Le récepteur atypique ACKR3 et le récepteur CXCR4 sont des récepteurs couplés aux protéines G appartenant à la famille des récepteurs CXC des chimiokines. Ces deux récepteurs sont activés par la chimiokine CXCL12 et sont surexprimés dans de nombreux cancers comme les gliomes, dont ils favorisent la prolifération et le caractère invasif. Le récepteur CXCR4 active des voies de signalisation qui dépendent de la protéine Gi et des β-arrestines et s’associe à plusieurs protéines impliquées dans la transduction du signal, le trafic et la localisation cellulaire du récepteur. Par contre, les mécanismes de signalisation impliqués dans les effets d’ACKR3 restent mal connus. Le récepteur déclenche une signalisation dépendant des β-arrestines, mais son couplage aux protéines G dépend du type cellulaire ou se fait par un mécanisme indirect via son association au récepteur CXCR4. Le récepteur ACKR3 s’associe également au récepteur de l’EGF pour induire la prolifération cellulaire par un mécanisme indépendant de sa stimulation par un agoniste. Ces données illustrent l’intérêt de caractériser de façon systématique l’interactome de ces récepteurs pour comprendre leurs rôles physiologiques et pathologiques. Cette thèse a poursuivi cet objectif grâce à la mise en œuvre d’une approche protéomique combinant la purification des partenaires des deux récepteurs par affinité suivie de leur identification par spectrométrie de masse. J’ai ainsi identifié respectivement 19 et 151 partenaires protéiques potentiels des récepteurs CXCR4 et ACKR3 exprimés dans les cellules HEK-293T. Parmi les protéines recrutées par ACKR3, nous nous sommes focalisés sur la connexine 43 (Cx43, une des protéines constituant les jonctions Gap) du fait de la similitude des effets du récepteur et de la Cx43 dans la pénétration des leucocytes dans le parenchyme cérébral, la migration des interneurones et la progression des gliomes. J’ai confirmé par Western blot et par BRET l’association spécifique de la Cx43 à l’ACKR3 et non pas au CXCR4. De la même façon, j’ai montré une co-localisation de la Cx43 et de l’ACKR3 dans des cellules de gliome humain, ainsi que dans les astrocytes de la zone sous-ventriculaire et les pieds astrocytaires entourant les capillaires cérébraux chez la souris, suggérant que les deux protéines forment un complexe protéique dans un contexte biologique authentique. Des études fonctionnelles ont révélé que l’ACKR3 module les fonctions de la Cx43 par différents mécanismes. L’expression de l’ACKR3 dans les cellules HEK-293T (mimant la surexpression du récepteur dans les tumeurs), induit par elle-même une inhibition de l’activité jonctionnelle de la Cx43. De même, la stimulation du récepteur par un agoniste réduit l’activité jonctionnelle de la Cx43 par un mécanisme impliquant l’activation d’une protéine Gi, la β-arrestine2 et l’internalisation de la Cx43. Cette thèse établit donc pour la première fois un lien fonctionnel entre le système constitué par les chimiokines CXCL11, CXCL12 et leur récepteur ACKR3 d’une part et les jonctions Gap d’autre part qui pourrait jouer un rôle critique dans la progression des gliomes. / The Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 (ACKR3) and CXCR4 are two G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) belonging to the CXC chemokine receptor family. Both receptors are activated upon CXCL12 binding and are over-expressed in various tumours, including glioma, where they have been found to promote proliferation and invasive behaviours. Upon CXCL12 binding, CXCR4 activates canonical GPCR signalling pathways involving Gαi protein and β-arrestins. In addition, CXCR4 was found to interact with several proteins able to modify its signalling, trafficking and localization. In contrast, the cellular pathways underlying ACKR3-dependent effects remain poorly characterized. Several reports show that ACKR3 engages β-arrestin-dependent signalling pathways, but its coupling to G proteins is restricted to either specific cellular populations, including astrocytes, or occurs indirectly via its interaction with CXCR4. ACKR3 also associates with the epidermal growth factor receptor to promote proliferation of tumour cells in an agonist-independent manner. These examples suggest that the extensive characterization of ACKR3 and CXCR4 interactomes might be a key step in understanding or clarifying their roles in physiological and pathological contexts. This thesis addressed this issue employing an affinity purification coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry proteomic strategy that identified 19 and 151 potential protein partners of CXCR4 and ACKR3 transiently expressed in HEK-293T cells, respectively. Amongst ACKR3 interacting proteins identified, we paid particular attention on the gap junction protein Connexin-43 (Cx43), in line with its overlapping roles with the receptor in the control of leukocyte entry into the brain, interneuron migration and glioma progression. Western blotting and BRET confirmed the specific association of Cx43 with ACKR3 compared to CXCR4. Likewise, Cx43 is co-localized with ACKR3 but not CXCR4 in glioma initiating cell lines, and ACKR3 and Cx43 are co-expressed in astrocytes of the sub-ventricular zone and surrounding blood vessels in adult mouse brain, suggesting that both proteins form a complex in authentic cell or tissue contexts. Further functional studies showed that ACKR3 influences Cx43 trafficking and functionality at multiple levels. Transient expression of ACKR3 in HEK-293T cells to mimic ACKR3 overexpression detected in several cancer types, induces Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication (GJIC) inhibition in an agonist-independent manner. In addition, agonist stimulation of endogenously expressed ACKR3 in primary cultured astrocytes inhibits Cx43-mediated GJIC through a mechanism that requires activation of Gαi protein, and dynamin- and β-arrestin2-dependent Cx43 internalisation. Therefore, this thesis work provides the first functional link between the CXCL11/CXCL12/ACKR3 axis and gap junctions that might underlie their critical role in glioma progression.