (SEM) was found in the Efferdent peroxide group. It can be concluded that the 0.20% sodium hypochlorite solution was the most effective denture cleanser since it presented antimicrobial action against the three micro-organisms evaluated Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, and Streptococcus mutans, and did not cause clinically significant changes on the heat-polymerized acrylic resin

När man ska bygga något nytt, ändra en byggnad eller riva en byggnad behövs ett bygglov från kommunen där åtgärden ska utföras. Örebro kommun har sett att majoriteten av enklare bygglovsärenden behöver kompletteras innan de kan beviljas. Detta medför en förlängd bygglovsprocess i väntan på en komplett bygglovsansökan. Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka de underliggande faktorerna som medför att personer som söker bygglov inte skickar in kompletta bygglovshandlingar samt att hitta lösningar på dessa. En enkätundersökning har genomförts för att undersöka vad bygglovssökare i Örebro kommun upplevde var bra respektive dåligt med deras ärende och bygglovsprocess. Det genomfördes även en granskning på kommunens hemsida för bygglov i syfte att försöka förbättra den och hitta faktorer som leder till att bygglovssökare inte skickar in kompletta handlingar. Denna rapport avgränsar sig till privatpersoner som fått komplettera sin bygglovsansökan innan de fått ett beviljat bygglov mellan sommaren 2018 och våren 2019 i Örebro kommun. Bygglovstyperna som undersökts är nybyggnad av komplementbyggnad, tillbyggnad av komplementbyggnad samt tillbyggnad av enbostadshus. Resultat visar att kontrollplanen som är nödvändig för en ansökan ofta är bristfällig jämfört med andra handlingar. De som sökt bygglov menar att den är svår att förstå och information om kontrollplanen som hittas på Örebro kommuns hemsida inte är tillräckligt tydlig. Det visar sig också att hälften av respondenterna i enkäten som gjorts är positivt inställda till en kort informationsfilm på Örebro kommuns hemsida där det förklaras vad som ska skickas in samt hur handlingarna ska se ut. Kontrollplanen visade sig vara problematisk för personer som sökt bygglov. De tyckte att det fanns en osäkerhet gällande om den skulle skickas med, vad för punkter som ska finnas med i kontrollplanen för respektive ansökan samt vad punkterna man kontrollerar mot betyder. En åtgärd som kan förbättra detta problem är att tydligt på Örebro kommuns hemsida informera att en kontrollplan måste skickas in med en ansökan samt vad för konsekvenser en ej komplett ansökan får. Konsekvensen är en förlängd bygglovsprocess i väntan på en komplett bygglovsansökan. Man kan också på Örebro kommuns hemsida tydligt förklara vad varje kontrollpunkt i kontrollplanen som ska med betyder. Det Örebro kommun också kan tänka på är att minska mängden text som finns på bygglovssidorna. Detta för att personer som söker bygglov ska se en kort och koncist förklaring på vad för handlingar som ska skickas in för att underlätta för dem. Örebro kommun bör också visa exempel på kontrollplaner i exempelritningar som finns på Örebro kommuns hemsida för att sökande på ett enkelt sätt ska kunna se vilka handlingar som ska skickas in. / When you want to build something new, reconstruct a building or demolish a building, a building permit is needed from the municipality. Örebro municipality has seen that a majority of building permit cases needs to be supplemented before they can be approved. This results in an extended building permit process. The purpose of this report is to examine the underlying factors that leads to people seeking building permits do not submit complete. A survey has been carried out to investigate what people applying for building permits in Örebro municipality experienced was good and bad with their case regarding the building permit process. An inspection was also carried out on the municipality's website for building permits to find reasons why people applying for building permits do not submit complete documents. This report is limited to individuals who have supplemented their building permit application before receiving a granted building permit between summer 2018 and spring 2019 in Örebro municipality. The building permits that were investigated are of simpler cases. Results show that the control plan is often inadequate compared to other documents. Those who have applied for a building permit mean that it is difficult to understand the information in the control plan found on the Örebro municipality's website and that the information is not sufficiently clear. It also turns out that half of the respondents in the survey have been positively set towards a short information film on the Örebro municipality's website. The information film would explain what type of documents that should be submitted and how the documents should look. The control plan proved to be problematic for people who applied for a building permit. They felt that there was an uncertainty regarding the control plan whether it should be sent in with the apply for building permits. They also felt an uncertainty regarding what type of control points should be included in the control plan for each application and what the controls you check against means. An action that can solve this problem is to clearly inform on Örebro municipality's website that a control plan must be submitted with an application and what consequence a non-complete application results in. The consequence is an extended building permit process pending a complete building permit application. Örebro can also clearly explain on their website what each control point in the control plan means. What the Örebro municipality also can think about is to reduce the amount of text that is on the building permit webpages. This is because people who apply for a building permit should see a brief and concise explanation of what documents should be submitted in order to facilitate them. Örebro municipality should also have examples of control plans in the example documents that are available on the website, in order for applicants to easily see which documents that should be submitted.

