O conhecimento pedagógico do conteúdo (PCK, do inglês Pedagogical Content Knowledge) é o conhecimento usado pelos professores no processo de ensino (Kind, 2009). Trata-se de um conhecimento tácito que inclui as analogias, ideias e ilustrações que o professor utiliza para que um conteúdo específico seja compreensível ao aluno. Consideramos que este conhecimento também pode ser construído em professores em formação, durante o estágio supervisionado, pois é nessa etapa que a integração dos conhecimentos específicos e pedagógicos vai sendo construída com a prática em sala de aula. Neste trabalho investigamos sete licenciandos em química, que estavam divididos em dois grupos, e procuramos buscar as relações observáveis durante as atividades de estágio supervisionado com a formação do PCK. Nossos dados foram coletados a partir de quatro instrumentos - CoRe (Representação de Conteúdo), planos de aulas, registro audiovisual da regência dos licenciandos num contexto real de sala de aula e as reflexões dos mesmos registradas num diário de bordo. Para a análise dos dados utilizamos as categorias estabelecidas por Loughran et al. (2000) conectadas ao Modelo Integrativo de Gess-Newsome (1999). Também identificamos os estágios de desenvolvimento do professor em formação de Dreyfus (2004) a partir dos dados coletados com esses professores em formação. Os resultados mostram que esses licenciandos apresentaram falhas importantes no conhecimento de conteúdo o que se faz refletir nos demais conhecimentos necessários à prática profissional. As licenciandas do grupo 1 encontram-se no primeiro estágio (Iniciante), pois se mostraram racionais e inflexíveis nas ações em sala de aula. Os licenciandos do grupo 2 se encontram no segundo estágio (Iniciante avançado), pois desenvolveram estratégias que os ajudou a articularem o conteúdo ao tempo disponível. Nosso estudo apresenta assim algumas evidências a serem somadas a outras pesquisas de que a construção do PCK de professores iniciantes pode ser melhor explicada pelo Modelo Integrativo. No caso desse estudo, os licenciandos estão ainda em fase de amadurecer seu conhecimento de conteúdo, muito embora apresentem alguns flashes dos demais conhecimentos componentes do PCK. / The Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) is the knowledge used by teachers during the teaching process (Kind, 2009). It is a tacit knowledge that includes analogies, illustrations and ideas that the teacher uses in order to make subject matter content understandable to the student. We believe that this knowledge can also be built during training program since at this stage the integration of specific content and pedagogical knowledge is being built with the practice in the classroom. In this paper we investigate seven pre-service chemistry teachers, which were divided into two groups, and seek for the observable relations of PCK developing during the activities of pre-service teachers training. Our data were collected from four different tools - CoRe (Content Representation), lesson plans, audiovisual record of chemistry classes and reflections. For data analysis we used categories developed by Loughran et al. (2000) connected to the Integrative Model of Gess-Newsome (1999). We also identified the developmental stages of teacher training by Dreyfus (2004) from data collected with these student teachers. The results show these pre-service chemistry teachers have meaningful failures in the content knowledge which can be reflected in the others knowledge domains. The pre-service teachers from group 1 were categorized as in the first stage (Beginners). They were rational and inflexible during activities in the classroom. The group 2 teachers were categorized in the second stage (Advanced beginners) since they develop strategies that help themselves to articulate content and schedule. Our research presents some evidences the beginners teachers develop their PCK based on Integrative Model. In this study the pre-service teachers are still developing their content knowledge, even though we could see some flashes from the others PCK components.

Student Number : 8710172X - MSc research report - School of Education - Faculty of Science / This study investigates mathematics for teaching, specifically in the case of functions at the grade 10 level. One teacher was studied to gain insights into the mathematical problem-solving a teacher does as he/she goes about his/her work. The analysis of data shows that the mathematical problems that this particular teacher confronts as he goes about his work of teaching can be classified as defining, explaining, representing and questioning. The resources that he draws on to sustain and drive this practice can be described as coming from aspects of mathematics, his own teaching experience and the curriculum with which he works. Of interest in this study are those features of mathematical problemsolving in teaching as intimated by other studies, particularly restructuring tasks and working with learners’ ideas; which are largely absent in this practice. This report argues that these latter aspects of mathematical problem-solving in teaching are aligned to a practice informed by the wider notion of mathematical proficiency. The report concludes with a discussion of why and how external intervention is needed to assist with shifting practices if mathematical proficiency is a desired outcome, as well as with reflections on the study and its methodology.

