Title: Study of electrical and dielectric properties of conducting polymers Author: Mgr. Martin Varga Department: Department of Macromolecular Physics Supervisor: RNDr. Jan Prokeš, CSc., Department of Macromolecular Physics Abstract: Charge transport in polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole (PPy) was studied in respect to various oxidants, dopants, morphology, and other modifica- tions in their synthesis. The mechanism of transport was discussed in the frame- work of combination of several models characteristic for disordered solids due to inherent heterogeneous structure of conducting polymers. Effect of drying on conductivity was studied and the long-time limit was explained with the diffusion- based model for bulk materials. For PPy nanotubes stability in strong alkaline media and aging were studied by AC and DC techniques. While conductivity of naturally aged samples after two years remained in the same order of magni- tude, after exposure to alkaline media or accelerated aging at high temperatures, conductivity decreased several orders of magnitude. Degraded material exhibited strong disorder and the transport model was completely changed. Despite severe treatment electrical properties were still comparable to other as-prepared mate- rials. Finally, an application example as ammonia sensor, the response of...

La tuberculose (TB) est une maladie transmise par l'air causée par Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) qui affecte habituellement les poumons, entraînant une toux sévère, de la fièvre et des douleurs thoraciques. En 2015, il a été estimé que plus de 9,6 millions de personnes dans le monde ont développé la tuberculose et que 1,5 millions sont morts de la maladie infectieuse dont 12% étaient co-infectés par le virus de l'immunodéficience humaine (VIH). En 2016, les statistiques ont atteint un total de 1,7 million de personnes décédées de la tuberculose avec environ 10,4 millions de nouveaux cas de TB diagnostiqués dans le monde. Le développement de systèmes de mesures rapides et fiables, ultra-sensibles, bon marché et facilement disponibles est essentiel pour lutter contre la tuberculose (TB) et la tuberculose multirésistante. Ce travail est une étude sur la faisabilité d'une part d'immunocapteurs électrochimique utilisant un antigène spécifique de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B pour détecter la tuberculose et d'autre part de biocapteurs utilisant l'enzyme cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) pour détecter les médicaments antituberculeux dans le sérum ou l’eau.L'immunocapteur a été développé en adoptant la méthode ELISA indirecte qui a été utilisée pour la détection des anticorps IgG dans les tests ELISA IgG contre la tuberculose. Il a été réalisé en électrodéposant par voltamétrie cyclique (CV) d’abord de l'acide polyamique (PAA) sur une électrode de carbone vitreux (GCE) puis des antigènes recombinants de Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B (Ag). Les électrodes modifiées ont été caractérisées par CV et SWV. Le profil de réponse de l'immunocapteur à des anticorps de Mycobacterium tuberculosis a été étudié par SWV et la réponse linéaire était dans une gamme de 0,3 à 1,6 mg / mL avec une limite de détection (LOD) de 0,08 mg / mL.D'autre part, deux plates-formes pour le développement de biocapteurs pour la détection de médicaments antituberculeux, l'éthambutol (ETH) et la rifampicine (RIF), ont également été préparées. L’une était un composite PAA/AgNPs (nanoparticules d’argent) déposé par goutte sur GCE pour former une plate-forme GCE/PAA/AgNPs. Alors que l'autre plate-forme (GCE/PPy/AgNPs) a été formée par électrodéposition de pyrrole en présence de nanoparticules d'argent (PPy + AgNPs) sur GCE en utilisant la chronopotentiométrie. Les plateformes GCE/PAA/AgNPs et GCE/PPy/AgNPs ont ensuite été caractérisées en utilisant la voltamétrie cyclique alors que leurs morphologies l’ont été par microscopie à force atomique (AFM) et microscopie électronique à balayage (MEB). L'immobilisation de l'enzyme cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) sur les deux plates-formes a été réalisée par dépôt de gouttes. L'efficacité des biocapteurs GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 et GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 pour la détection de ETH et de RIF a été étudiée par DPV. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a été capable de détecter les médicaments antituberculeux à leur concentration sérique maximale (2 à 6 μg/mL). Alors que le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était capable de détecter l'ETH à des concentrations inférieures au taux sérique (2,5 ng/mL à 12,5 ng/mL). Par conséquent, le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a la capacité de détecter ETH même à l'état de traces dans les systèmes aqueux. Ainsi, le biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 a une limite inférieure de détection de l'ETH (0,75 ng/mL) par rapport au biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 (1,3 µg/mL). La sensibilité du biocapteur GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 pour l'ETH était de 5 µA/ng.mL-1 alors que celle du biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était de 2,6 µA/µg.mL-1. