<p>The aim of this Master’s thesis is to develop a solution for combining speed and performance of switched Ethernet with the real time capability and determinism of sophisticated in- vehicle networks. After thorough research in vehicle network standards, their demands and features, the</p><p>Flexible Time Division Multiple Access (FTDMA) protocol of FlexRay was chosen to be applied on a switched Ethernet architecture since it can accommodate both hard real time tasks and soft real time tasks. To provide hard real time capability, what this paper focuses on, a media access method was developed by creating static TDMA schedules for each node’s sending and receiving</p><p>port according to a certain traffic assumption. To validate the developed media access algorithm several examples with different traffic assumptions and architectures were generated and</p><p>investigated based on their sending and receiving utilization. A second method for validating and thus proving the functionality of the algorithm was by simulation. Therefore the Matlab Simulink</p><p>media library extension TRUE TIME was used to simulate a simple example with 100% sending and receiving utilization for each node.</p>

The aim of this Master’s thesis is to develop a solution for combining speed and performance of switched Ethernet with the real time capability and determinism of sophisticated in- vehicle networks. After thorough research in vehicle network standards, their demands and features, the Flexible Time Division Multiple Access (FTDMA) protocol of FlexRay was chosen to be applied on a switched Ethernet architecture since it can accommodate both hard real time tasks and soft real time tasks. To provide hard real time capability, what this paper focuses on, a media access method was developed by creating static TDMA schedules for each node’s sending and receiving port according to a certain traffic assumption. To validate the developed media access algorithm several examples with different traffic assumptions and architectures were generated and investigated based on their sending and receiving utilization. A second method for validating and thus proving the functionality of the algorithm was by simulation. Therefore the Matlab Simulink media library extension TRUE TIME was used to simulate a simple example with 100% sending and receiving utilization for each node.

Este trabalho tem base na demanda de pesquisas e desenvolvimento de tecnologias de redes de comunicação (fieldbus) que visam à integração de sistemas de automação e controle para aplicações em sistemas agrícolas. Sistemas agrícolas relacionados com as práticas da agricultura de precisão, com sistemas embarcados em máquinas e implementos agrícolas e com sistemas de controle de estufas e criadouros. É fundamentado também pelos esforços conjuntos no sentido de promover padronização e implementação da norma ISO11783, baseada no CAN, que dê suporte às práticas agrícolas relacionadas com a aquisição e transmissão de grande quantidade de dados. Um dos principais desafios associados ao projeto e utilização de redes de comunicação como o CAN, está relacionado à dificuldade de definição dos parâmetros de configuração para um bom desempenho da rede. O dimensionamento desses parâmetros exerce forte influência no desempenho da rede analisada. Sob o contexto destas necessidades relacionadas, este trabalho apresenta a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de análise de desempenho de redes fieldbus baseada no protocolo CAN para integração de dispositivos em aplicações em sistemas agrícolas. As etapas desse desenvolvimento consistem na sistematização e validação de um modelo matemático do enlace de dados da rede, na proposta de uma metodologia de análise de parâmetros de configurações relacionados com a rede e na implementação computacional dessa metodologia. Espera-se que a metodologia implementada seja uma ferramenta que facilite tarefas de análise e obtenção de dados referentes às aplicações. O resultado deste trabalho busca auxiliar no dimensionamento de parâmetros de configuração e na otimização de redes CAN, além de fornecer dados que ajudam no desenvolvimento de soluções baseadas no protocolo CAN e na norma ISO11783. / This work has base in the demand of research and development of data communication networks (fieldbus) to support the integration of control and automation devices for applications in agricultural systems. Agricultural systems related with the precision agriculture practices, with the embedded systems in agricultural machinery and with the greenhouses control and livestock systems. It is also guided by the efforts on the implementation of ISO11783 standard. The ISO11783 (also called ISOBUS) standard communication link is a common tendency to integrated different devices on agricultural machinery through an embedded control network. The ISOBUS use the controller area network (CAN) as a data link protocol to perform the data communication. The correct definition of the data link configuration parameters represents one of the main challenges related to the design of CAN-based networks. The definition of these parameters has influence in the performance of the analyzed network. This work presents the research and the development of a performance analysis tool of CAN-based networks for applications in agricultural systems. This development consists of the systematization and validation of a CAN mathematical model. An analysis methodology is proposed to use the mathematical model. A simulation software was built and implements the methodology. It is expected that the implemented methodology facilitates the analysis tasks of the configuration parameters of the applications. The result obtained may assist in the performance evaluation and in the definition of an optimized configuration for the network based on CAN protocol and ISO11783 standard.

