Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2017-04-17T19:16:40Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Alícia Cechin_.pdf: 515927 bytes, checksum: 0cbde681385e2cdfaa91d02496e274b7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-17T19:16:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alícia Cechin_.pdf: 515927 bytes, checksum: 0cbde681385e2cdfaa91d02496e274b7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-16 / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O aumento dos Acordos Preferenciais de Comércio (APCs) tem modificado o cenário do comércio internacional. No caso brasileiro, o país se mostra relativamente isolado no cenário das negociações comerciais preferenciais, não possuindo um conjunto de acordos comerciais importantes com parceiros extra-regionais. Nesse sentido, o estudo busca examinar através de um modelo de equilíbrio geral computável (GTAP), os efeitos que a criação de APCs com importantes parceiros comerciais do Brasil teria sobre variáveis-chave para a economia, especialmente bem-estar e comércio internacional. Além das reduções das tarifas de importação, o trabalho também explorou os efeitos da redução das barreiras não-tarifárias (BNTs). Os impactos da formação de acordos de livre comércio geralmente se concentram naqueles setores mais protegidos antes da criação do bloco. Nas simulações realizadas neste trabalho, isso também se observou. Os resultados mostraram um aumento expressivo nas exportações de produtos primários e de baixa intensidade tecnológica, quando simulada a redução parcial e plena das tarifas de importação, no entanto quando simula-se além da redução das tarifas de importação a redução das BNTs, verifica-se que o sistema produtivo brasileiro pode ser afetado de diferente forma. Com a redução plena de tarifas e BNTs, as exportações brasileiras de setores de maior conteúdo tecnológico seriam as mais beneficiadas, enquanto a liberalização parcial das BNTs, além de reduzir a magnitude das exportações em todos os acordos, iria estimular mais setores de menor conteúdo tecnológico em vários acordos. No que se refere ao ganho de bem-estar, verifica-se o mesmo comportamento das exportações, mas quando ocorre a redução das BNTs, o maior ganho de bem-estar é obtido em setores de maior intensidade tecnológica. / The increase in the PTAs (Preferential Trade Agreements) has modified the international trade scenario, in the case of Brazil, the country appears to be relatively isolated in the context of trade negotiations, lacking a set of important trade agreements with extra-regional partners. In this sense, the study seeks to examine, through a computable general equilibrium model (GTAP), the effects that the creation of PTAs with important trade partners of Brazil would have on key variables for the economy, especially welfare and trade International. In addition to the reduction of import tariffs, the work also explored the effects of reducing non-tariff barriers (NTBs). The impacts of forming free trade agreements generally focus on those sectors most protected before the bloc was created. In the simulations performed in this work, this was also observed. The results show a significant increase in exports of primary products and low technological intensity, when simulated the partial and full reduction of import tariffs, however, when the reduction of NTBs is allowed in addition to the reduction of import tariffs, it is verified that the Brazilian productive sector can be affected differently. With the full reduction of tariffs and NTBs, Brazilian exports of sectors with higher technological content would be the most benefited, while the partial liberalization of NTBs, besides reducing the magnitude of exports in all agreements, would stimulate more sectors of lower technological content in most agreements. With regard to welfare gains, the same behavior of exports is observed, when reduction of NTBs occur, the greatest welfare gain is obtained in sectors of higher technological intensity.