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A incidência de doenças renais crônicas está aumentando no mundo, e há uma grande necessidade de identificar as terapias capazes de deter ou reduzir a progressão da doença. Há crescente evidência clínica e experimental de que as estatinas poderiam desempenhar um papel terapêutico. Recentes estudos clínicos e experimentais têm mostrado que as estatinas têm "efeitos pleiotrópicos", além da modulação lipídica. Estudos têm avaliado os efeitos das estatinas sobre a progressão da doença renal crônica, mas os resultados são controversos. Estudos ultra-estruturais em humanos e em ratos demonstraram a presença de junções GAP dentro de todas as células do glomérulo e os podocitos demonstraram conter principalmente conexina-43 (Cx-43). O presente estudo tem como objetivo observar os efeitos da rosuvastatina na estrutura e ultra-estrutura renal e a expressão glomerular de Cx-43 em ratos normotensos (WKY) e em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). O foco do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da rosuvastatina em rins de animais hipertensos normocolesterolêmicos. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: WKY-C: animais normotensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; WKY-ROS: animais normotensos que receberam rosuvastatina 20mg/kg/dia por gavagem orogástrica; SHR-C: animais hipertensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; SHR-ROS: animais hipertensos que receberam rosuvastatina, como descrito no grupo WKY-ROS. Os animais dos grupos SHR-C e SHR-ROS apresentaram níveis de pressão arterial maiores que os animais dos grupos WKY-C e WKY-Ros. A massa corporal dos grupos de animais não diferiram significativamente durante o experimento. Não houve diferença nos níveis sanguíneos de uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico e creatinafosfoquinase entre os animas dos grupos estudados. No entanto, houve um aumento da excreção de proteína de 24 horas nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Houve um aumento na área capsular nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão observou-se que nos animais SHR-C a barreira de filtração glomerular, o diafragma de fenda e os podócitos estão alterados exibindo os vacúolos nos podócitos e pedicelos mais curtos e mais espessos. Por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, os animais SHR-C exibiram pedicelos mais afilados, curtos e tortuosos. Um aumento da imunofluorescência para Cx-43 foi observada em células epiteliais viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo WKY-ROS e nas células parietais e viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo SHR-ROS, se comparado com os grupos WKY-C e SHR-C. Em conclusão, podemos supor que o efeito pleiotrópico renal da rosuvastatina pode ser uma ferramenta terapêutica para melhorar a estrutura e conseqüentemente a função renal em indivíduos hipertensos. / The incidence of chronic renal diseases is increasing worldwide, and there is a great need to identify therapies capable of arresting or reducing disease progression. There is growing clinical and experimental evidence that statins could play a therapeutic role. Recent clinical and experimental studies have shown that statins have pleiotropic effects, besides modulating lipid. Studies have evaluated the effects of statins on the progression of chronic kidney disease but the results are controversial. Ultrastructural studies in both humans and rats have shown the presence of gap junctions within all the cells of the glomerulus and podocytes have been found to contain primarily connexin-43 (Cx-43). The present study aims to observe the effects of rosuvastatin on structural and ultrastructural renal morphology and on glomerular Cx-43 expression in normotensive rats and SHR. The focus of the study was to evaluate the pleiotropic action of rosuvastatin upon kidney in hypertensive normocholesterolemic animals. Rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=8 each): WKY-C: normotensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; WKY-ROS: normotensive animals receiving rosuvastatin 20mg/kg/day by orogastric gavage; SHR-C: hypertensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; SHR-ROS: hypertensive animals receiving rosuvastatin, as described for WKY-ROS group. The SHR-C and SHR-ROS had increased blood pressure levels. The body mass of the animal groups did not differ significantly throughout the experiment. There were no differences in blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and CPK levels between the groups. However, there was an increasing of 24 hour protein excretion in SHR-C. There was an increasing in capsular area in SHR-C. By transmission electron microscopy it was observed that in SHR-C animals the glomerular filtration barrier, the slit diaphragm and the podocyte foot processes are altered exhibiting the vacuoles in the podocytes and the pedicels are shorter and thicker. By scanning electron microscopy the SHR-C animals shows the thinner, shorter and more tortuous pedicels. Increased Cx-43 immunofluorescence was observed at visceral epithelial cells of the glomeruli of WKY-ROS and at parietal and visceral epithelial cells of the glomeruli SHR-ROS groups if compared with WKY-C and SHR-C groups. In conclusion, we hypothesize that renal pleiotropic effect of rosuvastatin can be a therapeutic tool for improving kidney ultrastructure and, consequently, renal function in hypertensive individuals.