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During normal development, face processing involves a gradual shift from a featurally oriented style to a mature configural style by adolescence. This shift may coincide with increased right hemispheric dominance for faces supporting configural processing. Previous studies suggest that individuals diagnosed with ASD continue to process faces using individual parts and features into adulthood. This continued bias may be due to deficits in configural processing abilities. The current study investigated measures of functional connectivity during featural and configural processing of faces in broad autism phenotype sibling (ASD-sibs) children compared to age, sex, and handedness matched normal developing (ND) controls and in children diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder compared to ASD-matched ND controls. Results indicate that children with ASD and ASD-sibs were capable of performing configural processing tasks at similar performance levels to those of ND children. Additionally, patterns of functional network connectivity for configural processing in ASD-sibs were similar to those observed in ND controls. Few network-wide hemispheric differences emerged between groups. While behavioral performance and overall network-wide patterns of connectivity suggest a face processing network that is capable of supporting configural processing in ASD and ASD-sibs, abnormalities were observed in specific regions. The amygdala and fusiform face area showed fewer interactions with the rest of the face processing network in ASD children compared to ND during configural, but not featural processing. Additionally, hemispheric comparisons show greater differences between ASD and ND controls in the right fusiform face area. The ability of these regions to communicate with other regions in the face network could be important for social motivation and attention during configural processing. Interestingly, network connectivity in ASD children during passive viewing of faces, objects, and textures without featural or configural manipulations showed a more functionally integrated, and less segregated network with a lower “wiring cost” during non-face conditions compared to ND children. ASD-sibs may demonstrate a similar milder pattern.

Die vorliegende Arbeit hat die Entwicklung und Umsetzung einer graphischen Benutzeroberfläche zur Erprobung von Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen Prozessparametern beim Tiefziehen von faserbasierten Materialien, wie Papier und Karton, zum Ziel. Nach einer Recherche zum Prozess des Tiefziehens und seiner Modellierung folgt das Erarbeiten von Grundsätzen bei der Erstellung und Gestaltung von graphischen Benutzerschnittstellen. Insbesondere steht dabei die Art der Eingabe von numerischen Parametern und die Visualisierung von Informationen im Vordergrund. Bei der Erstellung des Layouts des Graphical User Interface (GUI) werden die aus der Recherche gewonnenen Erkenntnisse genutzt. Dazu werden alle Anforderungen, die an die Benutzerschnittstelle gestellt werden können, zusammengetragen. Bekannte Annahmen zur Modellierung des Tiefziehprozesses werden aus Vorarbeiten verwendet. So wird innerhalb des Programmcodes der GUI der Stempelkraftverlauf beim Tiefziehen mit seinen charakteristischen Kennwerten erzeugt. Diese Kennwerte werden in einer ausgewählten Darstellungsform auf der Oberfläche für den Nutzer anschaulich präsentiert. Ein Vergleich mit den charakteristischen Werten einer Referenz in der Darstellung erlaubt eine Aussage über die Qualität des zu produzierenden Ziehformteiles. Nach der Implementierung der GUI werden abschließend Potentiale für weiterführende Arbeiten offengelegt. / The aim of this thesis is the development and implementation of a GUI for testing interactions between different process parameters in the deep drawing of fibre based materials such as paper and cardboard. After an investigation of the process of deep drawing and its modelling, the elaboration of principles of the creation and the design of the GUI follows. The main focus concentrates in particular on the type of input of numerical parameters and the visualization of information. Based on the findings from the research, the layout of the GUI is created. To this end, all requirements that can be posed on the user interface are combined. Known assumptions for the modelling of the deep drawing process are used from reliminary work. Thus, within the program code of the interface, the punch force profile during deep drawing is generated with its characteristic values. These characteristic values are displayed in a selected presentation form on the user's surface. A comparison with the characteristic values of a reference in the presentation allows a statement about the quality of the drawing part to be produced. After the implementation of the GUI the potentials for further development are finally disclosed.

Many important questions remain unanswered regarding how we recognize faces. Methodological inconsistencies have contributed to confusion regarding these questions, especially those surrounding three purported face processing mechanisms—featural, configural, and holistic—and the extent to which each play a role in face recognition. The work presented here aims to 1) empirically test the assumption that several face recognition tasks index the same underlying construct(s), and 2) contribute data to a number of ongoing debates concerning the reliability and validity of various methods for assessing integrative (i.e., holistic and/or configural) aspects of face processing. Experiment 1 tested the assumption that various tasks purporting to measure integrative face processing index the same construct(s). It is important to test this assumption because if these tasks are in fact measuring different things, then researchers should cease interpreting them as interchangeable measures. Using a within-subjects design (N = 223) we compared performance—as reflected by accuracy and reaction time measures, as well as two types of difference scores—across four of the most commonly used integrative face processing tasks: The Partial Composite Face Effect Task, the Face Inversion Effect Task, the Part Whole Effect Task, and the Configural/Featural Difference Detection Task. Analyses showed that within-task correlations were much stronger than those between-tasks. This suggests that the four conditions within each task are measuring something in common; In contrast, low correlations across tasks suggest that each is measuring something unique. This in turn suggests these tasks should not be seen as assessing the same integrative face-processing construct. Exploratory factor analyses corroborated the correlation data, finding that performance on most conditions loaded onto a single factor in unrotated solutions, but onto separate factors in direct oblimin-rotated solutions. In Experiment 2, we investigated the question of whether integrative face processing performance is related to face recognition ability. We did this by assessing the degree to which results from four widely-used integrative face processing tasks correlate with a measure of general face recognition ability, The Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT). The four integrative processing tasks used in this study only partly overlapped those from in Experiment 1. They were: The Complete Composite Face Effect Task, the Partial Composite Face Effect Task, the Part Whole Effect Task, and the Configural/Featural Difference Detection Task. As with Experiment 1, we used a within-subjects design (N = 260) and analyzed a variety of performance variables across these tasks. Analyses demonstrated low to moderate positive correlations between performance on the task conditions and performance on the CFMT. This suggests that the constructs the tasks reflect do contribute to face recognition ability to a modest degree. These analyses also replicated parts of Experiment 1, showing weak correlations between tasks. Also similar to Experiment 1, factor analyses generally revealed task conditions loading onto a common first factor in the unrotated factor matrix, but loading separately in the rotated factor solution. In addition to providing evidence regarding the nature of integrative face processing tasks, the data presented here speak to a number of other questions in this domain. For instance, they contribute to the debate regarding which kinds of difference scores (subtraction-based or regression-based) are more reliable, as well as the reliability of the various tasks used to investigate integrative face processing. In addition, the data inform the debate over whether the Complete or the Partial version of the Composite Face Effect Task is the superior measure of integrative face processing. In summary, the studies presented here indicate that the previous literature in face recognition needs to be interpreted with care, with an eye to differences in methodology and the problems of low measurement reliability. The various methods used to investigate integrative face processing are not assessing the same thing and cannot be taken as reflecting the same underlying construct.