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Submitted by Raoni Rugai Marinho (raonirmarinho@gmail.com) on 2015-03-11T14:52:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-03-11T16:25:42Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-11T16:31:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação - RRM_20150311.pdf: 998586 bytes, checksum: 81f50db5cdf96110f5bba72b66357ea4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-11 / Motivado pelas diversas discussões em torno do futuro das negociações multilaterais do comércio mundial, utilizando o embasamento de trabalhos anteriores realizados a partir de dados de exportação e importação nos Estados Unidos da América, o presente trabalho busca estimar impactos econômicos ao Brasil das diretivas do Acordo de Facilitação de Comércio de Bali, utilizando-se para isso de Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral já consolidado no tratamento de comércio internacional, bem como sua base de dados. Os principais resultados indicam uma reindustrialização das exportações brasileiras, e permitem concluir que a adesão ao Acordo gera ganhos ao Brasil, e que o país segue na direção correta nesse aspecto. Tais resultados se mostram úteis na formulação de futuras diretrizes para a abertura comercial. / Motivated by the various discussions on the future of the multilateral negotiations of world trade, using previous works, which used data on export and import in the United States of America as basis, this paper seeks to estimate the economic impacts of the policies of Bali Trade Facilitation Agreement to Brazil, making use of a consolidated Computable General Equilibrium model in the treatment of international trade, as well as its database. The main results indicate a reindustrialization of Brazilian exports, and show that the adherence to the Agreement generates gains in Brazil, and that the country goes in the right direction in this regard. Such results could be useful in elaborating future guidelines for trade liberalization.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-08T14:44:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1758104 bytes, checksum: 44e8e7ad979e645b86ada3465c9bf745 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-03-01 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This study analyses the effects of an increase in investments to energy production, over the emissions of CO2 and the main macroeconomic variables. The data required for their preparation were obtained from the Ministry of Mines and Energy, the IBGE and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. To meet these goals, the energy inputs were divided into two groups: energy "clean" and "dirty"; based on their coefficients of CO2 emissions in 2006. Then, were simulated scenarios with: increases in investment equivalent to 1% of GDP in 2006, for each energy group, as well as scenarios involving an environmental tax of R$ 100.00 per ton of CO2; for a time horizon of ten years, using a sequential Computable General Equilibrium Model. The results of these simulations showed that there was a direct relationship between increased investments in energy and: the process of capital accumulation, the real GDP growth, the evolution of welfare, the evolution of CO2 emissions and changes in the intensity of CO2 pollution. Meanwhile, the results for simulations involving the environmental tax shown that it implied, in general, in: slowdown in capital accumulation, GDP growth below the steady state, a strong reduction of welfare and increasing reductions of emissions and intensity of pollution. Especially, the combination of an increase in investments for clean energy production, with the adoption of the environmental tax, was able to generate, simultaneously: accelerated accumulation of capital (2,70%) and real GDP growth (1,08%), increase of the welfare (R$ 33 billion) and reduction of the emissions (-1,21%) and intensity of pollution (-2,26%). / Este estudo trata dos efeitos de um aumento dos investimentos destinados a produção de energia, sobre as emissões de CO2 e as principais variáveis macroeconômicas. Os dados necessários à sua elaboração foram obtidos junto ao Ministério de Minas e Energia, ao IBGE e o Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Para cumprir com esses objetivos, os insumos energéticos foram divididos em dois grupos: energéticos limpos e sujos ; com base nos seus coeficientes de emissões de CO2 em 2006. Em seguida, foram simulados cenários com: aumentos nos investimentos equivalentes a 1% do PIB em 2006, para cada grupo de energético; bem como cenários envolvendo um imposto ambiental de R$ 100,00 por tonelada de CO2; para um horizonte de tempo de dez anos, utilizando um Modelo de Equilíbrio Geral Computável sequencial. Os resultados dessas simulações mostraram que existiu uma relação direta entre o aumento dos investimentos em energia e: o processo de acumulação de capital, o crescimento do PIB real, a evolução do bem-estar, a evolução das emissões de CO2 e a evolução da intensidade de poluição por CO2. Enquanto isso, os resultados para as simulações envolvendo o imposto ambiental mostraram que o mesmo implicou, de maneira geral, em: desaceleração do processo de acumulação de capital, crescimento do PIB abaixo do estado estacionário, forte redução do bem-estar e redução crescente das emissões e da intensidade da poluição. Especialmente, a combinação de um aumento dos investimentos destinados a produção de energia limpa, com a adoção do imposto ambiental, foi capaz de gerar, simultaneamente: aceleração da acumulação de capital (2,70%) e crescimento do PIB real (1,08%); aumento do bem-estar (R$ 33 bilhões); e redução das emissões (-1,21%) e da intensidade da poluição (-2,26%).

