Background: Patients with mental disabilities are more prone to somatic illnesses than the general public. Unhealthier lifestyles and side effects of medication might be causes of conditions that lead to diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and premature death. According to the Social Board patients with mental disabilities receive poorer treatment than patients with only somatic diagnosis. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses' experiences to identify, assess and manage somatic symptoms and problems within the psychiatric care. Method: The study is based on interviews with 12 nurses working in psychiatric outpatient and inpatient care. A qualitative content analysis was chosen. Result: The nurses performed nursing through talking, blood sampling and measuring for example blood pressure. They followed up side effects of medication. This was done routinely or on their own initiative in order to identify, assess and manage somatic symptoms and problems. The nurses had the experience that they did not have sufficient knowledge of somatic care. They had wanted more collaboration with colleagues and other care units to increase this. The alliance with the patient was a precondition for aiding patients to make lifestyle changes. Conclusion: There is need for simple routines and strategies to control somatic symptoms and problems. It is of importance for the patients to receive equivalent care and making it easier for the nurses to provide care. Increased collaboration with colleagues and other care units could facilitate this process of care taking.

Abstract   Back ground: Home based care is a meaningful activity giving patients and their families a chance to live their lives as close to normal as possible. Advanced palliative care is today provided at home, although geography does play a role in shaping that care. A rural setting can mean that conditions for such care differ from those in urban areas. Purpose: To describe the experiences of district nurses in palliative home care settings in a rural community. Method: Semi structured interviews with seven district nurses. The interviews were recorded digitally and transcribed in a precise fashion. A method of qualitative analysis of the contents, inspired by Burnard, was used to analyze the material. Results: Palliative care places high demands on the competency and experience of district nurses. The conditions of a rural setting contribute to the structure of such care in so far as its organization and prioritization. The work of the district nurses involved was marked by cooperation and peer support. The fact that the care for patients varied between communities was however, seen as unfair. Conclusion: The study expands the body of knowledge of the experiences of district nurses. It also clarifies the conditions that influence palliative care in a rural community. Hopefully this study will contribute to further development of palliative home care, and enable those affected to receive care on more equal terms.

This BA thesis examines how the Swedish newspaper Aftonbladet writes about celebrities.Our questions were: How much does Aftonbladet write about celebrities? What kind ofcelebrities does Aftonbladet write about? In which context do celebrities appear inAftonbladet? We have also studied how these matters have changed since 1978.In our research we have used quantitative content analysis. We have analyzed a total of 956articles about celebrities from 1978, 1988, 1998 and 2008. We chose to analyze articles fromtwo synthetic weeks each year.We have used theories about celebrity culture, popularization and personalization and alsoabout public and private in our analyze.Our conclusions were that Aftonbladet has written a lot of articles about celebrities for a longtime, but the articles about celebrities in Aftonbladet have increased by 170 percent since1978.The number of articles that Aftonbladet has written dealing with the private life of celebritieshas not changed much at all since 1978. This was something that surprised us because weexpected that Aftonbladet would write more about the private life of celebrities in 2008 thanin 1978.

Introduction: HIV is a serious problem in Namibia, 13.1% of the adult population is HIV-positive or is a carrier of AIDS. This is one of the highest numbers in the world. HIV is passed from mother to child during pregnancy, during labour or through breast milk. 18.8 % of the pregnant mothers in Namibia who is in contact with the maternity welfare have HIV. Aim: The aim of the study was to describe nurses’ counseling to mothers to prevent mother to child transmission of HIV through breastfeeding. Method: Eight nurses working with PMTCT of HIV were interviewed in Namibia. The interviews were transcribed and a content analysis was made. 18 sub-categories and seven categories were found. Findings: It is important that nurses provide individual counseling, are supportive and motivate the mothers. Poverty is an obstacle for the mothers, stigmatization occurs and cultural differences can have influence on the mothers. It is also important that nurses are updated in counseling and PMTCT. Conclusion: Nurses should provide mothers with the correct information in a pedagogical way. Nurses need to be aware of obstacles for the mothers and their families to be able to meet their different demands. Men are not involved in PMTCT-counseling and nurses think that partner involvement would benefit PMTCT of HIV.

