This doctoral dissertation describes a research study that examined the effectiveness of an experimental Supplemental Instruction (SI) program that utilized computer-mediated communication (CMC) rather than traditional SI review sessions. During the Spring 1999 semester, six sections of an introductory computer course were offered via the Internet by a suburban community college district in Texas. Using Campbell and Stanley's Nonequivalent Control Group model, the online SI program was randomly assigned to four of the course sections with the two remaining sections serving as the control group. The students hired to lead the online review sessions participated in the traditional SI training programs at their colleges, and received training conducted by the researcher related to their roles as online discussion moderators. Following recommendations from Congos and Schoeps, the internal validity of the groups was confirmed by conducting independent t-tests comparing the students' cumulative credit hours, grade point averages, college entrance test scores, and first exam scores. The study's four null hypotheses were tested using multiple linear regression equations with alpha levels set at .01. Results indicated that the SI participants earned better course grades even though they had acquired fewer academic credits and had, on average, scored lower on their first course exams. Both the control group and the non-SI participants had average course grades of 2.0 on a 4.0 scale. The students who participated in at least one SI session had an average final course grade of 2.5, exceeding their previous grade point average of 2.15. Participation in one SI session using CMC was linked to a one-fourth letter grade improvement in students' final course grades. Although not statistically significant, on the average, SI participants had slightly better course retention, marginally increased course satisfaction, and fewer student-initiated contacts with their instructors.

Recent technological advances have witnessed the rapid encroachment of computing systems into our social spaces. Their acceptance in these social spaces by other occupants, however, might be mostly contingent on their social appropriateness. Notions of social appropriateness might seem vague but even people who don’t act on this commonsense knowledge, and accord to social norms, can sometimes find themselves ostracized from society. It is reflected in behavior that supports a sense of successful engagement and connection. Such behavior communicates a desire to be accepted and a willingness to engage, as opposed to inappropriateness that conveys indifference, rejection or even danger. As social actors, how can systems improve their interactions with us in order to better succeed at their tasks? Perhaps, more interestingly, how might they even improve our communications with each other? In this thesis we describe a framework to identify opportunities to design systems that can begin to act appropriately in social settings, which we call Considerate Systems. It includes a design process and guidelines, which allows an interaction to be viewed from the perspectives of the user, system and task. It also includes an architecture that guides the addition of productive social responses to interactive systems. We demonstrate the utility of this framework by exploring two types of scenarios that impact social interactions in contrasting ways. Remote interactions (such as on a conference call) suffer from an impinging of social cues that people rely on while communicating. On the other hand, situated multitasking interactions (such as texting while driving) can easily overwhelm users and detract from their performance. The framework is applied towards the design of autonomous agents tackling problems endemic to such scenarios. We evaluate their success with respect to specific scenario goals. We conclude by noting that while the challenges of instilling computing systems with a sense of appropriateness seem daunting, our productive use of systems can be enhanced with them.

The emergence of online information-seekers harnessing the aggregated experiences of others to evaluate online information has coincided with deceptive entities exploiting this tool to bias judgments. One method through which deceit about user-generated content can occur is through single entities impersonating multiple, independent content providers to saturate content samples. Two studies are introduced to explore how idiosyncratic indicators, features co-occurring between content messages that implicate a higher probability of deceit, can be used as a criterion to identify content that is not independently authored. In Study 1, analyses of a pairwise comparison of hypothetical reviews revealed that ratings of content independence were significantly lower when review pairs co-occurred in the attributes, text, and usernames compared to being heterogenous. In a high-fidelity experiment, Study 2 assessed if the effect of idiosyncratic indicators on independence is increased in the presence of multiple indicators, if it is attenuated with a high number of reviews, and if it impacts factors relevant to the choice selection process. As expected, the findings of Study 1 were replicated in addition to further revealing that the presence of multiple idiosyncratic cues yielded lower independence ratings. An interaction effect with idiosyncratic indicators and high review number was observed such that the effect of the former on independence was attenuated when there were a high number of reviews to obscure the presence of these indicators.

In everyday language, people tend to speak in a non-committing fashion when making claims, either to save their own face or to save another person’s face. In linguistics, this is called hedging, with common words and expressions such as probably, assume and I don’t know often revealing that a hedging speech act has been performed. In computer-mediated communication, Skovholt et al. (2014) discovered that emoticons, rather than signaling the sender’s emotions, were used to hedge. This study aims to further investigate the matter by looking at how users on a board game forum hedge when speaking about board games’ complexity with the research question “do more complex games involve more hedge usage on the board game forum Boardgamegeek?” as the point of departure. Data was taken from forum posts tagged with rules. The results showed that complexity barely increases the likelihood of hedging, with a slight edge given to simpler games.