Depuis quelques années, investir dans le secteur agricole est devenu un des objectifs prioritaires des politiques économiques de lutte contre la pauvreté en Afrique Subsaharienne. Or, dans la perspective des Objectifs du Millénaire pour le Développement, les pays doivent également faire face à la nécessité croissante d’orienter leurs ressources budgétaires limitées vers le financement de leurs dépenses sociales. Dans ce contexte, en prenant appui sur le cas spécifique de l’Ouganda, l’objectif de cette thèse est de savoir dans quelle mesure il est possible de concilier simultanément ces impératifs sociaux et économiques en exploitant les effets de croissance de certaines dépenses sociales dans la sphère agricole. La santé des ménages agricoles joue alors le rôle de variable stratégique de l’analyse parce qu’elle est à la fois une dimension du bien être dont sont privés les plus pauvres et parce qu’elle détermine également leur niveau de productivité. Dans un premier temps, les facteurs socioéconomiques qui influencent la dépense en santé des Ougandais ont été identifiés. Ils révèlent la complexité de ce processus de dépense, ses relations avec la morbidité et le choix du type de fournisseurs de soins ou les interdépendances entre les différentes catégories de dépenses en soins. Dans un deuxième temps, l’analyse porte une seconde composante essentielle de la santé : la diversité alimentaire. Elle révèle une hétérogénéité inobservée a priori entre les ménages ougandais ainsi que les principaux déterminants socio-économiques de leur demande de diversité alimentaire. Dans un troisième temps, l’accent est mis sur la nature et l’intensité du lien entre les différentes catégories de dépense en santé et la productivité des agriculteurs ougandais. Enfin, une partie de ces résultats micro-économétriques est replacée dans un cadre d’Equilibre Général pour simuler les impacts macroéconomiques et microéconomiques d’une subvention publique du prix des produits de santé non marchands en Ouganda. Les résultats obtenus montrent alors qu’il semble possible de mener dans ce pays des politiques répondant simultanément aux besoins sociaux de court terme de la population et aux impératifs économiques de plus long terme de croissance pro-pauvres, et d’en maximiser les effets à moindre coût en ciblant certains types de ménages et/ou certains types de services de santé. / In recent years, investment in agriculture has become one of the priority objectives of economic policies to fight against poverty in Sub-Saharan Africa. However, from the perspective of Millennium Development Goals, African countries must also deal with the increasing need to focus their scarce budgetary resources towards social spending. In this context, taking the specific case of Uganda, the objective of this thesis is to understand how it is possible to simultaneously achieve these social and economic goals by exploiting the growth effects of some social spending in the agricultural sector. Farmers ‘health plays a critical role of the analysis because it is both a dimension of well-being which are denied to the poor and a determinant of their productivity. At first, socio-economic factors that influence health spending of Ugandans have been identified. They reveal the complexity of this expenditure process, its relationship with morbidity and the choice of healthcare providers, or the interdependencies between the different types of healthcare expenditures. Next, the analysis focuses on a second essential component of health: food diversity. It reveals an a priori unobserved heterogeneity between Ugandan households and the main socio-economic determinants of their demand for food diversity. In a third step, emphasis is placed on the nature and intensity of the link between the different categories of health expenditure and the productivity of Ugandan farmers. Lastly, some of these previous micro-econometric results are replaced in a general equilibrium framework to simulate the macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts of government subsidies on health in Uganda. Results show that it seems possible to design policy in this country which meets simultaneously the short-term social needs of population and the longer-term economic imperatives of pro-poor growth. They also show that it is possible to maximize the effects of these policies at lower cost by targeting certain types of households and / or certain types of health services.