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 était le seul biocapteur capable de détecter le RIF avec une limite de détection de 7,5 µg/mL. Le biocapteur GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 convient à la détection de l'ETH et du RIF aux taux sériques et aux systèmes aqueux. Alors que le GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 ne convient que pour la détection des médicaments antituberculeux à des niveaux traces dans l'eau. / Tuberculosis (TB) is an airborne disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) that usually affects the lungs leading to severe coughing, fever and chest pains. In 2015 it was estimated that over 9.6 million people worldwide developed TB and 1.5 million died from the infectious disease of which 12 % were co-infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). In 2016 the statistics increased to a total of 1.7 million people died from TB with an estimated 10.4 million new cases of TB diagnosed worldwide. The development of the fast and reliable point-of-care systems that are ultra-sensitive, cheap and readily available is essential in order to address and control the spread of the tuberculosis (TB) disease and multidrug-resistant tuberculosis. This work is the feasibly study on one part on the development of electrochemical immunosensor using a specific Mycobacterium tuberculosis Ag85B antigen to detect tuberculosis and on another part on the development of biosensors using cytochrome P450-2E1 (CYP2E1) enzyme to detect anti-TB drugs in aqueous systems. The immunosensor was developed by adopting the indirect ELISA method which was used for the detection of the IgG antibodies using the tuberculosis IgG ELISA. The development of immunosensor was achieved using glassy carbon electrode (GCE) modified with polyamic acid (PAA) in which Mycobacterium tuberculosis recombinant antigen Ag85B (Ag) was immobilized. PAA was electrodeposited on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using cyclic voltammetry. The modified electrodes were characterized by cyclic and square wave voltammetry. The response profile of the immunosensor at Mycobacterium tuberculosis antibodies was studied by square wave voltammetry and the linear response was in a range of 0.3 to 1.6 mg/mL with a detection limit (LOD) of 0.08 mg/mL. On the other hand, two platforms for the development of biosensors for the detection of ethambutol and rifampicin (anti-TB drugs) were also prepared. Two platforms were prepared whereby polyamic acid-silver nanoparticles composite (PAA/AgNPs) was drop-coated on GCE to form GCE/PAA/AgNPs platform. While the other platform (GCE/PPy/AgNPs) was formed by electrodeposition of polypyrrole-silver nanoparticles composite (PPy/AgNPs) on GCE using chronopotentiometry. The GCE/PAA/AgNPs and GCE/PPy/AgNPs platforms were then characterized using cyclic voltammetry while their morphologies were obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The immobilization of cytochrome P450-2E1 enzyme (CYP2E1) on both platforms was achieved by means of drop coating. The efficiency of the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 and GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensors for the detection of ethambutol (ETH) and rifampicin (RIF) was studied by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was able to detect anti-TB drugs at their peak serum levels (2 – 6 µg/mL). Whereas the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was able to detect ethambutol at concentrations lower than the serum level (2.5 ng/mL to 12.5 ng/mL). Therefore, GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor has an ability to detect ethambutol even at trace levels in aqueous systems. Thus, the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor have lower limit of detecting ETH (0.75 ng/mL) than GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor (1.3 µg/mL). The sensitivity of GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor for ETH was 5 μA/ng.mL-1while the sensitivity of GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was 2.6 μA/μg.mL-1. The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor was the only biosensor that was able to detect RIF with a limit of detection of 7.5 µg/mL. The GCE/PPy/AgNPs/CYP2E1 biosensor is suitable for the detection of ETH and RIF at serum levels and aqueous systems. While the GCE/PAA/AgNPs/CYP2E1 is suitable for only detecting anti-TB drugs at trace levels in water.

No description available.