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / A incidência de doenças renais crônicas está aumentando no mundo, e há uma grande necessidade de identificar as terapias capazes de deter ou reduzir a progressão da doença. Há crescente evidência clínica e experimental de que as estatinas poderiam desempenhar um papel terapêutico. Recentes estudos clínicos e experimentais têm mostrado que as estatinas têm "efeitos pleiotrópicos", além da modulação lipídica. Estudos têm avaliado os efeitos das estatinas sobre a progressão da doença renal crônica, mas os resultados são controversos. Estudos ultra-estruturais em humanos e em ratos demonstraram a presença de junções GAP dentro de todas as células do glomérulo e os podocitos demonstraram conter principalmente conexina-43 (Cx-43). O presente estudo tem como objetivo observar os efeitos da rosuvastatina na estrutura e ultra-estrutura renal e a expressão glomerular de Cx-43 em ratos normotensos (WKY) e em ratos espontaneamente hipertensos (SHR). O foco do estudo foi avaliar os efeitos pleiotrópicos da rosuvastatina em rins de animais hipertensos normocolesterolêmicos. Os ratos foram divididos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos: WKY-C: animais normotensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; WKY-ROS: animais normotensos que receberam rosuvastatina 20mg/kg/dia por gavagem orogástrica; SHR-C: animais hipertensos que não receberam rosuvastatina; SHR-ROS: animais hipertensos que receberam rosuvastatina, como descrito no grupo WKY-ROS. Os animais dos grupos SHR-C e SHR-ROS apresentaram níveis de pressão arterial maiores que os animais dos grupos WKY-C e WKY-Ros. A massa corporal dos grupos de animais não diferiram significativamente durante o experimento. Não houve diferença nos níveis sanguíneos de uréia, creatinina, ácido úrico e creatinafosfoquinase entre os animas dos grupos estudados. No entanto, houve um aumento da excreção de proteína de 24 horas nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Houve um aumento na área capsular nos animais do grupo SHR-C. Por microscopia eletrônica de transmissão observou-se que nos animais SHR-C a barreira de filtração glomerular, o diafragma de fenda e os podócitos estão alterados exibindo os vacúolos nos podócitos e pedicelos mais curtos e mais espessos. Por microscopia eletrônica de varredura, os animais SHR-C exibiram pedicelos mais afilados, curtos e tortuosos. Um aumento da imunofluorescência para Cx-43 foi observada em células epiteliais viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo WKY-ROS e nas células parietais e viscerais dos glomérulos dos animais do grupo SHR-ROS, se comparado com os grupos WKY-C e SHR-C. Em conclusão, podemos supor que o efeito pleiotrópico renal da rosuvastatina pode ser uma ferramenta terapêutica para melhorar a estrutura e conseqüentemente a função renal em indivíduos hipertensos. / The incidence of chronic renal diseases is increasing worldwide, and there is a great need to identify therapies capable of arresting or reducing disease progression. There is growing clinical and experimental evidence that statins could play a therapeutic role. Recent clinical and experimental studies have shown that statins have pleiotropic effects, besides modulating lipid. Studies have evaluated the effects of statins on the progression of chronic kidney disease but the results are controversial. Ultrastructural studies in both humans and rats have shown the presence of gap junctions within all the cells of the glomerulus and podocytes have been found to contain primarily connexin-43 (Cx-43). The present study aims to observe the effects of rosuvastatin on structural and ultrastructural renal morphology and on glomerular Cx-43 expression in normotensive rats and SHR. The focus of the study was to evaluate the pleiotropic action of rosuvastatin upon kidney in hypertensive normocholesterolemic animals. Rats were randomly allocated into four groups (n=8 each): WKY-C: normotensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; WKY-ROS: normotensive animals receiving rosuvastatin 20mg/kg/day by orogastric gavage; SHR-C: hypertensive animals no receiving rosuvastatin; SHR-ROS: hypertensive animals receiving rosuvastatin, as described for WKY-ROS group. The SHR-C and SHR-ROS had increased blood pressure levels. The body mass of the animal groups did not differ significantly throughout the experiment. There were no differences in blood urea, creatinine, uric acid and CPK levels between the groups. However, there was an increasing of 24 hour protein excretion in SHR-C. There was an increasing in capsular area in SHR-C. By transmission electron microscopy it was observed that in SHR-C animals the glomerular filtration barrier, the slit diaphragm and the podocyte foot processes are altered exhibiting the vacuoles in the podocytes and the pedicels are shorter and thicker. By scanning electron microscopy the SHR-C animals shows the thinner, shorter and more tortuous pedicels. Increased Cx-43 immunofluorescence was observed at visceral epithelial cells of the glomeruli of WKY-ROS and at parietal and visceral epithelial cells of the glomeruli SHR-ROS groups if compared with WKY-C and SHR-C groups. In conclusion, we hypothesize that renal pleiotropic effect of rosuvastatin can be a therapeutic tool for improving kidney ultrastructure and, consequently, renal function in hypertensive individuals.