A pesquisa sobre formação de professores reconhece que existem conhecimentos fundamentais ao exercício da profissão. Neste trabalho adota-se a visão de que o Conhecimento Pedagógico de Conteúdo (PCK) é o elemento articulador da Base de Conhecimentos para o Ensino, o conhecimento central de um professor. No processo de formação inicial de professores de química, várias ações são conduzidas para o desenvolvimento dos conhecimentos necessários para a docência dos licenciandos, através das diferentes disciplinas e atividades, sendo ainda pouco pesquisada a influência da ação formativa dos formadores de professores na prática de ensino de química de seus licenciandos. Nesta investigação o foco é analisar a influência dos formadores de professores de um curso de Licenciatura em Química na prática de ensino dos licenciandos. O objetivo maior é apontar as relações entre a ação formativa dos formadores de professores e os conhecimentos mobilizados na prática de ensino por licenciandos em Química durante o curso de licenciatura. A pesquisa tem caráter qualitativo em que um estudo de caso múltiplo foi realizado com três licenciandos do curso de Licenciatura em Química de uma universidade pública do interior do estado do Paraná e seus professores formadores tendo por foco de ensino o conteúdo reações de oxirredução. Para tanto os dados coletados com os licenciandos foram baseados em questionários da literatura - Representação de Conteúdo (CoRe) - entrevistas, materiais utilizados nas aulas dos estágios curriculares sobre oxirredução, registros em diário de campo e relatórios de estágio. Os dados dos formadores foram baseados em entrevistas, CoRe, materiais didáticos dos professores e registros escritos das aulas. As entrevistas realizadas têm características do método biográfico bem como suas respectivas análises. O modo de compreensão empregado por Bourdieu para descrever as relações de poder e de reprodução de práticas dentro de um campo embasam as análises dos dados. A metodologia da Análise de Conteúdo foi utilizada com apoio do software ATLAS.ti na análise do conjunto de dados. Foi possível apontar indícios da influência dos formadores a partir da triangulação dos dados. Os resultados apontam para diferenças nas incorporações pelos licenciandos de elementos teóricos e aspectos da prática docente dos formadores, com características e conhecimentos distintos provenientes da prática dos professores das disciplinas das áreas de química e pedagógica. / Research on teacher education recognizes that there are basic knowledge to the profession. In this paper we adopt the view that the Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) is the articulating element of the Knowledge Base for Education, the core knowledge of a teacher. In the process of chemistry teachers education, several actions are conducted to develop the knowledge necessary for teaching of undergraduates, across different disciplines and activities, but still little studied the influence of the formative action of teacher educators in the chemistry teaching practice of its undergraduates. The research focus is to analyze the influence of chemistry teacher educators actions in the teaching practice of its undergraduates The ultimate goal is to point out the relationship between the formative action of teacher educators and the knowledge mobilized during teaching practice for chemistry student teachers. The research is qualitative in that a multiple case study was conducted with three chemistry student teachers from a public university in the state of Paraná and their trainers by having as teaching focus the content redox reactions. Therefore the data collected with the undergraduates were based on literature surveys - Content Representation (CoRe), interviews, materials used in classes of internships on redox, field diary records and internship reports. Data from teachers formers were based on interviews, CoRe, educational materials for teachers and written records of the classes. The interviews as well as their respective analyzes have characteristics of biographical method. The analyzes of the data were based on the Bourdieu\' understanding to describe the relationships of power and the breeding practices within a field . The methodology of content analysis was used with support of the ATLAS.ti software in the analysis of the data set. It was possible to identify evidence of the influence of trainers on students teachers from the triangulation of data. The results point to differences in the incorporations done by undergraduates of theoretical elements and aspects of teaching practice from trainers, with distinct characteristics and knowledge derived from the practice of teachers of subjects in the fields of chemistry and pedagogy.