The re-emergence of interest in organic semiconducting small molecules and polymers during past several decades can be attributed to their advantage of utility, flexibility, ease of access, and turnability over silicon based inorganic semiconductors. The library of organic semiconductors containing p-type (hole conducting) and n-type (electron conducting) materials have grown in numbers and efficiency. The p-type semiconducting materials hold an advantage over n-type materials owing to their stability and ease of synthesis. The widespread use of fullerenes (C60 and C70) as n-type materials in organic photovoltaics OPVs and their known downsides of poor absorption in visible and NIR region and limited charge carrier transport have triggered the development of non-fullerene based electron accepting (NFEA) materials . By taking advantage of the electron accepting behavior of cyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylene fragment of C70, we have synthesized a new class of cyclopentafused polyaromatic hydrocarbons (CP-PAHs). These new contorted CP-PAHs have been prepared utilizing the modified version of our previously developed palladium catalyzed cyclopentannulation strategy. The target molecules broaden the scope of annulation chemistry to 1,2-bis(5-hexylthiophen-3-yl)ethyne with aryl dibromo derivatives of anthracene, pyrene and perylene to yield 4,4',4'',4'''-(cyclopenta[hi]aceanthrylene-1,2,6,7-tetrayl)tetrakis(2-hexylthiophene), 4,4',4'',4'''-(dicyclopenta[cd,jk]pyrene-1,2,6,7-tetrayl)tetrakis(2-hexylthiophene) and 1,2,7,8-tetrakis(5-hexylthiophen-3-yl)-1,2,7,8-tetrahydrodicyclopenta[cd,lm]perylene. Scholl cyclodehydrogenation of the cyclopentafused thiophene units with suitably substituted hydrocarbons chains provided access to p-extended polyaromatic systems including 2,5,11,14-tetrahexylrubiceno[5,4-b:6,7-b':12,11-b'':13,14-b''']tetrathiophene, 2,5,11,14-tetrahexyldithieno-[4,5:6,7]indeno[1,2,3-cd]dithieno[4,5:6,7]indeno-[1,2,3-jk]pyrene, and 2,9,12,19-tetrahexyldithieno[4,5:6,7]indaceno[1,2,3-cd]dithieno[4,5:6,7]indaceno[1,2,3-lm]perylene. The fully conjugated p-electronic core of these small molecules provide low optical band gaps, decent mobilities and broad absorption. The HOMO and LUMO energies of these CP-PAHs were found to be in the range of -5.48 to -5.05 eV and -3.48 to -3.14 eV, respectively. Besides showing broad band absorption features, some derivative were found to operate as a p-type semiconductor when tested in organic field effect transistors. Anthradithiophene (ADT) is an isoelectronic analogue of pentacene and became a point of interest. A soluble, and functionalizable ADT derivative, 5,11-dibromoanthradithiophene was prepared and then polymerized utilizing Stille, Sonogashira and Yamamoto cross coupling strategies. The newly developed ADT polymers were found to operate in p-type regime when tested in organic field effect transistors. To explore the effects of solvent on growing polymer chains in step-growth polymerizations, we developed a library of Yamamoto and Glaser polymers. The hypothesis tested was that growing polymer chains can recruit further monomer units to create block character in the growing polymer chains. Our investigations reveals that the solvent conditions altering the polarity of the reaction mixture can cause up to 40% preference of blockiness in the growing polymer chains.