No description available.

Le récepteur nucléaire Nr5a2 est exprimé dans l’ovaire, plus spécifiquement dans les cellules de granulosa et lutéales. Une déplétion conditionnelle de Nr5a2 dans les cellules de granulosa au stade de follicule primaire par croisement de souris Nr5a2-flox et Amhr2-Cre (Nr5a2f/fAmhr2Cre/+) génère des problèmes au niveau de l’expansion du cumulus, de l’ovulation et de la lutéinisation. Ainsi, nous estimons que Nr5a2 régule les connexions intercellulaires dans le follicule ovarien via la connexine 43 (Cx43), une protéine de jonction impliquée dans l’expansion du cumulus. Le premier objectif de l’étude était de déterminer si l’absence d’expansion du cumulus chez les souris Amhr2Cre-cKO est liée à l’absence de communication intercellulaire adéquate entre les cellules de granulosa et de cumulus dans les follicules préovulatoires. À cette fin, des ovaires de souris immatures Amhr2Cre-cKO et non transgéniques ont été prélevés (n=3) après un traitement de superstimulation utilisant les gonadotropines eCG suivie de hCG afin d’induire l’ovulation. Nous avons ainsi démontré, par RT-PCR, une sous-expression de Cx43 avant et au moment du stimulus ovulatoire (0 h et 2 h) chez le groupe Amhr2Cre-cKO (P<0.01), ce qui pourrait mener à un problème dans l’acquisition de la compétence développementale de l’oocyte. D’un autre côté, au moment de l’ovulation (12 h), l’ARNm de Cx43 est surexprimé dans le groupe Amhr2Cre-cKO, ce qui pourrait prévenir les cellules du cumulus de se détacher l’une de l’autre. Nous avons ainsi conclu que Cx43 est un gène sous le contrôle de Nr5a2 et qu’une régulation erronée de ce gène est une cause possible du problème d’expansion du cumulus chez les souris Amhr2Cre-cKO. Afin d’examiner le rôle de Nr5a2 dans l’ovulation et la lutéinisation à différents stades de la maturation folliculaire, nous suggérons que Nr5a2 module la séquence temporelle des événements menant à l’ovulation. En croisant des souris Nr5a2-flox et Cyp19-Cre (Nr5a2f/fCyp19Cre/+), l’expression de Nr5a2 a été interrompue dans les cellules de granulosa des follicules antraux et préovulatoires. Aucune portée n’a été obtenue de ces souris (n=4) durant un essai d’accouplement de 6 mois. Chez les souris Cyp19Cre-cKO on remarque la présence de structures s’apparentant à des cellules de type lutéales et les femelles âgées d’un an présentent des kystes folliculaires hémorragiques et une hypertrophie de l’épithélium en surface de l’ovaire. Les deux modèles transgéniques démontrent donc une absence de l’expansion du cumulus et de l’ovulation. En conclusion, Nr5a2 semble réguler différemment la folliculogenèse et l’ovulation dans les cellules de granulosa des follicules primaires et antraux. / The nuclear receptor Nr5a2 is expressed in the ovary, exclusively in granulosa and luteal cells. Conditional disruption of Nr5a2 in granulosa cells beginning with primary follicles by means of Nr5a2-floxed and Amhr2-Cre mice (Nr5a2f/fAmhr2Cre/+) results in failure in cumulus expansion, ovulation and luteinization. We hypothesize that Nr5a2 regulates intercellular connections in ovarian follicles through connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap-junctional protein related to cumulus expansion. The first objective of this study was to determine whether the lack of cumulus expansion in Amhr2Cre-cKO mice is related to the absence of normal cell-to-cell communication in cumulus/granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles. To address this, immature ovaries of Amhr2Cre-cKO and non-transgenic littermates mice were collected (n=3) after superstimulation to induce follicle development and ovulation. Using RT-PCR, the Cx43 mRNA levels were shown to be downregulated prior to and at the time of the ovulatory stimulus (0 h and 2 h) in the Amhr2Cre-cKO group (P<0.01), which may lead to the failure in the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence. On the other hand, by the time of ovulation (12 h), mRNA levels of Cx43 are upregulated in Amhr2Cre-cKO group, which may prevent the cumulus cells to detach one from another. We conclude that Cx43 is one of the downstream genes under Nr5a2 control and its dysregulation can be one reason for the defect in cumulus expansion in Amhr2Cre-cKO females. To examine the role of Nr5a2 in ovulation and luteinization in different stages of the follicle maturation, we hypothesized that Nr5a2 modulates the events leading to ovulation in a temporal sequence. By crossing Nr5a2-floxed and Cyp19-Cre mice (Nr5a2f/fCyp19Cre/+), Nr5a2 was disrupted in granulosa cells of antral and preovulatory follicles. No litters were born to Cyp19Cre-cKO females (n=4) during a 6 months breeding trial. Cyp19Cre-cKO enabled the development of a luteal-like structure, and 1-year-old females presented hemorrhagic follicular cysts and hypertrophic ovarian surface epithelium. Both knockout models display lack of cumulus expansion and ovulation. We conclude that Nr5a2 differentially regulates folliculogenesis and ovulation in granulosa cells of small and antral follicles.