L'appel croissant à la mise en œuvre d'une politique climatique ambitieuse et globale devrait détério-rer les perspectives économiques des pays dépendants du pétrole. Cette thèse étudie les impacts économiques de cette transition bas-carbone ainsi que les stratégies d'atténuation possibles pour le premier exportateur de pétrole: le Royaume d'Arabie Saoudite (AS). Nous proposons une applica-tion utilisant un modèle intégré économie-énergie-environnement qui prend en compte les spécifici-tés de l’économie saoudienne comme l’ancrage de son taux de change ou encore les prix d’énergies administrés.Premièrement, en utilisant une représentation agrégée de l’économie saoudienne, nous montrons qu’un prix du pétrole plus faible résultant de la transition bas-carbone mondiale résulte en un taux de croissance marginalement bas, des excédents commerciaux significativement réduits et à un chô-mage plus élevé. Nous analysons la portée des outils dont dispose l’AS pour atténuer les impacts des politiques climatiques sur son économie. Nous estimons que l'alignement des prix de l'énergie saou-diens sur les références internationales ainsi que l’augmentation des gains d'efficacité énergétique fournissent à l’AS des sources de revenus supplémentaires. Ce cadre de modélisation permet de tes-ter des scénarios prospectifs tout en contrôlant leurs spécifications macroéconomiques.Ensuite, nous mettons en perspective ces spécifications dans un cadre multisectoriel afin d'étudier les stratégies de diversification émanant des contributions prévues déterminées au niveau national (INDC) ainsi que son programme stratégique Vision 2030. Nous concluons que la diversification économique dans les secteurs à faible intensité énergétique (industrie manufacturière, tourisme et services financiers) en augmentant les exportations et la substitution des importations, en plus de réformer l'impôt sur les sociétés offre une perspective positive par rapport à une expansion continue des industries à forte intensité énergétique (minéraux, pétrochimie et ciment). En effet, nous mon-trons que la diversification dans les secteurs à faible intensité énergétique génère une croissance plus forte et un chômage plus faible. En outre, dans le cadre de ce scénario de diversification écono-mique, l’AS dépasse ses engagements climatiques en termes de réduction des émissions de CO2. Néanmoins, l’expansion des secteurs à forte intensité énergétique résulte en une meilleure perspec-tive de la dette publique puisque le gouvernement tire des revenus plus élevés de ses participations dans les industries lourdes. Enfin, nous concluons que dans nos deux scénarios, l’AS n’atteint que partiellement ses ambitions de transition vers une économie moins dépendante du pétrole dans le cadre du programme Vision 2030, ce qui suggère que de nouvelles réformes doivent être envisagées.Cette thèse contribue à la littérature sur l’implémentation d’une politique climatique et ses consé-quences économiques pour les pays exportateurs pétrole. Notre travail fournit des estimations sur les réformes économiques à entreprendre comme stratégies d'atténuation et pourrait donc être adapté pour couvrir d'autres pays et sources d’énergie. / The increasing call for implementing a global and ambitious climate policy is expected to deteriorate economic outlook of oil-dependent countries. Our research work investigates the impact of this global low-carbon transition and the potential mitigation strategies for the largest oil exporter: The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). We propose an application using an integrated economy-energy-environment modelling framework taking into account salient features of the Saudi economy such as the currency peg and the regulated domestic energy prices.First, using an aggregated representation of the KSA economy, we show that a weaker oil price re-sulting from the global low-carbon transition is associated with a marginally lower growth, large trade surplus accumulation loss, and higher unemployment for the KSA. We analyse what scope the KSA has to mitigate climate policy impacts. We reveal that aligning domestic energy prices with international references and achieving energy efficiency gains increases economic efficiency while improving public budget prospects. This modelling framework allows to investigate scenarios while controlling the modelling macroeconomic specifications.We refine these outlooks in a mulstisector framework that further allows investigating diversifica-tion opportunities within the Saudi Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) and its Vision 2030 program. We conclude that economic diversification into non energy-intensive sectors (manufacture, tourism, and financial services) through increasing exports and import substitution, in addition to targeting fiscal adjustments of the corporate tax, provide a positive outlook compared with a continuous expansion of energy-intensive activities (minerals, petrochemical, and cement). Indeed, we show that diversification in non-energy intensive sector generates higher growth, and lower unemployment. In addition, under our designed economic diversification plan, the KSA ex-ceeds its climate pledges in terms of targeted CO2 abatement. Nevertheless, the continuous expan-sion of energy-intensive industries is associated with a better outlook for the public debt since the government derives higher revenues from its participation in energy-intensive industries. Finally, we conclude that in our two scenarios, the KSA only partially succeeds in its transition toward a less oil-dependent economy as part of the Vision 2030 program, suggesting that further reforms are to be considered.This thesis contributes to the literature on climate policy implementation and associated economic consequences for fossil-fuel exporters. It provides insights on economic reforms as mitigation strate-gies and could be thus adapted to cover additional countries and fuels.