Proton conducting intermediate temperature (600oC-400oC) solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC) have many potential advantages for clean and efficient power generation from readily available hydrocarbon fuels. However, it still has many unsolved problems, especially on the anode where the fuel got oxidized and the cathode where oxygen got reduced. In this study, for the anode, the effects of hydrogen sulfite (H2S) and carbon dioxide (CO2) as fuel contaminants were studied on the nickel (Ni) based cermet anode of proton conducting IT-SOFC using proton conducting electrolyte of BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.1Yb0.1O3 (BZCYYb). Both low-ppm level H2S and low-percentage level CO2 caused similar poisoning effects on the anode reaction. The H2S poisoning effect was also found to be much less than on oxide-ion conducting SOFC, which is attributed to the absence of water evolution for the anode reaction in proton conducting SOFC. In addition, the H2S/CO2 poisoning mechanisms were investigated using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), Raman spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS). For H2S, other than possible sulfur dissolution into BZCYYb, no bulk reaction was found, suggesting sulfur adsorption contributes to the reduced performance. For CO2, reaction with BZCYYb to form BaCO3 and CeO2 is identified and is believed to be the reason for the sudden worsening in CO2 poisoning as temperature drops below ~550oC. For the cathode, several representative SOFC cathodes including silver (Ag), La0.6Sr0.4Co0.2Fe0.8O3-δ (LSCF), LSCF-BZCYYb composite, and Ba0.5Sr0.5Co0.8Fe0.2O3-δ (BSCF) were evaluated based on BZCYYb electrolyte. LSCF give similar high interfacial resistance as Ag, while LSCF-BZCYYb composite cathode shows lower interfacial resistance, suggesting LSCF behaves like pure electronic conductor cathode in this case. For BSCF, it shows smallest interfacial resistance and the charge transfer process appears to accelerate with the introduction of H2O, while oxygen adsorption/transport seem to slow down due to adsorbed H2O. Furthermore, CO2 was shown to cause poisoning on the BSCF cathode, yet the poisoning was significantly reduced with the co-presence of water. The results suggest that although BSCF seem to display mixed proton-electronic conduction, its strong affinity to H2O may inhibit the oxygen reduction reaction on the cathode and new cathode materials still need to be designed.

No description available.

No description available.

For the development of intelligent vehicle tires, especially for future self-driving cars, suitable strain sensors are mandatory. The design of such a strain sensor must fulfill several criteria and most important of them all, it must be easily mounted or implanted into the tire and the elastic nature of the sensors must synchronize with the deformation of the tire. This work is therefore focused on understanding the piezoresistive characteristics of a composite developed from tire rubber. Thus, a commercially available grade of solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR) was primarily chosen as the matrix rubber along with butadiene rubber (BR) and natural rubber (NR). The initial focus was given to develop simple strain sensors by exploiting the concept of piezoresistivity with conductive rubber composites based on SSBR filled with carbon black and carbon nanotubes. As the internal structure of the filler particles was found to rearrange or alter during deformation, it was important to study the piezoresistive performance with respect to critical material parameters such as crosslink density, hardness, and stiffness of the composite in details. The developed sensors were able to be stretched to several hundred percents of their original length and strain sensitivity as much as ~1000 (gauge factor) was achieved. Quasi-static cyclic tests indicated the ability of the developed materials to respond and recover within the given time frame. This motivated to assess the suitability of these materials for dynamic sensing. As a consequence, the dynamic piezoresistive characteristics were studied for the conducting SSBR composites. The temporal changes in electrical resistance of the SSBR composites were monitored real-time during dynamic mechanical studies. The influence of critical parameters such as filler content, test frequency, test temperature, and matrix crosslink density was taken into consideration. The filler network was found to rearrange in the rubber matrix during dynamic loading, witnessed from the changes in electrical resistance over time. The findings offered a preliminary understanding of the filler network behavior inside the SSBR matrix. Situations that eased the filler mobility such as high temperature, low frequency, and low crosslink