Le récepteur nucléaire Nr5a2 est exprimé dans l’ovaire, plus spécifiquement dans les cellules de granulosa et lutéales. Une déplétion conditionnelle de Nr5a2 dans les cellules de granulosa au stade de follicule primaire par croisement de souris Nr5a2-flox et Amhr2-Cre (Nr5a2f/fAmhr2Cre/+) génère des problèmes au niveau de l’expansion du cumulus, de l’ovulation et de la lutéinisation. Ainsi, nous estimons que Nr5a2 régule les connexions intercellulaires dans le follicule ovarien via la connexine 43 (Cx43), une protéine de jonction impliquée dans l’expansion du cumulus. Le premier objectif de l’étude était de déterminer si l’absence d’expansion du cumulus chez les souris Amhr2Cre-cKO est liée à l’absence de communication intercellulaire adéquate entre les cellules de granulosa et de cumulus dans les follicules préovulatoires. À cette fin, des ovaires de souris immatures Amhr2Cre-cKO et non transgéniques ont été prélevés (n=3) après un traitement de superstimulation utilisant les gonadotropines eCG suivie de hCG afin d’induire l’ovulation. Nous avons ainsi démontré, par RT-PCR, une sous-expression de Cx43 avant et au moment du stimulus ovulatoire (0 h et 2 h) chez le groupe Amhr2Cre-cKO (P<0.01), ce qui pourrait mener à un problème dans l’acquisition de la compétence développementale de l’oocyte. D’un autre côté, au moment de l’ovulation (12 h), l’ARNm de Cx43 est surexprimé dans le groupe Amhr2Cre-cKO, ce qui pourrait prévenir les cellules du cumulus de se détacher l’une de l’autre. Nous avons ainsi conclu que Cx43 est un gène sous le contrôle de Nr5a2 et qu’une régulation erronée de ce gène est une cause possible du problème d’expansion du cumulus chez les souris Amhr2Cre-cKO. Afin d’examiner le rôle de Nr5a2 dans l’ovulation et la lutéinisation à différents stades de la maturation folliculaire, nous suggérons que Nr5a2 module la séquence temporelle des événements menant à l’ovulation. En croisant des souris Nr5a2-flox et Cyp19-Cre (Nr5a2f/fCyp19Cre/+), l’expression de Nr5a2 a été interrompue dans les cellules de granulosa des follicules antraux et préovulatoires. Aucune portée n’a été obtenue de ces souris (n=4) durant un essai d’accouplement de 6 mois. Chez les souris Cyp19Cre-cKO on remarque la présence de structures s’apparentant à des cellules de type lutéales et les femelles âgées d’un an présentent des kystes folliculaires hémorragiques et une hypertrophie de l’épithélium en surface de l’ovaire. Les deux modèles transgéniques démontrent donc une absence de l’expansion du cumulus et de l’ovulation. En conclusion, Nr5a2 semble réguler différemment la folliculogenèse et l’ovulation dans les cellules de granulosa des follicules primaires et antraux. / The nuclear receptor Nr5a2 is expressed in the ovary, exclusively in granulosa and luteal cells. Conditional disruption of Nr5a2 in granulosa cells beginning with primary follicles by means of Nr5a2-floxed and Amhr2-Cre mice (Nr5a2f/fAmhr2Cre/+) results in failure in cumulus expansion, ovulation and luteinization. We hypothesize that Nr5a2 regulates intercellular connections in ovarian follicles through connexin 43 (Cx43), a gap-junctional protein related to cumulus expansion. The first objective of this study was to determine whether the lack of cumulus expansion in Amhr2Cre-cKO mice is related to the absence of normal cell-to-cell communication in cumulus/granulosa cells of preovulatory follicles. To address this, immature ovaries of Amhr2Cre-cKO and non-transgenic littermates mice were collected (n=3) after superstimulation to induce follicle development and ovulation. Using RT-PCR, the Cx43 mRNA levels were shown to be downregulated prior to and at the time of the ovulatory stimulus (0 h and 2 h) in the Amhr2Cre-cKO group (P<0.01), which may lead to the failure in the acquisition of oocyte developmental competence. On the other hand, by the time of ovulation (12 h), mRNA levels of Cx43 are upregulated in Amhr2Cre-cKO group, which may prevent the cumulus cells to detach one from another. We conclude that Cx43 is one of the downstream genes under Nr5a2 control and its dysregulation can be one reason for the defect in cumulus expansion in Amhr2Cre-cKO females. To examine the role of Nr5a2 in ovulation and luteinization in different stages of the follicle maturation, we hypothesized that Nr5a2 modulates the events leading to ovulation in a temporal sequence. By crossing Nr5a2-floxed and Cyp19-Cre mice (Nr5a2f/fCyp19Cre/+), Nr5a2 was disrupted in granulosa cells of antral and preovulatory follicles. No litters were born to Cyp19Cre-cKO females (n=4) during a 6 months breeding trial. Cyp19Cre-cKO enabled the development of a luteal-like structure, and 1-year-old females presented hemorrhagic follicular cysts and hypertrophic ovarian surface epithelium. Both knockout models display lack of cumulus expansion and ovulation. We conclude that Nr5a2 differentially regulates folliculogenesis and ovulation in granulosa cells of small and antral follicles.