Uppsatsen beskriver utveckling av medvetandets filosofi i science fiction mellan 1800-talet och mitten av 1900-talet. För analysen används Mary Shelleys Frankenstein och Isaac Asimovs the Bicentennial Man. Utvecklingen i science fiction går parallellt med utveckling inom filosofin. Utvecklingen går mot en fysikalisk lösning på kropp och medvetande problemet med argument från behaviorismen, identitetsteorin, samt funktionalismen.

Este estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar in vitro a influência da alteração dimensional de resinas acrílicas para base de prótese total submetidas a diferentes formas de processamento sobre a posição da cabeça da mandíbula, buscando estabelecer uma possível relação com a etiologia das disfunções crânio-mandibulares nos pacientes usuários desse tipo de prótese. Foram duas etapas: a primeira parte enfocou o papel do tipo de prensa (Getom ou de cozimento) e da força de prensagem para fechamento da mufla (1000 ou 1500 kgf) utilizados no processamento de duas resinas: Lucitone 550 e QC–20 e somente da força de prensagem para a resina Acron MC. Já a segunda parte do estudo teve o intuito de avaliar a influência dos ciclos de polimerização curtos e longos na alteração dimensional de cinco resinas: as mesmas três da primeira parte, além da Clássico e Ondacryl. As próteses superiores acrilizadas foram remontadas em articulador totalmente ajustável, tendo como referência a posição de máxima intercuspidação (MIC). Nessa posição de maior estabilidade oclusal, foi vazado gesso tipo IV no espaço entre as esferas condilares do articulador e as paredes dos estojos condilares. Após a cristalização, esses corpos-de-prova de gesso foram removidos do estojo condilar e suas dimensões medidas e submetidas à análise estatística por meio de um modelo de análise de variância com medidas repetidas que permitiu concluir que houve variações na posição da “cabeça da mandíbula" em 625 das 630 medidas efetuadas; as médias de movimentação condilar variaram de 0,118 (DP = 0,0968) a 1,956 mm (DP = 0,414) e ocorreram principalmente no sentido posterior do lado esquerdo; na maioria dos casos em que a força de prensagem agiu como fator devariação, os deslocamentos obtidos com 1500 kgf foram menores do que aqueles obtidos com 1000 kgf; nos casos em que o tipo de prensa agiu como fator de variação, ora os menores deslocamentos foram obtidos com a prensa de cozimento, ora com a Getom; o ciclo empregado na polimerização não influenciou significativamente na estabilidade dimensional das próteses totais e a única diferença encontrada envolveu a resina Clássico, que levou aos maiores deslocamentos no sentido posterior do lado esquerdo. / The purpose of this study was to evaluate in vitro the influence of dimensional changes in denture base acrylic resins submitted to different processing methods on the position of the mandibular condyle. This was done to establish a relation between these dimensional changes and the etiology of temporomandibular disorders in complete denture wearers. This research was divided into two parts. The first part focused on the type of press (conventional water bath or Getom), on the pressing force for flask closure (1000 or 1500 kgf) when processing Lucitone 550 and QC-20 resins, and on the pressing force when processing Acron MC resin. The purpose of the second part was to evaluate the influence of polymerization time on the dimensional stability of five resins, namely Lucitone 550, QC-20, Acron MC, Clássico and Ondacryl. The polymerized upper prostheses were remounted on a fully adjustable articulator, using the maximal intercuspal position (MIP) as reference. Type IV dental stone was poured into the space between the condylar spheres and the condylar walls. After the dental stone dried, the samples were removed from the articulator and their dimensions were measured and submitted to analysis of variance with repeated measures. The following conclusions were drawn: 625 from 630 measurements done showed changes in the position of the “mandibular condyle" and mean values for condylar movement ranged from 0.118 (SD = 0.0968) to 1.956 mm (SD = 0.414) and occurred mainly in the posterior direction on the left side; in most cases where the pressing force influenced the condylar position, the changes were smaller in 1500 kgf group than in the 1000 kgf group; in the cases where the type of press influenced the changes in condylar position, the smallest values were found in both groups, sometimes with Getom and other times with conventional water bath press; polymerization time did not significantly affect the dimensional stability of the dentures and the greatest changes occurred in the posterior direction on the left side with Clássico resin.