This study aims to investigate existing sustainability-related curriculum of business schools within Greater China and take China and Taiwan these two nations as examples for further comparison. Based on a review of current literatures connected to sustainability relevant topics in the ¡§literatures review¡¨ section it gives an overview of existing related discussions and the present circumstances of sustainable development of academic studies. The ¡§research design and methodology¡¨ section describes the research issues in detail and explains practical implement procedures for studying sustainability-related curriculum of sampled business schools in Greater China countries by a web-based content analysis method. Furthermore, this study indicates the findings from the collection information and gives suggestions for future researches in this area. There are 206 business schools within Greater China investigated by this study. The significant findings of this study include (a) 82% of business schools in Greater China provide sustainability-related courses indicating that there is a trend in Greater China business schools toward building sustainability-related education into schools¡¦ curriculum, (b) there is difference between China and Taiwan¡¦s business schools in terms of sustainability-related course number per business and their course arrangement, (c) business schools in China and Taiwan have partially overlapping in course content and instruction method of sustainability-related curriculum, (d) but obviously China lacks of CSR related courses in business schools.

The study aims to explore the core concepts and the curricular structure of the global education program for elementary and secondary schools, to develop a set of global education indicators, and to analyze the relationship between the global education indicators and the present indicators for the Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines. Document analysis, Delphi technique, and content analysis are the methods employed in this research. The major research findings are: 1.The core concepts of global education for elementary and secondary schools are constituted by five domains, which are ¡§global system,¡¨ ¡§multiple cultures,¡¨ ¡§the human rights and justice,¡¨ ¡§world peace,¡¨ and ¡§sustainability.¡¨ Among them, global system contains the concepts of ¡§global connection¡¨ and ¡§interrelationship¡¨; multiple cultures includes ¡§appreciation of differences¡¨ and ¡§intercultural ability¡¨; the human rights and justice includes ¡§equity and justice¡¨ and ¡§right and responsibility¡¨; ¡§collaboration and negotiation ¡¨ and ¡§solution for conflict¡¨ are subsumed under the domain of world peace; and sustainability includes the concepts about ¡§global ecological system¡¨ and ¡§sustainable resources¡¨. 2.The global education indicators for elementary and secondary schools consists of five domains, including ¡§global system,¡¨ ¡§multiple cultures, ¡§the human rights and justice,¡¨ ¡§world peace,¡¨ and ¡§sustainability,¡¨ as well as 60 indicators. 3.In the Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines, the indicators for Integrative Activities are closely linked with global education, whereas the indicators for Mathematics lack for the concepts of global education. Among the indicators of the seven learning areas, there are plenty of indicators which are related to multiple cultures, and the indicators related to the human rights and justice are the scarcest in number. Finally, according to the research results, the present authors would propose suggestions for the application of indicators for global education in elementary and secondary schools, for the present indicators for the Grade 1-9 Curriculum Guidelines, and for further investigation in the future. The suggestions can be taken as a reference for institutions, teachers, and researchers who participate in global education in Taiwan.

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) is an invasive aquatic plant that grows quickly across shallow freshwater habitats. It is a problem for recreational users of lakes and landowners. Grass carp (Ctenopharynogodon idella) is an effective biological control agent that preferentially consumes and can control the spread of hydrilla. However, grass carp also will consume other vegetation, which influences aquatic communities via direct and indirect interactions that can change food and habitat availability and use by various species. Aquatic plants influence habitat and types of prey used by sunfish (Centrarchidae), which must also avoid their own predators. Prey use among sunfish species depends on density and taxonomic identity of both prey and vegetation. This was a one-year analysis of stomach contents from three common species of invertivorous sunfish: bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), longear sunfish (Lepomis megalotis), and redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus). Thirteen sampling stations were randomly selected using ArcGIS software. Percentage of water surface covered by vegetation was recorded at each station. A five-minute electrofishing sample was performed within the littoral zone early morning in late September. The stomach contents of all targeted sunfish (N=489) showed high percentages of diet overlap pre- (0.77-0.92) and post- (0.83-0.88) introduction of grass carp. Multivariate analysis showed total explained variation (15.5%) in sunfish diet composition was (P < 0.05) correlated significantly with sunfish species (6.67%), percent surface vegetation coverage (3.97%), and sampling periods pre- versus post-introduction of grass carp (2.13%). Prey-specific abundance showed that all sunfishes displayed a generalized feeding strategy in both sampling periods. Diets of each sunfish species showed differences in abundance (by volume) and occurrence (among individual fish) of prey items between sampling periods. Levin?s standardized index of diet breadth for all sunfish species decreased from pre- (0.12) to post-introduction (0.05). Results imply that vegetation control by grass carp influenced the diets and feeding strategies of three cohabitating sunfish species. These findings may help fisheries biologists to plan future management actions that influence assemblages of aquatic plants and macroinvertebrates, herbivorous fish, invertivorous prey-fish, and piscivorous game fish, to promote a healthy and balanced ecosystem for Lake Conroe stakeholders.