density resulted in the minimal effect on the filler network changes. For a given strain cycle, the samples responded with two distinct responses pertaining to the loading and unloading, reflecting as two signals. Filler network reconfiguration during unloading was found to be the reason for the second piezoresistive response. The behavior of the second peaks was analyzed in detail at different conditions. The stress relaxation, an inevitable process pertaining to viscoelastic materials, resembled the overall piezoresistance change of the material. The two properties were therefore correlated, and a relationship was deduced, offering the possibility to monitor the mechanical performance using electrical resistance data. Apart from evaluating the phase shifts between stress and strain (δσ-ε) during the dynamic tests, phase shifts were also evaluated between resistance and strain (δR-ε) as well as between stress and resistance (δσ-R). The piezoresistive phase shift values (δσ-R) were found to be larger than the mechanical phase shifts values (δσ-R > δσ-ε) It perceived information regarding the time taken by the filler network to respond for the applied strain. To realize the concept of dynamic piezoresistivity in commercial use, (i) SSBR filled with conventional carbon blacks N220, N330, and N660 and (ii) NR and BR (two more rubbers that are widely used in tire industry) filled with Printex carbon black were tested for their piezoresistive behavior under dynamic conditions. The experimental results were promising and guaranteed the applicability of the concept for all rubber - filler combinations that display piezoresistive characteristics. This basic scientific study would be the stepping stone to understand dynamic piezoresistivity in rubbers, which would help in developing rubber-based sensors that are capable of performing under dynamic conditions for the future. Moreover, the study offered a much deeper insight not only on the dynamic piezoresistivity but also on the behavior and changes in the filler network during dynamic deformation. / Für die Entwicklung von intelligenten Fahrzeugreifen, insbesondere für zukünftige selbstfahrende Autos, sind geeignete Dehnungssensoren notwendig. Die Konstruktion eines solches Sensors muss mehrere Kriterien erfüllen: am wichtigsten ist, dass er einfach in den Reifen eingebaut oder implantiert werden kann und dass die Verformung des Sensors mit der Verformung des Reifens synchronisiert ist. Daher konzentriert diese Arbeit sich auf das Verständnis der piezoresistive Eigenschaften eines bekannten Reifenkautschuks, gefüllt mit leitfähigen Füllstoffpartikeln. Eine kommerziell erhältliche Sorte von Lösungs-Styrol-Butadien-Kautschuk (SSBR), Butadien-Kautschuk (BR) und Naturkautschuk (NR), welche in der modernen Reifenindustrie weit verbreitet sind, wurden deshalb als Matrix-Kautschuk gewählt. Der Fokus lag zunächst auf der Entwicklung einfacher Dehnungssensoren unter Ausnutzung des Konzepts der Piezoresistivität mit leitfähigen Gummimischungen auf Basis von SSBR, welche mit leitfähigem Ruß und Kohlenstoff-Nanoröhrchen gefüllt sind. Da sich die innere Struktur der Füllstoffpartikel während der Verformung verändert, war es wichtig, das piezoresistive Verhalten in Bezug auf kritische Materialparameter wie Vernetzungsdichte, Härte und Steifigkeit des Komposits im Detail zu untersuchen. Die Sensoren konnten auf mehrere hundert Prozent ihrer ursprünglichen Länge gestreckt werden, wobei eine Empfindlichkeit bis zu ~1000 (Gauge Faktor) erreicht wurden. Quasistatische zyklische Tests zeigten die Fähigkeit der entwickelten Materialien, innerhalb des vorgegebenen Zeitrahmens zu reagieren und sich zu erholen. Dies motivierte dazu, die Eignung dieser Materialien für die dynamische Sensorik zu beurteilen. In der Folge wurden die dynamischen piezoresistiven Eigenschaften für die elektrisch leitfähigen SSBR-Verbundwerkstoffe untersucht. Die zeitlichen Veränderungen des elektrischen Widerstandes dieser SSBR-Verbundwerkstoffe wurden während dynamisch-mechanischer Studien in Echtzeit überwacht. Der Einfluss kritischer Parameter wie Füllstoffgehalt, Matrixvernetzungsdichte, Messfrequenz, und Messtemperatur wurde dabei berücksichtigt. Es wurde festgestellt, dass sich das Füllstoffnetzwerk während der dynamischen Belastung in der Elastomermatrix neu anordnet, wie die Veränderungen des elektrischen Widerstands im zeitlichen Verlauf zeigen. Diese Ergebnisse bieten ein vorläufiges Verständnis des Verhaltens des Füllstoffnetzwerks der SSBR-Matrix. Situationen, die die Füllstoffmobilität begünstigen, wie hohe Temperatur, niedrige Frequenz und niedrige Vernetzungsdichte, führten zu minimalen Auswirkungen auf das Füllstoffnetzwerk. Für einen gegebenen Dehnungszyklus reagierten die Proben mit zwei getrennten Signalen, welche dem Be- und Entlasten des Materials