La connexine 43 (Cx43) est l’unité protéique de base dans la formation des canaux des jonctions gap (JG) responsables des échanges intercellulaires. Toutefois, elle forme aussi des canaux non-jonctionnels à large conductance, nommés hémicanaux (Hc), qui fournissent un accès entre l’intérieure des cellules et le milieu extracellulaire. Bien qu’ils soient beaucoup moins étudiés que les JG, on estime que les Hc restent normalement à l’état fermé, et ce, grâce à la phosphorylation des connexines qui les forment. Suite à un stress ischémique, les Cx43 se déphosphorylent et entraînent ainsi l’ouverture des Hc de Cx43 (HcCx43), un effet qui compromet la survie des cellules. La protéine kinase C (PKC) est l’enzyme de phosphorylation qui possède le plus grand nombre de sites de phosphorylation sur la Cx43 en comparaison avec les autres kinases. Ses fonctions dépendent de la mise en jeu d’un répertoire d’au moins 12 isoformes distinctes. Dans les cardiomyocytes, les isoformes de PKC participent au développement des réponses adaptées ou mésadaptées au stress ischémique. Malgré que la régulation des canaux de Cx43 par la PKC lors d’une ischémie soit bien documentée, il n’existe pas à l’heure actuelle de connaissances sur les effets fonctionnels spécifiques qu’exercent des différentes isoformes de PKC sur les HcCx43, ni sur la valeur thérapeutique de la modulation de ses derniers. Dans ce contexte, nous avons proposé que les HcCx43 sont régulés sélectivement et différentiellement par les différentes isoformes de PKC et que l’inhibition spécifique de ces hémicanaux peut protéger le coeur lors d’un événement ischémique. Le présent travail comporte trois études qui ont été entreprises spécialement dans le but de valider ces hypothèses. Dans la première étude, nous avons profité de l’expertise du laboratoire du Dr Baroudi dans la dissection des isoformes de PKC pour étudier le rôle fonctionnel de chacune d’elles dans la régulation des HcCx43 en utilisant une gamme unique de peptides synthétiques inhibiteurs et activateurs spécifiques des isoformes de PKC, en combinaison avec la technique du patch-clamp. Nous avons démontré, entre autre, que les HcCx43 sont particulièrement inhibés par l’isoforme PKC epsilon, connue pour son effet cardioprotecteur contre les dommages ischémiques lors d’un préconditionnement ischémique. Dans la deuxième étude, nous avons caractérisé l’effet d’un peptide synthétique mimétique structural de la Cx43 sur la fonction des HcCx43. En plus d’avoir élucidé ces effets sur les propriétés fonctionnelles du canal, nous avons démontré d’une manière directe et indéniable que le peptide Gap26 inhibe et spécifiquement les HcCx43 et que son administration in vitro (cardiomyocytes isolés) et ex vivo (coeur intact) confère à ces modèles expérimentaux une résistance importante contre le stress ischémique. Dans la troisième étude, nous avons investigué pour la première fois in vivo le potentiel de deux peptides uniques mimétiques structuraux de la Cx43, Gap26 et Gap27, dans la cardioprotection contre les lésions ischémiques lorsqu’ils sont administrés à basse dose sous forme d’un bolus intraveineux unique. Nous avons démontré que l’injection de ces peptides avant ou après la survenue de l’ischémie réduit significativement la taille de l’infarctus qui en résulte.En conclusion, l’ensemble de ces résultats révèlent le rôle bénéfique de l’inhibition des HcCx43 lors d’une ischémie et dévoilent un potentiel thérapeutique prometteux des mimétiques structuraux de Cx43 dans la prévention et le traitement de l’infarctus du myocarde. / Connexin 43 (Cx43) is the basic unit in the composition of Gap junction channels but also of the non-junctional unapposed hemichannels (Hc). Gap junction channels play key roles in cardiac function by allowing conduction of electrical impulses and exchange of biologically important molecules between cells. The unapposed Hc, however, perform functions different from those achieved by Gap junction channels mainly by providing pathways between the cytosol and the extracellular space allowing movement of ions and other small metabolites. Although they are much less studied than Gap junction channels, Hc are believed to remain normally in a closed state and that phosphorylation is an important factor promoting their closure. Under ischemic stress,the amount of non-phosphorylated Cx43 increases resulting in increasing hemichannels opening, an effect that can lead to irreversible tissue injury and cell death. Protein kinase C (PKC) possesses the largest number of phosphorylation sites on Cx43 and exerts significant control on Cx43 channels. Its function depends on the involvement of at least 12 distinct isoformes. Various PKC isoforms exert specific cellular and cardiovascular functions, nonetheless the functional role of PKC isoforms in the modulation of the unapposed Cx43 hemichannels has never been assessed, neither has the therapeutic potential of Cx43Hc modulation in the protection of ischemic heart. In this context, three studies have been performed, they form the body of this thesis. In the first study, a unique set of synthetic PKC isoform-selective activator and inhibitor peptides was utilised. In combination with the patch clamp technique, we have demonstrated