The aim of work was comparing breeding of suckler cows in agriculture companies with different methods of farming. Both farms are in the same climate conditions in submontaine region in Blanský Les. I included a herd of cows {--} bred Aberdeen Argus from the conventionally company and crossbreeds (the higher blood percentage of race Aberdeen Argus) are at the ecological farm. In both farms was checked same indices (reproduction inbreed, health problems cows and calves, management herd, sustenance, grazing system and economy of breed). Data was assessed behind period two years 2005 and 2006.

In my work are confronted two farms with cattle breeding in Southbohemical district. One of them is farming ecological and the other conventional. Both farms are situated in the foothills of the Bohemian Forest. On the farms are bred two breeds- Holstein and Czech Spotted Cattle, on each one hundert cattles. I focused on composition of feeding ration, feed quality and its prospective influence on milk composition. In work are graphic compared the reservoir samples of milk from ecological and conventional farm with average values of districts České Budějovice and Český Krumlov. There are also compared for example milk fat, protein and somatic cells. In individual samples were analysed- citric acid, pH and conductivity of milk.

Magister Scientiae - MSc / As a means to reduce poverty particularly in rural areas, the South African government has placed great emphasis on the development of small-scale farmers into becoming commercial farmers. Central to this effort is the provision of agricultural extension support, as reflected in the 1995 White Paper on Agriculture (DOA, 1995), African National Congress (ANC) policy resolutions of 2007 (ANC, 2007) and a 2011 extension recovery plan (DAFF, 2011). Parallel to this policy process, a growing role of nongovernmental organisations (NGOs) in supporting small-scale farmers, and criticising the governmental approach is observed. Biowatch is one example of this kind of NGO that, aside from its direct support to farmers, advocates for an alternative approach that embraces ‘subsistence’ farming. The academic literature suggests that existing agricultural policies are too generic and therefore fail to accommodate the different types of small-scale farmers that are found in rural areas, resulting in poor policy impact. This thesis seeks to establish the ideological thinking underpinning two paradigms of small-scale farmer development in South Africa and explores what they look like in practice, while analysing how they produce and reproduce class differentiation, and the emergence of various livelihood trajectories. Through qualitative research conducted in one case study site (the village Emagengeni in Northern KwaZulu- Natal) the views of farmers (beneficiaries of extension support as well as non-receivers) have been elicited and so contribute to a clear picture of what is happening there. In addition, experiences and perceptions of government extension officers, provincial officials and a Biowatch official are taken into account. Theoretically, the study is framed using Cousins’ (2011) class analytical perspectives on smallscale farming in South Africa which distinguish between three types of ‘petty commodity producers’, i.e. (i) petty commodity producers that produce to meet most of their social reproduction needs, (ii) petty commodity producers producing to partially meet their social reproduction needs and (iii) petty commodity producers producing enough to sell and make profit and start to accumulate capital. In addition, the categories described by Dorward et al (2009) in the ‘stepping up’, ‘hanging in’ ‘stepping out’ and ‘dropping out’ theory, are used to analyse the broad types of strategies pursued by poor people. The sustainable livelihoods framework is used to classify the various types of farming households observed. The main argument is that since 1994 the nature of public agricultural support has not met the needs of the majority of farmers in the country, i.e. poorly resourced farmers mostly located in the former homelands. This is because it is trying to make them into something they are not, i.e. commercial farmers and is focused on on-farm productivity and does not address wider market conditions. Although Biowatch demonstrates a more effective response to farmers’ needs, it is limited in its approach to agrarian transformation. The conclusion is that government’s fixation on the commercialisation of small-scale farmers perpetuates the existing and already problematic dualism within the agricultural sector.

This thesis deals with evaluation of the current situation of the agriculture company using strategic analysis and assessment of the project´s further development. Specifically, the assessment of the transition from conventional to organic agriculture using metod of discounted payback period.