entsprechen und sich als zwei Peaks in der Widerstandsmessung widerspiegeln. Der Grund für das zweite piezoresistive Signal ist die Rekonfiguration des Füllstoffnetzwerks während der Entlastung. Das Verhalten dieser zweiten Peaks wurde unter verschiedenen Bedingungen detailliert analysiert. Die Spannungsrelaxation, ein unvermeidlicher Prozess bei viskoelastischen Materialien, ähnelte der gesamten Piezowiderstandsänderung des Materials. Diese beiden Eigenschaften wurden daher korreliert und ein Zusammenhang abgeleitet, der die Möglichkeit bietet, die mechanische Leistung anhand von elektrischen Widerstandsdaten zu überwachen. Neben der Auswertung der Phasenverschiebungen zwischen Spannung und Dehnung (δσ-ε) bei dynamischen Tests wurden auch die Phasenverschiebungen zwischen Widerstand und Dehnung (δR-ε) sowie zwischen Spannung und Widerstand (δσ-R) bewertet. Die piezoresistiven Phasenverschiebungswerte (δσ-R) erwiesen sich als größer als die mechanischen Phasenverschiebungswerte (δσ-R > δσ-ε). Dies bietet Informationen über die Zeit, die das Füllernetzwerk benötigt, um auf eine angelegte Belastung zu reagieren. Um das Konzept der dynamischen Piezoresistivität im kommerziellen Einsatz zu realisieren, wurden (i) SSBR gefüllt mit konventionellen Rußen N220, N330 und N660 und (ii) NR und BR (zwei weitere Kautschuke, die in der Reifenindustrie weit verbreitet sind) gefüllt mit leitfähigem Ruß auf ihr piezoresistives Verhalten unter dynamischen Bedingungen getestet. Die experimentellen Ergebnisse sind vielversprechend und garantieren die Anwendbarkeit des Konzepts für alle Gummi-Füllstoff-Kombinationen mit piezoresistiven Eigenschaften. Diese grundlegende wissenschaftliche Studie ist ein wichtiger Schritt, um die dynamische Piezoresistivität in Kautschuken zu verstehen, was bei der Entwicklung von zukünftigen, dynamisch arbeitenden Sensoren auf Kautschukbasis helfen kann. Darüber hinaus liefert diese Studie einen viel tieferen Einblick nicht nur in die dynamische Piezoresistivität, sondern auch in das Verhalten und die Veränderungen im Füllstoffnetzwerk während der dynamischen Verformung.

<p> A review of the conducting paper analogue for plotting two-dimensional electric and magnetic fields is given. An improved capacitively-coupled conducting paper analogue is described that will map either single or multiple, uniformly-distributed-source Poissonian fields. A DEW map construction technique is detailed that uses a thin tape dielectric and silver-painted source electrodes. Equipotentials on the conducting paper surface correspond to lines of constant magnetic vector potential or flux lines. Differential voltages are analogous to flux density. The equipotential distribution is plotted using a null technique with a unique point on the map surface held at virtual ground potential. The time-varying equations governing the capacitively- coupled analogue are derived. As a result of these equations, an analogue for the skin effect phenomenon in conductors has been demonstrated.</p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (ME)

Additive manufacturing technologies, including inkjet printing, have significantly transformed both research and industry, offering cost-effective and accessible solutions with innovative equipment capabilities. This study focuses on advancing p-type depletion and enhancement-mode poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT:PSS) through molecular de-doping and rheological measurements, achieving a printing resolution of 30 μm. The versatility of these inks is demonstrated from three distinct perspectives. Firstly, the electrochemical stability of the enhancement-mode behavior opens new possibilities for low-power consumption, stable and sensitive platforms useful for detection of DopamineC and Ascorbic Acid at various concentrations. Secondly, we exemplify the democratization of in-house fabrication through fully printed, all-PEDOT:PSS, transparent, flexible, and bendable paper-based Organic Electrochemical Transistors (OECTs). This showcases the feasibility of employing inkjet printing to create functional electronic devices with ease. Lastly, we explore optimizations that enable deeper personalization by employing multiple material localizations and adjusting the electrical conductivity of OECTs. This engineering approach has resulted in the design of Organic Electrochemical Complementary Amplifiers (OECAs), we incorporated a second formulated enhancement-mode conducting polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) as the n-type material to complement the PEDOT:PSS de-doped ink. These developments aim to foster global innovation, representing a significant leap forward in the field of organic electronics and in-house fabrication by complementing this engineering improvement from both fabrication and electrochemistry approaches.