that Cx43Hc conductance is strongly inhibited by, among many isoforms, epsilon PKC isoforme, known for its cardioprotective effect against ischemic injury. In the second study, we characterized the effect of a synthetic structural mimetic peptide of Cx43. Using patch clamp technique, we have demonstrated that the peptide Gap26 inhibits directly and specifically Cx43Hc, we also showed that Gap26 can confer resistance to cardiomyocytes (in vitro) and intact heart (ex vivo) against ischemia. In the third study, we investigated for the first time in vivo the capability of a unique pair of structural Cx43 mimetic peptides, Gap26 and Gap27, to protect heart from ischemic injury when administered in single low-dose intravenous boluses. We demonstrated that administration of either one or both peptides, before or after the onset of ischemia renders heart more resistant to ischemia and reduces significantly the size of myocardial infarct. Altogether, our results revealed salvatory effect of Cx43Hc inhibition during ischemia and uncovered therapeutique potentials of the synthetic structural mimetic peptides of Cx43 in ischemic heart disease.

Le traumatisme crânien (TC) est la première cause de visite aux urgences pour la population pédiatrique. Indépendamment du niveau de sévérité du TC, les patients pédiatriques souffrent sur le long-terme de troubles cognitifs et émotionnels, cependant les mécanismes moléculaires et cellulaires sous-jacents sont encore peu connus, et il n’existe pas de traitement efficace disponible à ce jour. L’unité neurovasculaire est composée de vaisseaux sanguins, neurones et astrocytes. Les astrocytes sont essentiels à une variété de fonctions physiologiques assurées par cette unité tels que l’homéostasie cérébrale et le couplage neurovasculaire. Suite à une lésion, les astrocytes deviennent « réactifs », et cette « astrocytopatie » peut impacter leur rôle physiologique et empirer les conséquences de la lésion.Nous avons étudié le rôle de l’astrocytopatie dans le TC juvénile et fait l’hypothèse que : (1) les astrocytes réactifs contribuent à la propagation de l’œdème via les jonctions serrées connexines après un TC juvénile modéré ; (2) l’astrocytopatie se développe également après un TC juvénile léger avec des changements calciques qui pourraient contribuer à (3) une altération de la réactivité vasculaire, tout cela impactant sur les conséquences comportementales qui font suite à la lésion.Nous avons montré que :(1) Réduire l’astrocythopatie en sous-régulant la connexine 43 permettait d’améliorer les conséquences comportementales après un TC modéré juvénile, mais n’impactait pas la propagation de l’œdème.(2) Les astrocytes devenaient réactifs et subissaient des changements morphologiques après un TC juvénile léger avec des perturbations dans les signaux purinergiques-calciques liés à des changements dans l’expression du canal aqueux aquaporine 4 (AQP4).(3) Une dysfonction vasculaire majeure s’était développée après le TC juvénile léger avec des changements fonctionnels et morphologiques des vaisseaux intraparenchymaux parallèles aux altérations comportementales et précédant les dommages axonaux après la lésion.Ce travail apporte un nouvel aperçu de la pathophysiologie du TC juvénile et ouvre des possibilités pour développer des thérapies ciblant l’astrocytopatie après une lésion. / Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the first cause for emergency department visits in the pediatric population. Regardless of the severity of TBI, pediatric patients suffer long-term cognitive and emotional impairments but the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms are still poorly understood and there are no effective treatments available. The neurovascular unit is composed by blood vessels, neurons and astrocytes. Astrocytes are crucial for various physiological functions of this unit such as brain homeostasis and neurovascular coupling. In injuries astrocytes become “reactive”, and this “astrocytopathy” can impact their physiological roles and worsen the outcome after injury.We investigated astrocytopathy in juvenile TBI and hypothesized that: (1) reactive astrocytes contribute to spread of edema through connexin gap junctions after juvenile moderate TBI; and that (2) astrocytopathy also develops after juvenile mild TBI with calcium changes that could contribute to (3) impaired vascular reactivity, all of which impacts the behavioral outcome after injury.We have shown that:(1) Reducing astrocytopathy by downregulating the gap junction protein connexin 43 improved the behavioral outcome after juvenile moderate TBI, but did not impact the spread of edema.(2) Astrocytes became reactive and underwent morphological changes after juvenile mild TBI with disturbances in purinergic-calcium signaling related to expression changes of the water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4).(3) Major vascular dysfunction developed after juvenile mild TBI with functional and morphological changes of the intraparenchymal vessels that paralleled behavioral impairments and preceded axonal damage after injury.This work brings new insights in the pathophysiology of juvenile TBI and opens prospects for developing therapeutics targeting astrocytopathy after injury.