Este trabalho tem base na demanda de pesquisas e desenvolvimento de tecnologias de redes de comunicação (fieldbus) que visam à integração de sistemas de automação e controle para aplicações em sistemas agrícolas. Sistemas agrícolas relacionados com as práticas da agricultura de precisão, com sistemas embarcados em máquinas e implementos agrícolas e com sistemas de controle de estufas e criadouros. É fundamentado também pelos esforços conjuntos no sentido de promover padronização e implementação da norma ISO11783, baseada no CAN, que dê suporte às práticas agrícolas relacionadas com a aquisição e transmissão de grande quantidade de dados. Um dos principais desafios associados ao projeto e utilização de redes de comunicação como o CAN, está relacionado à dificuldade de definição dos parâmetros de configuração para um bom desempenho da rede. O dimensionamento desses parâmetros exerce forte influência no desempenho da rede analisada. Sob o contexto destas necessidades relacionadas, este trabalho apresenta a pesquisa e o desenvolvimento de uma ferramenta de análise de desempenho de redes fieldbus baseada no protocolo CAN para integração de dispositivos em aplicações em sistemas agrícolas. As etapas desse desenvolvimento consistem na sistematização e validação de um modelo matemático do enlace de dados da rede, na proposta de uma metodologia de análise de parâmetros de configurações relacionados com a rede e na implementação computacional dessa metodologia. Espera-se que a metodologia implementada seja uma ferramenta que facilite tarefas de análise e obtenção de dados referentes às aplicações. O resultado deste trabalho busca auxiliar no dimensionamento de parâmetros de configuração e na otimização de redes CAN, além de fornecer dados que ajudam no desenvolvimento de soluções baseadas no protocolo CAN e na norma ISO11783. / This work has base in the demand of research and development of data communication networks (fieldbus) to support the integration of control and automation devices for applications in agricultural systems. Agricultural systems related with the precision agriculture practices, with the embedded systems in agricultural machinery and with the greenhouses control and livestock systems. It is also guided by the efforts on the implementation of ISO11783 standard. The ISO11783 (also called ISOBUS) standard communication link is a common tendency to integrated different devices on agricultural machinery through an embedded control network. The ISOBUS use the controller area network (CAN) as a data link protocol to perform the data communication. The correct definition of the data link configuration parameters represents one of the main challenges related to the design of CAN-based networks. The definition of these parameters has influence in the performance of the analyzed network. This work presents the research and the development of a performance analysis tool of CAN-based networks for applications in agricultural systems. This development consists of the systematization and validation of a CAN mathematical model. An analysis methodology is proposed to use the mathematical model. A simulation software was built and implements the methodology. It is expected that the implemented methodology facilitates the analysis tasks of the configuration parameters of the applications. The result obtained may assist in the performance evaluation and in the definition of an optimized configuration for the network based on CAN protocol and ISO11783 standard.