Nesta dissertação são investigados os sistemas diferenciais com integral primeira do tipo Morse-Bott definidos em superfícies compactas e orientáveis. A cada sistema, nas condições acima descritas, associa-se um grafo de modo que a correspondência entre os grafos e as classes de equivalência topologica orbital dos campos investigados seja bijetiva. Portanto, apresenta-se um invariante completo, chamado aqui de grafo de Bott, para essa classe de sistemas. Essa abordagem surgiu como uma iniciativa de generalizar o estudo realizado para sistemas Hamiltonianos com um grau de liberdade com integral primeira do tipo Morse definidos em superfícies 2-dimensionais compactas, onde os conceitos de átomos e fluxos gradiente foram aplicados por A.V. Bolsinov em [4] / In this dissertation are studied differential systems with a Morse-Bott first integral defined on compact orientable surfaces. For each system, under the conditions described above, is associated a graph so that the correspondence between graphs and the orbital topological equivalence classes of the systems are bijective. Therefore, we present a complete invariant, called here Bott graph for this class of systems. This approach has emerged as an initiative to generalize the study to systems Hamiltonian with one degree of freedom having a Morse first integral in 2-dimensional compact surfaces, where the concepts of atoms and gradient flows were applied by A.V. Bolsinov in [4]

O presente estudo in vitro objetivou avaliar a longo prazo o potencial antimicrobiano residual e a citotoxicidade de soluções químicas de limpeza de prótese quando incorporadas à resina acrílica termopolimerizável após sucessivos ciclos de imersão noturna diária. Discos (10mm x 1mm) de resina acrílica termopolimerizável para base de prótese (Lucitone 550) foram submetidos a três ciclos diários de desinfecção (8h/cada) em hipoclorito de sódio a 1% (NaClO), digluconato de clorexidina a 2% (CLX) ou água destilada (controle) durante 91 (T91) ou 183 dias (T183), simulando o período de 9 meses ou 1,5 ano de imersão noturna diária realizada pelo paciente. Inicialmente, foi utilizado o método de concentração inibitória mínima em caldo para determinar o possível efeito residual (incorporação) das soluções à resina acrílica. Metade dos discos imersos em cada agente de limpeza em um dos tempos de imersão (n=5) foi inoculada (1x107cels/mL) com um dos patógenos associados à estomatite protética: Candida albicans (Ca) e Staphylococcus aureus (Sa). Os discos foram incubados a 37oC para análise em espectrofotômetro após 24h, 7 e 14 dias. Os valores de absorbância foram convertidos em porcentagens de inibição microbiana. Confirmada a ação antimicrobiana residual dos agentes de limpeza incorporados à resina acrílica, foi então analisada sua citotoxicidade in vitro sobre fibroblastos gengivais humanos (L929). Os efeitos citotóxicos foram avaliados por meio do ensaio colorimétrico MTT [brometo de 3-(4,5-dimetiltiazol-2-yl)-2,5-difeniltetrazólio] para a determinação da viabilidade celular, após as células serem expostas por 24h às amostras de cada condição experimentais (n=18) previamente imersas em uma das soluções por um dos períodos avaliados (T91 ou T183). A citotoxicidade foi determinada com base na atividade mitocondrial em relação a corpos de prova não submetidos à imersão nas soluções testadas. Os resultados do ensaio do MTT foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA-1 fator seguida pelo teste post-hoc de Tukey HSD (a=0,05). Para os períodos T91 e T183, não houve inibição microbiana com a imersão em água (controle) em até 14 dias de incubação. A CLX inibiu progressivamente o crescimento microbiano ao longo dos 14 dias para ambos os períodos de imersão (Ca: 19 a 73,58%; Sa: 0 a 87,08%), sendo observada maior ação antimicrobiana em T183. O NaClO apresentou discreta inibição microbiana apenas no período de 14 dias tanto em T91 (Ca: 0%; Sa: 2,70%) quanto em T183 (Ca: 8,50%; Sa: 15,08%). De acordo com os resultados do teste de MTT, as soluções químicas de limpeza testadas apresentaram uma redução significativa da viabilidade celular quando comparado às células controles propagadas apenas em meio de cultura (p<0,002). A CLX resultou na menor viabilidade celular em ambos os períodos de imersão (p<0,018). As amostras de resina acrílica imersas em água ou NaClO em T91 e T183 apresentaram viabilidade celular estatisticamente similar às amostras não imersas (p>0,05). Pode-se concluir que a CLX incorporada à resina acrílica para base de prótese apresentou um efeito antimicrobiano residual em ambos os períodos de imersão noturna, o