As conexinas são as principais proteínas componentes das junções do tipo GAP no fígado. Existem poucos estudos sobre o papel das junções GAP nas lesões hepáticas, principalmente nas células não-parenquimatosas. O processo de isquemia e de reperfusão (IR) é um fenômeno complexo que está muito presente na prática clínica e envolve inúmeras vias metabólicas, e acredita-se que a comunicação celular parece ser uma via importante de interação entre células hepáticas, que respondem às alterações da homeostase e insultas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi comprovar a participação da conexina Cx43 na lesão de IR hepática, em um modelo experimental em roedores. A utilização de animais deficientes para Cx43 (\"Knockout\" heterozigotos Cx43+/-) permitiu verificar a evolução da lesão de IR, na deficiência desta conexina. A lesão de IR foi induzida pelo clampeamento do pedículo hepático durante uma hora. Realizou-se então a comparação dos níveis de enzimas hepáticas entre os animais \"Knockout\" e o grupo controle. Com isso se comprovou que a presença da Cx43 melhora o prognóstico em lesões hepáticas. Atualmente, com medicações capazes de bloquear ou aumentar a presença da Cx43 e, tendo em vista os altos índices de doenças hepáticas no Brasil e no mundo, esta é uma importante contribuição nesta área do conhecimento / Connexins are the main protein components of the gap junctions in the liver. There are few studies on the role of gap junctions on liver injury, and they are mainly on non-parenchymal cells. The process of ischemia and reperfusion (IR) is a complex phenomenon that involves many metabolic processes, and we believe that cellular communication is an important interaction mechanism between hepatic cells that respond to alteration of homeostasis and insults. The aim of the project was to prove that connexin Cx43 plays an important role in lesions in hepatic IR in experimental rodent models. The use of Cx43 deficient models (knockout heterozygous Cx43+/-) allowed us to verify the evolution of the liver injury from IR in the deficiency of this connexin. The IR lesion was induced by clamping the hepatic pedicle for one hour. We then carried out a comparison of the levels of hepatic enzymes between the knockout mice and the control group. This demonstrated that the presence of Cx43 altered the prognosis for liver injury. Given that there are medications capable of blocking or increasing the presence of Cx43 selectively or not, and bearing in mind the high rates of hepatic pathologies in Brazil and the rest of the world, this article contributes to understanding of the participation of connexin 43 in liver injury during ischemia and reperfusion

As conexinas são as principais proteínas componentes das junções do tipo GAP no fígado. Existem poucos estudos sobre o papel das junções GAP nas lesões hepáticas, principalmente nas células não-parenquimatosas. O processo de isquemia e de reperfusão (IR) é um fenômeno complexo que está muito presente na prática clínica e envolve inúmeras vias metabólicas, e acredita-se que a comunicação celular parece ser uma via importante de interação entre células hepáticas, que respondem às alterações da homeostase e insultas. O objetivo da pesquisa foi comprovar a participação da conexina Cx43 na lesão de IR hepática, em um modelo experimental em roedores. A utilização de animais deficientes para Cx43 (\"Knockout\" heterozigotos Cx43+/-) permitiu verificar a evolução da lesão de IR, na deficiência desta conexina. A lesão de IR foi induzida pelo clampeamento do pedículo hepático durante uma hora. Realizou-se então a comparação dos níveis de enzimas hepáticas entre os animais \"Knockout\" e o grupo controle. Com isso se comprovou que a presença da Cx43 melhora o prognóstico em lesões hepáticas. Atualmente, com medicações capazes de bloquear ou aumentar a presença da Cx43 e, tendo em vista os altos índices de doenças hepáticas no Brasil e no mundo, esta é uma importante contribuição nesta área do conhecimento / Connexins are the main protein components of the gap junctions in the liver. There are few studies on the role of gap junctions on liver injury, and they are mainly on non-parenchymal cells. The process of ischemia and reperfusion (IR) is a complex phenomenon that involves many metabolic processes, and we believe that cellular communication is an important interaction mechanism between hepatic cells that respond to alteration of homeostasis and insults. The aim of the project was to prove that connexin Cx43 plays an important role in lesions in hepatic IR in experimental rodent models. The use of Cx43 deficient models (knockout heterozygous Cx43+/-) allowed us to verify the evolution of the liver injury from IR in the deficiency of this connexin. The IR lesion was induced by clamping the hepatic pedicle for one hour. We then carried out a comparison of the levels of hepatic enzymes between the knockout mice and the control group. This demonstrated that the presence of Cx43 altered the prognosis for liver injury. Given that there are medications capable of blocking or increasing the presence of Cx43 selectively or not, and bearing in mind the high rates of hepatic pathologies in Brazil and the rest of the world, this article contributes to understanding of the participation of connexin 43 in liver injury during ischemia and reperfusion