Recently, there is a trend in western leadership¡¦s studies emphasizing the influences of a leader¡¦s values and visions on subordinates. However, there is no one among various leadership researches in Taiwan especially emphasizing the influences of the leader¡¦s vision or value on leadership effectiveness. Based on the viewpoint that measuring the CEO¡¦s management values by his personal values is inappropriate, the purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of CEO¡¦s management values on leadership effectiveness from the perceptiveness of subordinates¡¦ perceptions. Totally, 47 institutions participated in this research, which consisted of 43 CEO interviews, 45 management value questionnaires from CEOs, and 252 subordinate questionnaires about their perceptions of the CEO¡¦S management value and his leadership effectiveness. In addiction to having found out the operational definition and 13 representative index of the ¡§CEO management value¡¨, this study further examined the construct validity of the ¡§CEO management value¡¨ scale. Besides, two other conclusive findings found are as following: First, the degree that subordinates¡¦ perceptions of the CEO¡¦S management value, regardless of ideological or pragmatic, would positively influence subordinates¡¦ evaluation about the CEO¡¦S leadership effectiveness. However, having compared the two dimensions of the CEO¡¦S management value, we found out that the ideological value was more influential than pragmatic value. Secondly, when compared with those of different perceptual outcome, subordinates, whose perceptions of the CEO¡¦S management value are the same as his/her CEO¡¦s self-perception, would give higher evaluation about his/her CEO¡¦S leadership effectiveness. This result emphasizes the importance that the CEO needs to communicate his management values to his subordinates.

The main goal of this study was to analyze the economic concepts materials of Social Studies Learning Areas textbooks of the junior high school in Taiwan for researching the distributive conditions and the content of economic concepts materials in the Social Studies Learning Areas textbooks. The purposes of this study were¡G(1)to explore the meanings of economic education and the relationship between economic education and Social Studies Learning Areas¡F(2)to analyze the differences of economic concepts on all the four editions¡F(3)to analyze the differences of economic competence indicators on all the four editions¡F(4)to induct and research discovery, as references in achievement junior high school textbooks related economic concepts copy editor. This study applied content analysis approach, and the study targets were the Grade 7-9 Social Studies Learning Areas of Grade 1-9 Curriculum textbooks (Nani textbooks¡BRenlin textbooks¡BHannlin textbooks¡BKnsh textbooks )published in 2004. It totaled up to 4 volumes. First of all, the researcher inquired into the references to set up the economic concepts categories and the Economic Competence Indicators translate economic concepts categories, and then, analyzed the economic concepts materials from the words and the illustrations and supplementary materials in the Social Studies Learning Areas textbooks. The conclusions of this study were as follows: 1.Economic education must contain cognitive¡Battitude and skill goals, and has its importance in Social Studies Learning Areas . 2.Speaking of the economic concept analysis, in various editions textbooks all emphasize microeconomic concepts primarily, the proportion which occupies surpasses one half, next is the macroeconomic concepts. 3.Speaking of the economic Competence Indicators analysis, the majority of textbooks all have conform to the economic concepts which the economic Competence Indicators explain, only has partially has not little tallied, demonstrated various editions textbooks¡¦ explanations were not the same , or show up in other subjects and the examination system was not rigorous. 4.Speaking of the supplementary materials analysis, teaching material and so on graph, explanation nouns, mostly can display the supplement assistance text contents ,extend activities as well as the student exercise that all can give dual attention to the diversification, only must consider the arrangement of the time. In accordance with the main discovery and conclusion of this research, suggestions concerning aspects of education organizations, conscientious system of textbooks examination needs to be established were put forward. Follow-up studies were also proposed.

It was usual that museums built up their won Web sites nowadays. However, building Web sites didn¡¦t mean that museums used Internet to support museums¡¦ operation. In researcher¡¦s opinion, using Internet services had become an indivisible part of modern life. Since researches on private museums was less than those on famous and public museums, this study used the ICDT model ¡]four virtual space, included information, communication, distribution, and transaction¡^and the Content Analysis to point out the dimension and the level of digitalization of 97 museum Web sites. This study result could be used to suggest museum operating Web sites and providing e-services in an excellent way. The study result included the following guidelines: 1¡EThe information-and-commerce-based Web sites presented more consistency than those of information-based Web sites. The information-and-commerce-based Web sites also presented higher level of digitalization. 2¡EThe museum Web sites should provide information of abundance and depth, use multiple online communication functions, develop Internet as a new distribution, and pay more attention to the security of transaction and individual¡¦s privacy. 3¡EThe problem of digitalization of private museums was the unclear idea of digitalization and Web site, as well as the unrealized needs of museums and Internet users. In suggestion, the museum should find out attributes that differed from the others, and set up the Web site¡¦s main notion according to museum mission. Further more, to match museum¡¦s needs and user¡¦s needs, so as to seek for corporation of other business and resources. Finally, to keep well maintenance and evaluation of Web sites.