que não foi observado com o NaClO. Por outro lado, a CLX residual resultou em efeito intensamente citotóxico aos fibroblastos gengivais humanos quando comparada ao NaClO e à agua destilada, que se apresentaram discretamente citotóxicos. Esses resultados sugerem precaução na seleção de agentes de limpeza para prótese como meio de prevenção e tratamento adjunto da estomatite protética, pois mesmo em concentrações baixas, recomendadas para imersão noturna, podem apresentar algum grau de toxicidade às mucosas de suporte protético. / This in vitro study aimed to evaluate the long-term residual antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity of chemical denture cleansers incorporated into a heat-polymerized acrylic resin after successive cycles of daily overnight soaking. Discs (10mm x 1mm) were prepared from heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Lucitone 550) and submitted to three daily immersion (8h/each) in 1% sodium hypochlorite (NaClO), chlorhexidine digluconate 2% (CHX) or distilled water (control) for 91 days (T91) or 183 days (T183), simulating the period of 9 months or 1.5 year of nocturnal immersion performed by the patient. Initially, the method of minimum inhibitory concentration in broth was used to determine the possible residual effect (incorporation) of the acrylic resin solution. Half of the disks immersed in each cleaning agent for one of the period immersion (n=5) was inoculated (1x107cells/mL) with pathogens associated with denture stomatitis: Candida albicans (Ca) or Staphylococcys aureus (Sa). The disks were incubated at 37oC for analysis in a spectrophotometer after 24h, 7 and 14 days. The absorbance values were expressed as percentages of microbial inhibition. Confirmed the residual antimicrobial action of cleaning agents incorporated into the acrylic resin, its cytotoxicity was analyzed in vitro on human gingival fibroblasts (L929). Cytotoxic effects were evaluated by the colorimetric assay MTT [3- (4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl) -2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] to determine cellular viability after the cells were exposed for 24h to the samples of each experimental condition (n=18) previously immersed in one of the solutions for the evaluation periods (T91 or T183). Cytotoxicity was determined based on mitochondrial activity compared to the specimens not subjected to immersion in the solutions. The MTT assay results were 1-way ANOVA followed by Tukey\'s HSD post-hoc test (a=0.05). For the periods T91 and T183, no microbial inhibition was observed with immersion in water (control) for up to 14 days of incubation. The CHX progressively inhibited microbial growth over the 14 days for both immersion times (Ca: 19 to 73.58%, Sa: 0 to 87.08%); with greater antimicrobial activity in T183. The NaClO showed a slight microbial inhibition only in the 14-day period in both T91 (Ca: 0%; Sa: 2.70%) and T183 (Ca: 8.50%; Sa: 15.08%). According to the results of the MTT assay, the chemical cleaning solutions tested showed a significant reduction in cell viability when compared to the control cells propagated in normal culture medium (p<0.002). The CHX resulted in the lowest cell viability in both immersion periods (p<0.018). The acrylic samples immersed in water or NaClO in T91 and T183 showed cell viability statistically similar to nonimmersed samples (p>0.05). CHX incorporated into the acrylic resin denture base had a residual antimicrobial effect on both immersion periods, which was not observed with NaClO. On the other hand, the residual CHX were severely cytotoxic to human gingival fibroblasts compared to NaClO and distilled water which were slightly cytotoxic. These results suggest caution in selecting denture cleaning agents as a method of prevention and adjunct treatment of denture stomatitis because even at low concentrations recommended for overnight immersion, they may exhibit some degree of toxicity to the denture bearing mucosa.