L’objectif de cette thèse consiste à élaborer un modèle d’équilibre général calculable adapté à l’analyse de la politique de soutien au biodiesel en France. Le gouvernement français a décidé récemment de supprimer l’exonération partielle de TICPE qui était jusqu’à présent la principale aide aux biocarburants de première génération. Cette mesure pourrait compromettre l’avenir de ce secteur en l’absence d’un nouveau système d’incitations. Notre modèle vise d’une part à mesurer les conséquences de ce changement réglementaire sur les différentes activités économiques; et d’autre part à évaluer les impacts d’un dispositif alternatif de soutien au biodiesel fondé sur un relèvement de la fiscalité sur le gazole. L’étude tient compte de la contribution des fluctuations du prix du pétrole à cet objectif. La matrice de comptabilité sociale servant de base empirique au modèle est fondée sur l’année de référence 2009. Elle comprend 3 facteurs de production, et 17 biens et secteurs d’activité. La désagrégation des secteurs agricoles et agroalimentaires fait apparaître la chaîne de production du biodiesel de manière détaillée. Le modèle intègre également des spécifications permettant de représenter le rôle des coproduits du biodiesel et les changements d’affectation des sols. Les résultats des simulations suggèrent que l’objectif d’incorporation de 10% à l’horizon 2020 requis par la directive européenne de 2009 pourrait être atteint par un relèvement de la TICPE sur le gazole à un niveau comparable à celui en vigueur sur le carburant essence. Cependant, les effets récessifs observés sur un certain nombre de variables conduisent à tempérer l’opportunité d’adopter une telle mesure. / The objective of this thesis is to build a computable general equilibrium model for the analysis of the public support policy to biodiesel in France. The French government has recently decided to remove the partial exemption from the excise tax on fuels that was until now the main support instrument to promote first-generation biofuels. This modification could affect the profitability of the biofuels’ and connected activities. In this context, our model aims on the one hand to quantifies the consequences of this policy change throughout the national economy; on the other hand, it assesses the impacts of an alternative support scheme based on higher taxes on conventional diesel. The study also takes into account the influence of oil price fluctuations in the analysis. The social accounting matrix (SAM) used as empirical basis is built on the 2009 reference year. It includes three production factors, and seventeen goods and activity sectors. The disaggregation of agricultural and agribusiness sectors emphasizes the whole biodiesel production chain. Energy substitution is reflected through multi-stages nested production and consumption structures. In line with recent studies, the model also specifies the role of biodiesel by-products in the livestock sector, and analyses the land use changes. Different scenarios are implemented to isolate the effects of changes in the support system. Results of simulations suggest that the 10% penetration rate targeted by the 2009 European directive by 2020 could be reached with taxes on diesel as high as on gasoline. However, recessive impacts observed in many sectors mitigate the opportunity to adopt such an alternative support policy.

Dans un contexte de croissance effrénée de la demande mondiale d'énergie et de pression environnementale pour lutter contre le réchauffement climatique, cette thèse étudie une des technologies envisagées pour réduire les émissions de dioxyde de carbone (CO2) : la capture et le stockage géologique du carbone (CSC). Nous étudions principalement l’application de cette technologie à la production des bioénergies (BCSC) car ce procédé permet d’épurer l’atmosphère tout en fournissant un substitut énergétique non polluant aux énergies fossiles. La première partie de ce travail analyse le potentiel économique et environnemental de la technologie de BCSC. Tout d'abord, une évaluation économique et environnementale de la BCSC dans le secteur de la production de bioéthanol en France est conduite.Ensuite, grâce à un modèle bottom-up d’optimisation TIAM-FR, nous étudions le potentiel global et régional de cette technologie dans le secteur de l'électricité. Enfin, les incitations économiques à mettre en place pour assurer son développement sont mises en évidences. Dans la deuxième partie, un modèle d'équilibre général calculable est utilisé pour évaluer les politiques environnementales. Nous construisons le modèle théorique en introduisant les technologies de CSC et de BCSC ainsi qu’une large variété d’instruments économiques. Le modèle est ensuite calibré pour comparer l’efficacité économique des instruments de politique environnementale à un niveau mondial et à un niveau français. / In a context of unbridled growth of global energy demand and environmental pressure in the fight againstglobal warming, this thesis studies one of the proposed technologies to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2)emissions: carbon capture and geological storage (CCS). We therefore consider the application of thistechnology to the production of bioenergies (BCCS) because this technology allows purifying theatmosphere while providing a clean energy alternative to fossil fuels. The first part of this work analyzesthe economic and environmental potential of BCCS. First, an economic and environmental assessment ofBCCS in the bioethanol production in France is conducted. Then, using the bottom-up optimization modelTIAM-FR, we study the global and regional potential of this technology in the electricity sector. Finally,the economic incentives that need to be provided to ensure BCCS deployment are highlighted. In thesecond part, a general equilibrium model is used to evaluate environmental policies. We construct thetheoretical model by introducing the CCS and BCCS as well as a wide range of economic instruments.The model is then calibrated to compare the effectiveness of environmental policy instruments at a globallevel and at a French level.