The innovative advancements of information communication technology (ICT) combinedwith a globalized economy have given rise to organizational forms that manipulate timeand distance. Today, competitive advantages are more elusive than tangible as a result ofdynamically complex environments motivating organizations to adjust in structure andfunctional capacity. New emergent forms of organizational structures have resulted inthe virtual organization (VO), which employs a network structure and allowsorganizations the flexibility to perform core processes amongst distributed teams, units,departments, and/or organizations. In essence the virtual organization may be viewed asa strategic response to dynamic environmental forces that have encouragedorganizations to rethink the concept of competitiveness. Virtual organizations havegained popularity throughout the last decade as a more effective way of managing andcommunicating information within and across organizations. Information communicationtechnology (ICT) has aided in the globalizing effect of informationalism. Theinformational flows within a virtual organization have direct bearing on individual andgroup efforts to obtain and employ information essential to organizational objectives.This thesis investigates the information interchange within virtual organizations througha theoretical study, which converges identified relevant subject areas and introduces theMedia Rich Social Information Interchange (MERiSii) model. The empirical study isdesigned to further investigate the validity of theoretical concepts employed in theMERiSii model and to expand its development to facilitate the function of informationinterchange. VGR-IT is an IT infrastructure provider, for hospitals and healthcarefacilities in the Västra Götaland region of Sweden. Interviews conducted with an accountmanager for VGR-IT and an IT strategist for Borås Hospital give insight into thecommunicative tasks of information interchange that must be effective to support the coreprocesses within VGR-IT and the service VGR-IT provides to Borås hospital. The resultsof a comparative analysis between the theoretical and empirical studies support a revisedMERiSii model that may be implicated in future research to further verify itseffectiveness. / Program: Magisterutbildning i informatik

O surgimento da Internet provocou uma revolução no que diz respeito a novas formas de interação entre as pessoas, oferecendo experiências de comunicação em tempo real, nos chamados ambientes virtuais. Diante desse cenário, novos gêneros textuais emergem, abrindo caminho para inúmeras possibilidades de análise sob os mais diversos enfoques. Neste trabalho, tomamos por objeto de estudo as conversações digitais, procurando verificar, num primeiro momento, em que medida estas se aproximam ou se distanciam das conversações face a face. Também procuramos, ainda, identificar, descrever e analisar algumas estratégias interacionais inerentes a esse novo gênero, além de observar a manifestação de fenômenos da (des)cortesia verbal entre os interlocutores que utilizam esta forma de comunicação. Buscamos embasamentos na perspectiva da Análise da Conversação e da Sociolinguística Interacional para definir o gênero digital e as estratégias conversacionais do \"texto falado por escrito\" na Internet. O corpus utilizado neste trabalho é formado por conversações digitais advindas do MSN, software de comunicação instantânea da Microsoft Corporation, escolhido devido à sua larga utilização entre pessoas que utilizam a internet para comunicação. Pretendemos, assim, contribuir para o estudo das conversações digitais no âmbito da língua portuguesa, oferecendo uma nova abordagem para o estudo das comunicações mediadas pelo computador. / The emergence of the Internet sparked a revolution regarding to new forms of interaction between people, offering experiences of real-time communication, in the so-called virtual environments. In this scenario, new text genres emerge, opening up new possibilities for analysis from various perspectives. In this work, our study object is the digital conversations, and we try to ascertain, at first, how these conversations are similar, approach or move away from face to face conversations. We seek also to identify, describe and analyze some interactional strategies inherent to this new genre, in addition to observing the manifestation of phenomena of verbal (dis) courtesy between the interlocutors who use this form of communication. Our basements are on the perspective of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics, where we try to define the genre and digital strategies of conversational \"spoken text written\" on the Internet. The corpus used in this work is composed by digital conversations coming from the MSN instant messenger software from Microsoft Corporation, which was chosen because of its wide usage among people who access the Internet for communications. We intend, therefore, to contribute to the study of digital conversations in the Portuguese language scope, offering a new approach to the study of computer-mediated communications.

O surgimento da Internet provocou uma revolução no que diz respeito a novas formas de interação entre as pessoas, oferecendo experiências de comunicação em tempo real, nos chamados ambientes virtuais. Diante desse cenário, novos gêneros textuais emergem, abrindo caminho para inúmeras possibilidades de análise sob os mais diversos enfoques. Neste trabalho, tomamos por objeto de estudo as conversações digitais, procurando verificar, num primeiro momento, em que medida estas se aproximam ou se distanciam das conversações face a face. Também procuramos, ainda, identificar, descrever e analisar algumas estratégias interacionais inerentes a esse novo gênero, além de observar a manifestação de fenômenos da (des)cortesia verbal entre os interlocutores que utilizam esta forma de comunicação. Buscamos embasamentos na perspectiva da Análise da Conversação e da Sociolinguística Interacional para definir o gênero digital e as estratégias conversacionais do \"texto falado por escrito\" na Internet. O corpus utilizado neste trabalho é formado por conversações digitais advindas do MSN, software de comunicação instantânea da Microsoft Corporation, escolhido devido à sua larga utilização entre pessoas que utilizam a internet para comunicação. Pretendemos, assim, contribuir para o estudo das conversações digitais no âmbito da língua portuguesa, oferecendo uma nova abordagem para o estudo das comunicações mediadas pelo computador. / The emergence of the Internet sparked a revolution regarding to new forms of interaction between people, offering experiences of real-time communication, in the so-called virtual environments. In this scenario, new text genres emerge, opening up new possibilities for analysis from various perspectives. In this work, our study object is the digital conversations, and we try to ascertain, at first, how these conversations are similar, approach or move away from face to face conversations. We seek also to identify, describe and analyze some interactional strategies inherent to this new genre, in addition to observing the manifestation of phenomena of verbal (dis) courtesy between the interlocutors who use this form of communication. Our basements are on the perspective of Conversation Analysis and Interactional Sociolinguistics, where we try to define the genre and digital strategies of conversational \"spoken text written\" on the Internet. The corpus used in this work is composed by digital conversations coming from the MSN instant messenger software from Microsoft Corporation, which was chosen because of its wide usage among people who access the Internet for communications. We intend, therefore, to contribute to the study of digital conversations in the Portuguese language scope, offering a new approach to the study of computer-mediated communications.