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a variação das guias sagitais (guia condilar e guia incisal), em função do plano de orientação (curvatura e inclinação) e da altura das cúspides, no movimento protrusivo mandibular, in vitro, buscando as relações entre esses fatores, tanto de forma analógica como digital. No estudo analógico foram avaliadas as inclinações das guias condilares, inclinações da guia incisal, proeminência da curva de compensação e inclinação do plano oclusal. Para isso foram utilizados planos de orientação prototipados com a proeminência da curva de compensação pré definidas por calotas de esferas de 7, 8 ou 9 polegadas de diâmetro. Para cada proeminência da curva de compensação haviam 3 inclinações antero-posterior também pré definidas em: planos iniciais, ou planos 0, planos com um aumento da inclinação de 5 graus em relação ao primeiro, ou plano +5, e planos com uma inclinação 5 graus menor que o primeiro, ou plano -5. Com um par planos de orientação montados no articulador não arcon Bio-art EVA Plus ajustou-se as guias condilares e incisal, após isso foi aumentada a inclinação da guia condilar e observadas as alterações necessárias nos outros três fatores, inclinação da guia incisal, proeminência da curva de compensação e inclinação do plano oclusal, cada uma em seu determinado momento, para se restabelecer o ajuste do articulador. Esse procedimento foi repetido alterando-se cada um dos outros 3 fatores gerando assim 6 condições experimentais analógicas. No estudo digital foram avaliadas as inclinações das guias condilares, inclinações da guia incisal, proeminência da curva de compensação, inclinação do plano oclusal e altura das cúspides dos dentes posteriores. Para isso, o articulador Bio-art EVA Plus foi reproduzido no programa Adobe Photoshop CS3 juntamente com os planos de orientação e as simulações de cúspides e de dentes anteriores. Da mesma forma que o estudo analógico iniciou-se com os planos de orientação em posição e o articulador com as guias condilares e guia incisal ajustadas; foi aumentada a inclinação da guia condilar e observado no movimento de protrusão o comportamento dos outros 4 fatores, cada um em um determinado momento, para o restabelecimento da oclusão bilaterla balanceada. Esse procedimento foi repetido com cada um dos outros 4 fatores gerando assim 10 condições experimentais virtuais. Os resultados permitiram concluir que existe uma relação entre a inclinação da guia condilar, inclinação da guia incisal, proeminência da curva de compesação, inclinação da curva de compensação e altura das cúspides, na obtenção da oclusão bilateral balanceada, e esta relação comprova as descritas por Hanau em seus estudos. / The objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the variation of the saggital guidances (condylar guidance and incisal guidance) according to plane of orientation (prominence and inclination) and cusp heights during mandibular protrusive movements. The relationship between afore mentioned factors were assessed through both analogical and digital methods. In the analogical study, the inclination of condylar guidance and incisal guidance, prominence of compensating curve and the inclination of the occlusal plane were evaluated. In order to do so, prototyped guiding planes with compensating curves prominence pre-defined by spheres of 7, 8 and 9 inches of diameter were used. For each compensating curves prominence, there were also 3 pre-defined antero-posterior inclinations: initial planes (plane 0), planes with a 5-degree inclination increase (plane +5) and planes with a 5-degree inclination decrease (plane -5). A pair of guiding planes was mounted on a non-arcon Bio-art EVA Plus articulator and condylar and incisal guidances were adjusted. As the condylar guidance was increased, the changes necessary to reestablish the articulators adjustment were observed for the other three factors: incisal guidances inclination, prominence of compensating curve and occlusal planes inclination. This procedure was repeated altering each one of the other three factors resulting in 6 analogical experimental conditions. In the digital study, condylar guidance inclination, incisal guidance inclination, compensating curve prominence, occlusal plane inclination and posterior teeths cusp heights were evaluated. In order to do so, the Bio-art EVA Plus articulator, guiding planes and simulations of the cusps and anterior teeth were reproduced in the Adobe Photoshop CS3 program As performed at the analogical study, the guiding planes were put into position and the condylar and incisal guidances were adjusted. The condylar guidance inclination was increased and the changes in the other 4 factors were observed in the protrusive moment so that the bilateral balanced occlusion could be reestablished. This procedure was repeated with each one of the 4 factors resulting in 10 virtual experimental conditions. The results showed that there is a relationship between the condylar guidance inclination, incisal guidance inclination, prominence of the compensating curve and the cusp heights when achieving bilateral balanced occlusion and the results obtained in the current study is in accordance with those obtained by Hanau.