Algebra test scores of the Maldivian students from grade 6 through 12 are the lowest compared to any other area of mathematics. Algebra is a fundamental topic in mathematics and lays the foundation for mathematical reasoning and complex problem-solving. Research shows that strengthening algebra instruction could improve student achievement. This concurrent mixed methods study examined the algebraic content and pedagogical knowledge of 5 sixth grade mathematics teachers who teach in 5 different schools across the Maldives. Shulman's major categories of teacher knowledge and Ball, Thames, and Phelps' domains of mathematical knowledge for teaching guided this study. The research questions examined the relationship between teachers' perceptions of their mastery of algebraic content and pedagogical knowledge, and what teachers actually know about algebraic content and pedagogy. Purposive sampling was used to select the 5 participants. Quantitative data were collected using the Diagnostic Teacher Assessments of Mathematics and Science - Middle Mathematics Teacher Assessments and qualitative data were gathered through lesson observations, interviews, and analysis of teachers' lesson plans and notes. All participants believed that they were proficient in both algebraic content and pedagogical knowledge. However, the results of this study showed that all participants lacked both algebraic content and pedagogical knowledge. Findings of this study were used to inform and design mathematics professional development to meet the needs of the participants. This mathematics professional development is expected to improve the instructional delivery of algebra through enhanced algebraic content and pedagogical knowledge. This could positively contribute to the improvement of student achievement in algebra.

It is argued in this thesis that pedagogical content knowledge is an essential knowledge base for effective teaching, and that its development may not depend on years of experience. The longitudinal study traced the knowledge growth of novice social science teachers, especially pedagogical content knowledge, over their final year of study and first year as practising teachers, and sought to answer the following questions: 1. What is the conceptual structure of effective social science teaching held by preservice and novice teachers? 2. To what extent is pedagogical content knowledge a component of this conceptual structure? 3. What is the importance of pedagogical content knowledge to preservice and novice teachers' conceptions of good practice? The study adopts the theoretical framework of Shulman's (1987) categorization of teacher knowledge. At a minimum, this includes general pedagogical knowledge components of (1)behaviour management, (2) teaching strategies, (3) personal beliefs, and (4)classroom communication; content knowledge; curriculum knowledge; knowledge of learners and learning; knowledge of educational contexts; educational ends, goals, and purposes and values; and, pedagogical content knowledge. The participants were ten preservice teachers in the final year of their Bachelor of Education (Secondary) studies. Four participants were post-graduate students: two held Bachelor of Applied Science degrees; one a Bachelor of Arts; and the other a Bachelor of Behavioural Science degree. Methods used to identify the participants' knowledge bases were a concept map of "effective social science teaching", a Think Aloud Protocol of the concept map, and video stimulated recall based on a lesson taught by the participant. Three sets of data were elicited during the phases of the study; at the end of the first semester in their final year of study; at the conclusion of that year; and after six months of independent teaching. A case study was constructed for each participant using an interpretive approach. The convergence of the data at each phase of the data collection provided the identification of each participant's knowledge base of teaching. The participants' conceptual structures of social science teaching over time indicated both consistency and change over time. Educational ends, goals, purposes and values and knowledge of learners and learning became significant components of the participants' conceptual structures on realization of teaching practice. The data showed that behaviour management was an important component of their conceptual structure of teaching throughout their development as social science teachers. Pedagogical content knowledge was also a consistent focus of participants' conceptual structure and indeed, on realization of independent teaching practice, most participants' pedagogical content knowledge showed greater links to other aspects of effective teaching than previously. The findings of the study indicate that pedagogical content knowledge does not develop only with experience, and that it can exist as a key component of effective teaching at the novice stage of their teaching. The study showed that novice teachers had a substantive as well as a procedural understanding of pedagogical content knowledge, and that they focused more on goals and purposes of learning and knowing the learner after they began teaching practice.