Previous research has established that punctuation can be used to communicate nuances of meaning in online writing (McAndrew & De Jonge, 2011). Punctuation, considered a computer mediated communication (CMC) cue, expresses tone and emotion and disambiguates an author's intention (Vandergriff, 2013). Quotation marks as CMC cues can serve pragmatic functions and have been understudied. Some of these functions have been generally described (Predelli, 2003). However, no corpus study has specifically focused on the pragmatic uses of quotations in online text. Consumer reviews, a genre of online text, can directly impact business profits and influence customers' purchasing decisions (Floyd, Freling, Alhoqail, Cho & Freling, 2014). Businesses are investing in sentiment analysis to gauge their target market's opinions (Salehan & Kim, 2016). Sentiment analysis is the computerized appraisal of a text to determine whether its author is expressing a positive or negative opinion (Novak, Smailovic, Sluban & Mozetic, 2015). Sentiment analysis programs are still limited and could be improved in accuracy. Most programs rely on lexicons of words given a pre-determined polarity value (positive or negative) out of context (Novak et al., 2015). However, context is crucial to communication, and sentiment analysis programs could incorporate a better variety of contextual linguistic features to improve their accuracy. Quotations used for pragmatic communication is such a feature. This study discovered seven pragmatic quotation uses in a 2014 Yelp review corpus: Collective Knowledge, Non-standard, Grammatical, Non-literal, Narrative, Idiolect, and Emphasis. An ANOVA and Tukey HSD test were performed, and the results were significant. Pragmatic category accounted for 15% of the variance in review star rating. The Collective Knowledge category and the Narrative and Non-literal categories were significantly different from each other. The Collective Knowledge category showed a correlation with positive sentiment, while the Narrative and Non-literal categories displayed a correlation with negative sentiment. These three categories are likely present in several types of online text, making them valuable for further sentiment analysis research. If these pragmatic patterns could be detected automatically, they could be used in sentiment algorithms to give a more accurate picture of author opinion.

This work presents an analysis of punctuation use in computer-mediated communication (CMC); in particular, the present study aims to describe the pragmatic functions of nonstandard punctuation on Twitter, providing a corpus-driven overview of the distribution and frequency of nonstandard punctuation use, and an analysis of sampled tweets at the individual tweet level to estimate noise levels in the overall corpus. A survey was also conducted which aimed to identify user understanding of the affective content of nonstandard punctuation strings and to identify any possible effects of character repetition. Survey results indicate that linguistic content was the strongest indicator of affective understanding, type of punctuation (i.e., ?, !, and combinations thereof) was a weaker indicator of some affective content, and repetition was not found to be significant. The study argues that certain string types, possibly defined by punctuation type and not count, have large indexical fields of pragmatic meaning available to them, which are bounded by context. In light of these observations, the study also proposes distinctions/categories of punctuation strings and their associated pragmatic meanings.

This dissertation examines the discourse produced by beginning learners of Spanish using social media. Specifically, it looks at the use and development of interactional resources during two video-mediated conversations. Through a combination of Conversation Analysis tools and quantitative data analysis, the use of turn-taking strategies, repair trajectories, and alignment moves was examined to discover how beginning language learners manage videoconferencing exchanges and develop their interactional capabilities in this new interactional setting. The goal of this investigation was twofold: 1) to describe and explain how students construct, manage and maintain conversations via videoconferencing, and 2) to gain a better understanding of the links between technology-based social media and language learning. The results of this study indicate that instructional videoconferencing conversations display their own clearly delimited and idiosyncratic organization of interactional features. In terms of turn-taking, the results of the analyses demonstrate that beginning learners are fully capable of participating competently in speaker selection to manage a conversation with a peer of similar proficiency level. In the area of repair, the analyses show that, during instructional videoconferencing exchanges, beginning learners orient to both the communication of personal meaning and the accuracy of their discourse. They enact this orientation through the use of self-initiated self-repair. Finally, with regard to the use of alignment moves, the analyses reveal that, in tune with their nascent linguistic and interactional abilities, beginning learners use primarily acknowledgement moves.