Empresas e instituições de pesquisa nacionais e internacionais tem concentrado esforços no sentido de desenvolver e promover a implementação do padrão internacional ISO 11783, baseado no protocolo de comunicação digital CAN (Contoller Network Area), para integração de dispositivos em máquinas e implementos agrícolas. Nesse contexto, é apresentado o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um modelo baseado no formalismo das redes de Petri como uma ferramenta de suporte para a análise e implantação de uma rede CAN em aplicações com tempos-críticos. O modelo foi elaborado no ambiente para edição e simulação DesignCPN, sendo que a simulação é utilizada para a análise do desempenho e do comportamento de uma rede CAN com diferentes configurações que será embarcada em um veículo autônomo agrícola (VAA). / Intemational and national research institutions and companies have focused efforts to develop and promote the implementation of the international standard ISO 11783, based upon the digital communication protocol CAN (Controller Area Network), in order to integrate devices in machines and agricultural implements. Therefore, it is presented the development and the application of a model based on Petri nets\' formalism as a tool for the support, analysis and accomplishment of a CAN bus in time-critical applications. The model was constructed in an environrnent for edition and sirnulation of colored Petri nets, the software DesignCPN. The sirnulation was used for the analysis of the behavior and the performance the CAN bus for several configurations, which will be embedded in an Autonomous Agricultural Vehicle (VAA).

Empresas e instituições de pesquisa nacionais e internacionais tem concentrado esforços no sentido de desenvolver e promover a implementação do padrão internacional ISO 11783, baseado no protocolo de comunicação digital CAN (Contoller Network Area), para integração de dispositivos em máquinas e implementos agrícolas. Nesse contexto, é apresentado o desenvolvimento e a aplicação de um modelo baseado no formalismo das redes de Petri como uma ferramenta de suporte para a análise e implantação de uma rede CAN em aplicações com tempos-críticos. O modelo foi elaborado no ambiente para edição e simulação DesignCPN, sendo que a simulação é utilizada para a análise do desempenho e do comportamento de uma rede CAN com diferentes configurações que será embarcada em um veículo autônomo agrícola (VAA). / Intemational and national research institutions and companies have focused efforts to develop and promote the implementation of the international standard ISO 11783, based upon the digital communication protocol CAN (Controller Area Network), in order to integrate devices in machines and agricultural implements. Therefore, it is presented the development and the application of a model based on Petri nets\' formalism as a tool for the support, analysis and accomplishment of a CAN bus in time-critical applications. The model was constructed in an environrnent for edition and sirnulation of colored Petri nets, the software DesignCPN. The sirnulation was used for the analysis of the behavior and the performance the CAN bus for several configurations, which will be embedded in an Autonomous Agricultural Vehicle (VAA).

Dependable and Fault-tolerant computing is actively being pursued as a research area since the 1980s in various fields involving development of safety-critical applications. The ability of the system to provide reliable functional service as per its design is a key paradigm in dependable computing. For providing reliable service in fault-tolerant systems, dynamic reconfiguration has to be supported to enable recovery from errors (induced by faults) or graceful degradation in case of service failures. Reconfigurable Distributed applications provided a platform to develop fault-tolerant systems and these reconfigurable architectures requires an embedded network that is inherently fault-tolerant and capable of handling movement of tasks between nodes/processors within the system during dynamic reconfiguration. The embedded network should provide mechanisms for deterministic message transfer under faulty environments and support fault detection/isolation mechanisms within the network framework. This thesis describes the design, implementation and validation of an embedded networking layer using Controller Area Network (CAN) to support reconfigurable embedded systems.

The goal of this thesis is to design units with Control Area Network support. These modules can be connected into the network to test new CAN transceivers’ functionality. Next part of the thesis is programming of a firmware for the microcontroller and a user program for PC which is used for network parameters’ settings and for detecting various errors during communication.