This study aimed to realize the relationship between the teacher educators¡¦ educational technology role modeling impact and the development of technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPCK) of preschool teachers in Taiwan. Quantitative Data was collected from a sample of 335 in-service preschool teachers who teach in either public schools or private schools in southern Taiwan. Follow-up interviews were also conducted with five survey respondents. The instrument was translated and adapted from Schmidt et al. (2009) TPCK survey instrument. The five modeling technology uses by teacher educators were identified from the related literature. Data analysis methods included descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and MANOVA. In addition, a multiple regression was conducted with the preschool teachers¡¦ self-assessed TPCK as the dependent variable, and the five modeling technology uses by the teacher educators the potential predictors. Findings from the study summarized as follows: (a)The development of preschool teachers¡¦ pedagogical knowledge(PK), content knowledge(CK) and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK) are the best among the seven knowledge sub domains in TPCK.(b)The number of years of teaching experience is significantly positively correlated with preschool teachers¡¦ pedagogical knowledge (PK), content knowledge ( CK)and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK). Besides, preschool teachers with over ten years of teaching experience have better self-assessed pedagogical knowledge(PK), content knowledge(CK)and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK) are better than those teachers with less than ten years of teaching experience.(c)A significant positive correlation was found between pedagogical knowledge(PK),and pedagogical content knowledge(PCK) and age; however, a significant negative correlation existed with technology knowledge(TK) and age. Older preschool teachers¡¦ self-assessed pedagogical knowledge(PK) is better than younger teachers while the young preschool teachers have a better self-assessed technology knowledge(TK).(d)The frequency of using information technology is significantly positively correlated with pedagogical knowledge(PK), technology knowledge(TK), content knowledge(CK), technological content knowledge(TCK) and technological pedagogical knowledge(TPK).Preschool teachers with a frequency of using information technology above 20 hours a week have better self-assessed technology knowledge(TK) and technological content knowledge(TCK) than those with a frequency under 5 hours a week.(e)There are no significant differences between responding preschool teachers¡¦ different college teacher education program types and the development of their self-assessed TPCK. (f) A significant positive correlation was found between teacher educators¡¦ educational technology role modeling and the respondents¡¦ self-assessed TPCK. (g) Digital teaching strategy is the most significant predictor to development of core element- technological pedagogical content knowledge(TPCK). Recommendations were also provided based on the findings from this study. It¡¦s recommended that the teacher education programs should incorporate technology components in their teacher preparation programs for preschool teachers and integrate technology across the curriculum instead of a stand-alone technology course. Besides, the design of mentoring program into the professional development should be incorporated to include both the older and younger generations for reciprocal mentoring to promote preschool teachers¡¦ development of technological pedagogical content knowledge.

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 341-357).

Title from title page of PDF (University of Missouri--St. Louis, viewed March 2, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 265-274).

Lesson study professional development, LSPD, is a technique during which teachers work collaboratively to create, implement, revise, and reflect on a specific lesson (Fernandez, 2002). This research proposed that using LSPD on integrating technology into teaching would provide teachers a collaborative and safe way to explore technology use in their classrooms. Technology adoption is not a single occurrence, but a process that takes time (Fullan, 2007; Roger, 2003). Unlike traditional forms of training, LSPD provides sustained support and a way to test technologies in low stakes situations through collaboration and observation. Both of these aspects, experimentation and observation, are important in the adoption of technology (Rogers, 2003). This study was aimed at understanding how teachers in a technology-infused LSPD change their beliefs and practices over time. Research questions included the following: a) how would teachers in a technology-infused LSPD develop their attitudes toward technology and in their technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK)?, b) how would teachers in a technology-infused LSPD change their lesson planning and teaching behaviors?, and c) would certain features of the group play a role in the teachers’ development? To address these questions, the study took qualitative approach to understanding teachers’ experiences during the lesson study process. Using interview transcripts, lesson plans, group meeting transcripts, and field notes, group cases were compiled to examine the experiences of the groups. Although three groups of teachers were followed during the semester, only one team was able to plan, teach, and re-teach a lesson. The LSPD process was disrupted by several factors independent of the lesson study model and more related to mandated testing and its results at the individual school level. The focus of the study shifted to describing the factors that contributed to and interfered with the carefully planned professional development model. The findings in this study can help us better understand the impact and intricacies of LSPD. / text

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a professional development (PD) for teachers focused on improving teacher pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) related to operations with integers would improve teacher PCK and if there was a relationship between their level of PCK and the change in the understanding of their students as measured by pre- and posttest of teacher and student knowledge. The study was conducted summer 2010 in a large urban school district on two campuses providing a district funded annual summer intervention, called Jumpstart. This program was for grade 8 students who did not pass the state assessment (Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills), but would be promoted to high school in the Fall 2010 due to a decision made by the Grade Placement Committee. The Jumpstart program involved 22 teachers and 341 students. For purposes of this study, changes were made to the PD and typical curriculum for a unit on integer operations to promote teacher and student conceptual understanding through a process of mathematical discussion called argumentation. The teachers and students explored a comprehensive representation for integer operations called a vector number line model using the Texas Instruments TI-73 calculator Numln application. During PD, teachers engaged in argumentation to make claims about strategies to use to understand integer operations and to explain their understanding of how different representations are connected. The results showed statistically significant growth in teacher PCK following the professional development and statistically significant growth in student understanding from pre- to posttest compared to the students who participated in the program the previous year. The findings also showed that there was a statistically significant association between teacher posttest PCK and student improvement in understanding even when controlling for years of teaching experience, teacher pretest knowledge, and student pretest score. This adds to the research base additional evidence that professional development focused on teacher pedagogical content knowledge can have a positive effect on student achievement, even with just a short period of PD (6 hours in this case). / text