La fertilité de terres agricoles dépend en large partie du recyclage des nutriments dans le sol. Généralement, ce recyclage est effectué en grande partie par les communautés bactériennes du sol. On assume donc souvent que la diversité bactérienne du sol peut constituer un indicateur de sa santé/fertilité. Cependant, certaines pratiques agricoles conventionnelles nuisent à la diversité bactérienne du sol. Parmi ces pratiques, le labourage et les applications d’intrants chimiques tels que les pesticides, les antibiotiques et les engrais influencent négativement la diversité microbienne. Par conséquent, des recherches actives sont menées pour développer des façons de rétablir la diversité microbienne dans les sols en agriculture conventionnelle. Plusieurs alternatives biologiques ont été développées au fil des ans, aboutissant à des produits commerciaux en tant que des biostimulants incluant des substances d’origines biologiques, des microorganismes ou la combinaison des deux. Entre autres, le thé de compost a été développé et suggéré comme étant un produit riche en microorganismes bénéfiques, ayant les capacités d’améliorer les cultures et la durabilité des systèmes agricoles biologiques. Cependant, sa performance et son application à grande échelle dans les systèmes de production conventionnelle demeurent peu étudiées. L’objectif de ce mémoire et d’évaluer l'effet du thé de compost sur l'abondance, la diversité et la structure des communautés bactériennes du sol et les rendements, dans un essai en champs de la production du soja dans un système conventionnel de monoculture. Dans un champ d’environ trois hectares est subdivisé en six blocs, chacun contenait deux parcelles: l'une a été traitée par le thé de compost frais et l'autre a été utilisé comme témoin avec thé de compost stérilisé à la chaleur pour tuer les microorganismes. Notre hypothèse est que le thé de compost frais améliore la croissance du soja et son rendement avec l’apport de microorganismes bénéfiques et l’enrichissement des communautés bactériennes des sols. Le séquençage à haut débit de l’ADN ribosomique 16S bactérien extrait de différents échantillons (thé de compost, sol traité et sol témoin), associé aux analyses bio-informatiques et statistiques, a démontré que le traitement du thé de compost frais n'a pas influencé de manière significative les communautés bactériennes, ni par des changements dans la diversité alpha, ni dans la structure de la communauté de celles-ci. De plus, les résultats des analyses de croissance des plantes et de rendement ont eu aucun effet significatif du thé de compost frais sur la biomasse végétative des plantes ou le poids des graines de soja. Nos résultats de recherche indiquent que le thé de compost frais utilisé dans notre expérience n’a pas modifié les communautés bactériennes des sols traités et n’a pas influencé la croissance des plantes ni le rendement en grain. Notre hypothèse n’est pas supportée par ces résultats qui suggèrent que les bénéfices relatifs à l’application du thé de compost frais ne sont pas dus aux microorganismes vivants mais plutôt à un apport potentiel des nutriments. L’absence d'effets positifs dans notre étude pourrait être attribué spécifiquement à notre conception expérimentale, au thé de compost utilisé, ou à la dose ou la fréquence d'application de celui-ci. D’autres expériences sont nécessaires afin de tirer des conclusions robustes quant à l’effet et la performance du thé de compost sur des cultures conventionnelles. / The fertility of agricultural lands largely depends on the recycling of nutrients in the soil. Usually, this recycling is carried out largely by bacterial communities in the soil, that their diversity is an important indicator of the health and fertility of agricultural soils. However, some agricultural practices, especially in conventional production systems, harm the essential functions of these soil bacterial communities. Among these practices, tillage and the applications of chemical inputs such as pesticides, antibiotics and fertilizers negatively influence the diversity and structures of microbial communities. As a result, the abundance and diversity of these beneficial microorganisms and the potential services they provide decrease in these soils. Several biological alternatives have been developed over the years, resulting in commercial products as biostimulants including substances of biological origin, microorganisms or a combination of the two. Among others, compost tea has been developed and suggested as a product rich in beneficial microorganisms, with the capacity to improve crops and the sustainability of organic farming systems. However, its performance and large-scale application in conventional production systems remains little studied. The objective of this master’s thesis is to assess the effect of fresh compost tea on the abundance, diversity and structure of soil bacterial communities and yields, in a field trial of soybean production in a conventional system of monoculture. In a field of about three hectares is subdivided into six blocks, each one contained two plots: one was treated with fresh compost tea and the other was used as a control with heat sterilized compost tea to kill microorganisms. Our hypothesis is that fresh compost tea improves soybean growth and yield with the addition of beneficial microorganisms and the enrichment of bacterial communities in soils. High throughput sequencing of bacterial 16S ribosomal DNA extracted from different samples (compost tea, treated soil and control soil), combined with bioinformatics and statistical analyzes, demonstrated that processing of compost tea did not significantly influenced bacterial communities, neither by changes in alpha diversity nor in their community structure. In addition, the results of plant growth and yield analyzes had no significant effect of fresh compost tea on plant vegetative biomass or soybean weight. Our research results indicate that the fresh compost tea used in our experiment did not change the bacterial population in the treated soils and it did not show a significant effect on either plant growth or yield. Our hypothesis is not supported by these results which suggest that the relative benefits of the application of compost tea are not due to living microorganisms but rather to a potential supply of nutrients. The lack of positive effects in our study could be attributed specifically to our experimental design, the compost tea used, or the dose or frequency of its application. More experiments are needed in order to draw robust conclusions about the effect and performance of compost tea on conventional crops.