Près de deux décennies, après la libéralisation de l’économie tunisienne, les disparités régionales se sont fortement accentuées. Les amples écarts de développement entre les régions du littoral et de l’intérieur sont révélateurs d’une grande hétérogénéité en termes de niveaux de revenus, de croissance, de chômage, de répartition entre activités à forte et à faible productivités et de pauvreté. Si les régions du littoral font partie de l’axe de compétitivité et constituent le centre des branches phares de l’industrie tunisienne, les autres régions de l’intérieur disposent de moins de compétences stratégiques et affichent des performances moyennes, voire même faibles. Aucun processus de convergence régionale n’est enclenché. L’objet de la thèse est de quantifier et d’appréhender les impacts macroéconomiques et microéconomiques de sept réformes de politiques économiques susceptibles de réduire les disparités régionales, dans le cadre d’une approche macro-micro. Approche qui conduit inévitablement à privilégier un cadre d’analyse qui se compose de deux modèles reliés: un modèle d’équilibre général dynamique et multirégional et un modèle de micro simulation. L’implémentation de ces deux modèles a permis de réaliser un exercice de projection et un autre de simulation. Le premier exercice a étudié l’évolution future de l’économie tunisienne, en absence de toutes réformes économiques et/ou choc exogène. Les résultats montrent que le clivage littoral-intérieur devrait s’accentuer si des mesures de correction ne sont pas mises en œuvre. Les résultats de simulation suggèrent qu’une politique de libéralisation commerciale bénéficie plus aux régions du littoral. Pour stimuler la croissance des régions de l’intérieur, il est préférable d’entreprendre des politiques de discrimination positive qui visent à augmenter leurs niveaux d’investissements public et surtout privé. Par ailleurs, la réduction de l’écart de performance économique entre le littoral et l’intérieur du pays ne peut se faire rapidement qu’au moyen d’un changement technologique important dans les régions de l’intérieur. Tous les scénarios envisagés dans ce travail rejettent la nécessité d’un arbitrage entre croissance et pauvreté régionales et confirment donc les possibilités d’une croissance pro-pauvre. / Almost two decades after the liberalization of the Tunisian economy, regional disparities have been accentuated severely and are expected to grow further. The existing gap between the coastal regions and those inland is showing high inequality in terms of levels of income, growth, unemployment, productivity and poverty. The industry in the littoral regions remains the most competitive leading the Tunisian industry, while other regions in the interior lag behind with fewer strategic competences and skills and medium or even low performance. Hence, the process of regional convergence has been broken rather than achieved. The purpose of this research is to assess and quantify the macroeconomic and microeconomic impacts of seven economic policies which aiming to reduce regional disparities in Tunisia. For that purpose, we will use a micro-macro based approach with two interconnected models: A multiregional dynamic general-equilibrium model and a micro-simulation model. The implementation of these two models has enabled a projection exercise and simulation one. The first exercise studied the future evolution of the Tunisian economy in its national and regional dimensions without any economic and / or exogenous shock reforms. The results show that the littoral-internal cleavage is expected to increase if corrective measures will not be implemented. Simulation results show that trade liberalization policy benefits more to coastal regions. However, to stimulate growth performance on behalf of inland regions, positive discrimination action policies, as public and especially private investment increase, will be necessary. Moreover, reducing the economic gap performance between the coast and the interior can be done quickly through a major technological change for regions in the interior. All scenarios in this study reject the possibility of trade-off between growth and regional poverty and thus confirm the potential for pro-poor growth.