Today's Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are typically distributed over several computing nodes communicating by way of shared buses such as Controller Area Network (CAN). Their control performance gets degraded due to variable delays (jitters) incurred by messages on the shared CAN bus due to contention and network overhead. This work presents a novel online delay prediction approach that predicts the message delay at runtime based on real-time traffic information on CAN. It leverages the proposed method to improve control quality, by compensating for the message delay using the Model Predictive Control (MPC) algorithm in designing the controller. By simulating an automotive Cruise Control system and a DC Motor plant in a CAN environment, it goes on to demonstrate that the delay prediction is accurate, and that the MPC design which takes the message delay into consideration, performs considerably better. It also implements the proposed method on an 8-bit 16MHz ATmega328P microcontroller and measures the execution time overhead. The results clearly indicate that the method is computationally feasible for online usage. / Master of Science / In today’s world, most complicated systems such as automobiles employ a decentralized modular architecture with several nodes communicating with each other over a shared medium. The Controller Area Network (CAN) is the most widely accepted standard as far as automobiles are concerned. The performance of such systems gets degraded due to the variable delays (jitters) incurred by messages on the CAN. These delays can be caused by messages of higher importance delaying bus access to the messages of lower importance, or due to other network related issues. This work presents a novel approach that predicts the message delays in real-time based on the traffic information on CAN. This approach leverages the proposed method to improve the control quality by compensating for the message delay using an advanced controller algorithm called Model Predictive Control (MPC). By simulating an automotive Cruise Control system and a DC motor plant in a CAN environment, this work goes on to demonstrate that the delay prediction is accurate, and that the MPC design which takes the message delay into consideration, performs considerably better. It also implements the proposed approach on a low end microcontroller (8bit, 16MHz ATmega328P) and measures the time taken for predicting the delay for each message (execution overhead). The obtained results clearly indicate that the method is computationally feasible for use in a real-time scenario.

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre de l'évaluation de la sûreté de fonctionnement des systèmes commandés en réseau (SCR). La capacité des systèmes de commandes à compenser les effets de certaines défaillances de composants amène à redéfinir le concept de défaillances du système. La conséquence est que l'évaluation de la fiabilité prévisionnelle du système est dépendante de l'évaluation fonctionnelle et devient impossible avec les méthodes traditionnelles de la sûreté de fonctionnement. Pour surmonter ces difficultés, une approche basée sur la modélisation en vue de la simulation est proposée. Nous avons choisi les Réseaux d'activités stochastiques (SAN) largement connus dans la modélisation des protocoles de communication ainsi que dans les études de la sûreté de fonctionnement. Dans un premier temps, nous avons cherché à identifier l'incidence de deux types de défaillances fugitives : la perte d'un échantillon d'une part et le retard d'un échantillon dans la boucle de régulation d'autre part. Après, nous simulons le comportement en présence des deux types de perturbations simultanément, mettant en évidence des effets cumulatifs. Si on tient compte maintenant du fait que l'origine des pertes ou retards est due à la présence du réseau, il faut l'introduire dans le modèle. On introduit alors dans le modèle global du système la représentation SAN d'un réseau CAN et l'injection des défaillances dans celui-ci. La méthode de Monte Carlo est utilisée pour estimer les indicateurs de sûreté de fonctionnement et on montre l'influence de certains facteurs comme la charge du réseau par exemple. Nous avons proposé une méthode et les outils associés pour approcher cette évaluation par simulation et ainsi apporter une aide à la conception des systèmes satisfaisant à des exigences critiques sur certains paramètres de performance / Achieved work in this thesis deals with dependability evaluation of networked controlled system (NCS). The ability of control system to offset the effects of some components’ failure leads to redefine the concept of system failure. Consequently the reliability evaluation is dependent on functional parameters and becomes impossible with traditional dependability methods. This work aims at bringing a contribution relative to this aspect. To overcome these difficulties, an approach based on both modelling and simulation is proposed. We choose to work with stochastic activity network (SAN) widely used in modelling communication protocols as well as in dependability studies. First we sought to identify the incidence of two types of transient faults: loss of samples and delay within the control loop. Next we simulate the behaviour in the presence of two types of disturbances at the same time highlighting the cumulative effects. In fact the origin of the loss or delay information inside the control loop is due to the presence of the network, this aspect must be taken into account, that is why we introduce a new model representing the Controller Area Network (CAN) and injection of possible perturbations. Monte-Carlo method is used to estimate dependability parameters showing the influence of some factors such as network load for example. We have proposed a method and associated tools to approach this evaluation by simulation and thus provide assistance in designing systems to meet requirements on certain performance parameters