付記する学位プログラム名: 霊長類学・ワイルドライフサイエンス・リーディング大学院 / 京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(理学) / 甲第22721号 / 理博第4630号 / 新制||理||1665(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院理学研究科生物科学専攻 / (主査)准教授 足立 幾磨, 准教授 後藤 幸織, 教授 高田 昌彦 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

Actualmente existe una dinámica legislativa en el mundo de la educación que exige el estudio de las interacciones de los efectos de la aplicación de los distintos contenidos curriculares. Cualquier acción educativa tiene siempre consecuencias más allá de la materia en la que se enmarca, configurando una red de conexiones que afianzan y dan trascendencia a las propias enseñanzas. El aprendizaje de las matemáticas tiene como uno de sus bloques fundamentales el cultivo del pensamiento lógico, donde destaca el razonamiento geométrico. Este razonamiento es un proceso de coordinación cognitiva complejo en el que la capacidad de visualización es fundamental. Por otra parte, los contenidos de las materias artísticas exponen a los alumnos y alumnas a la práctica de la visualización a través de sus actividades donde identifican, dibujan, trazan, manipulan, encajan, proporcionan y transforman imágenes y objetos tridimensionales. En esta tesis se analiza la correlación existente entre el hecho de cursar la materia optativa de EPVA de 4ºESO y el rendimiento (calificaciones) conseguido en la de matemáticas del mismo curso. Para ello se realiza un análisis cuantitativo utilizando un modelo mixto lineal generalizado con grupo control no equivalente. Para complementar el estudio y observar la efectividad de la intervención se añaden controles anteriores y posteriores mediante tests en los que se evalúa el razonamiento geométrico en cada uno de sus niveles.

La transición desde las primeras justificaciones de propiedades geométricas en el entorno escolar hacia la demostración matemática en un contexto deductivo es un problema ampliamente estudiado. Nuestro estudio se centra en la caracterización de procesos cognitivos involucrados en la demostración matemática en contexto geométrico. En particular, la caracterización de la interacción entre los procesos de razonamiento y los procedimientos de validación que utilizan alumnos de secundaria en la resolución de problemas de geometría en contexto de lápiz y papel. A partir de la Teoría de los Paradigmas y Espacio de Trabajo Geométrico, que nos proporciona un marco teórico atendiendo al ambiente institucional en que se desarrolla la actividad geométrica, utilizamos el modelo de Razonamiento Configural para estudiar el espacio de trabajo geométrico personal del resolutor de una tarea de probar una propiedad geométrica. Describimos la organización discursiva de las respuestas de estudiantes de secundaria a un cuestionario de cuatro problemas, en los que se pide probar una propiedad geométrica, y determinamos los razonamientos configurales que realizan para obtener dichas respuestas. Este análisis nos permite aportar evidencias acerca del tránsito que deben recorrer los estudiantes desde las primeras justificaciones experimentales en la Geometría Natural hasta el razonamiento matemático válido propio de la Geometría Axiomática Natural. El Razonamiento Configural se muestra como un modelo teórico con una gran capacidad para abordar la articulación entre visualización y razonamiento.

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The structural and functional differences observed in the brains of adults with synaesthesia is thought to arise, at least in part, from less-than-normal neural pruning of the exuberant connections present within and among sensory cortical areas in infancy (reviewed in Maurer, Gibson, & Spector, 2013). This hypothesis is supported by previous work that has demonstrated that synaesthetes are superior at processing foreign speech sounds and inverted faces (Maurer et al., in prep). The present study investigated a link between spatial frequency and face processing in adults with synaesthesia by testing synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes on their ability to discriminate upright and inverted faces filtered at high and low spatial frequencies. As predicted, synaesthetes (n=20) were significantly more accurate than non-synaesthetes (n=20) at discriminating among inverted full spectrum faces (p=0.0235), with no differences in upright faces, replicating previous findings that support the hypothesis that synaesthetes undergo less perceptual attunement (Ghloum et al., 2013). Unexpectedly, synaesthetes were faster at responding across all face conditions. Faster reaction times with no sacrifice to accuracy suggest that synaesthetes may be processing faces more efficiently. In addition, no significant differences in accuracy were observed for high and low filtered faces at any orientation between synaesthetes and non-synaesthetes. Future studies could further explore the basis of synaesthete’s face processing advantages by using eye movements and a narrow-band noise-masking paradigm. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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