Minerals are important natural resources and their development is a historically old, yet new, idea for creating economic prosperity in developing countries. Various researchers have evolved several arguments regarding the impact of mineral resources on development and growth, but they have yet to furnish a practical method of economic evaluation of mineral resources development. This thesis focuses on the economic impact of mineral resource development in a small developing country in the South Pacific Region, namely Fiji. Fiji has expectations and faces challenges in its natural resources development. The Namosi project, a large copper-gold mine development, has been proposed and is under consideration by the Fijian government, who is deliberating on whether mining resources should be developed as a means to add to its prosperity and economic growth or alternatively conserved from the standpoint of the environment and stability. In this study, four significant issues are analyzed viz.: 1) Whether the Namosi mine development project gives a positive net private return. 2) Whether the predicted amount of revenue flowing to the Fijian government from the Namosi mine development exceeds the estimated external cost (in this case, environmental cost) from its development. 3) The impacts of the project on various levels of the Fijian economy, and whether the mine development in Fiji results in an enclave industry; and whether mining has strong or weak backward and forward production linkages with the rest of the Fijian economy. 4) Whether “Dutch disease” will ensue from mining development in Fiji and its level of severity. Regarding issue 1) above, Private Cost-Benefit Analysis (CBA) is conducted by applying the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) method to evaluate the Namosi mining project based on financial projections. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis is conducted in order to allow for possible variations in copper and gold prices. This analysis indicates that given the anticipated metal prices, private returns from this mining development are likely to be positive. Indeed, the current high metal prices would lead to high private returns. Regarding issue 2) above, Social Cost-Benefit Analyses are attempted. Under the given circumstances, the results show that the benefits of the mine project, as a whole for its 29-year life, substantially outweigh the environmental costs of the project to Fiji. However, due to a lack of available data on the economic magnitude of environmental spillovers, only estimates of environmental costs of the Namosi mining development could be made. Regarding issue 3) above, Input-Output model analysis is performed. Fiji’s total output (without production from the Namosi mine) is found to be F$5,529.917 million. It is estimated that the Namosi project will increase the output of Fiji directly by F$465.574 million (which includes the production inducement effect) and will result in an increase of F$543.788 million in overall Fijian output (GDP). This increase will also be followed by an increased output of about F$10-30 million in related industries, such as in the commerce, transport, and insurance sectors. Based on this Input-Output analysis, it is found that Fiji’s mining sector is an export-oriented enclave industry and that the mining industry itself has very little influence on economic activity in other sectors of the economy. Regarding issue 4) above, the Computable General Equilibrium (CGE) model analysis is applied. Evidence of the likely occurrence of Dutch disease can be detected from output indicators of each industry, consumer prices and exports. Examples of Dutch disease are as follows: a decrease in output of agricultural industries and in export-oriented domestic industries; an increase in consumer prices (inflation); a decrease of exports both in exportable agricultural products and in manufactured products oriented to exports. However, several macro-variables improve, such as employees’ income, trade (exports and imports), tax revenue, tariff revenue, VAT revenue, government account (savings and expenditure) and GDP etc. These results suggest that there could be a major increase in national welfare. Thus, from an economics point of view, it has been found (by comparing gains in Fijian government revenue with potential Fijian environmental costs) that it is very likely that development of the Namosi mine will result in a net social gain to Fiji. These results are based on the application of principles of social cost-benefit analysis and indicate that a Kaldor-Hicks improvement (a potential Pareto improvement) is likely for Fiji as a result of the mining development. This means that from the predicted net revenue gains of the Fijian government from mining, those who suffer environmental losses would be compensated and the government would still have some extra revenue left over. An actual Paretian improvement is also possible.