Face aux changements globaux, au déclin de la biodiversité et à l'augmentation de la population urbaine, la demande des professionnels de la construction pour intégrer la biodiversité dans leurs pratiques est de plus en plus forte. Ma thèse a eu pour objectif de (1) faire un état des lieux de la prise en compte de la biodiversité dans les aménagements urbains et (2) développer de nouveaux outils afin d'aider les aménageurs à améliorer leurs pratiques. Dans une première partie consacrée au bilan biodiversité, (1) nous avons émis des doutes quant à la pertinence de l'utilisation des toitures végétalisées, telles qu'elles sont conçues actuellement, en tant qu'éléments intégrés à un réseau écologique ; (2) l'étude des mesures environnementales mises en place dans 54 éco‐quartiers européens (principalement en France) a montré que les concepteurs se préoccupaient principalement des bénéfices environnementaux en termes d'énergie, de transport, de déchets et d'eau, et plus rarement de biodiversité ; (3) l'ACV (analyse du cycle de vie), un outil fréquemment utilisés par les aménageurs pour calculer les impacts environnementaux d'un produit (toit vert, bâtiment, quartier) intègre mal la biodiversité dans ses calculs, et son utilisation pour comparer différents éléments verts pourrait uniformiser les pratiques et ainsi conduire à une homogénéisation de la biodiversité et à l'altération du fonctionnement de l'écosystème. Pour aider les aménageurs à mieux considérer la biodiversité dans leurs pratiques, nous avons participé à l'amélioration de l'outil Profil-Biodiversité créé par Frank Derrien et développé notre propre outil (BioDi(v)Strict) basé sur la diversité des habitats et la présence de quatre groupes d'espèces bio-indicatrices afin de traduire au mieux la dynamique écologique d'un site. Ces deux outils ont été appliqués sur un site pilote : la Cité Descartes (à Noisy-le- Grand et Champs-sur-Marne). Dans le but de faire émerger une prise de conscience des différents acteurs locaux sur la nécessité de préserver la biodiversité et les services écosystémiques associés, nous avons développé un outil de concertation pour l'aménagement du territoire (NewDistrict), basé sur une modélisation d'un système multi-agents (SMA) et d'un jeu de rôles autour de l'étalement urbain et ses conséquences environnementales. / In a context of global changes, decline of biodiversity and increase of the urban population, the request of urban developers to integrate biodiversity into their practices is increasingly strong. My PhD thesis aimed to (1) make a review of the consideration of biodiversity in urban development, and (2) develop new tools to help developers to improve their practices. In the first part focused on biodiversity review, (1) we have expressed some doubts about the relevance of the use of current green roofs as possible integrated element of an ecological network; (2) The study of environmental measures implemented in 54 European eco-districts (mainly in France) showed that designers appeared to focus primarily on environmental benefits in terms of energy, transport, waste, water, and more rarely on biodiversity conservation; (3) LCA (life cycle analysis), a tool commonly used by developers to calculate the environmental impacts of a product (a green roof , a building or a district) integrates badly biodiversity in its calculations, and its use to compare different green elements could standardize practices which lead to an homogenization of biodiversity associated with the deterioration of ecosystem functioning. To help developers to better consider biodiversity in their practices, we have firstly contributed to the improvement of the tool «Profil-Biodiversité» created by Frank Derrien, and secondly, we have developed our own tool (BioDi(v)Strict) based on the diversity of habitats and the presence of four groups of bioindicator species to better reflect the ecological dynamic of a site. Both tools have been applied on a pilot site: the Cité Descartes (in Noisy-le- Grand and Champs-sur‐Marne). Finally, in order to let emerging a collective biodiversity awareness for the different local actors, we have developed a tool (NewDistrict) based on a multi‐agent system (MAS) model combined with a role-playing game constructed in a context of urban sprawl.

This research aimed to investigate the democratic aspects of procedural negotiation clause recently inserted into the Brazilian legal system by Article 190 of Law n. 13,105, of March 16, 2015 (New Code of Civil Procedure). The rule allows, in certain situations, that the parties negotiate on procedural rules, before or during the process in which demands law allows autocomposição. The rule, in effect, by giving autorregramento of powers between the parties in the development process, eases some publicists aspects of the Brazilian legal system. It is observed, therefore a paradigmatic breakthrough that is inclined to empower parts. Without forgetting its controversial aspects, we intend to analyze the institute as a democratic instrument under the cooperative process. From this perspective, the work is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, we analyze the methodological stages of civil procedure in order to rescue some marginalized traditions throughout modernity to then rethink a new grammar for contemporary jurisdiction. In the second chapter, we point out a correlation between the normative model of deliberative-procedural democracy (Habermas) and the cooperative process and traced the main assumptions of a democratic legal proceedings. Were their assumptions that served to analyze aspects of the general principle of negotiating share in the third chapter of the work. / A presente pesquisa pretendeu investigar os aspectos democráticos da cláusula geral de negociação processual recentemente inserida no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro pelo artigo 190 da Lei n. 13.105, de 16 de março de 2015 (Novo Código de Processo Civil). A regra permite, em determinadas situações, que as partes negociem sobre regras processuais, antes ou durante o processo, em demandas cujo direito admita autocomposição. A norma, com efeito, ao conferir poderes de autorregramento às partes no desenvolvimento do processo, flexibiliza alguns aspectos publicistas do ordenamento processual brasileiro. Percebe-se, deste modo, um movimento de ruptura paradigmática que se inclina a empoderar as partes. Sem olvidar os seus aspectos controvertidos, pretende-se analisar o instituto enquanto um instrumento democrático no âmbito do processo cooperativo. Nessa perspectiva, o trabalho divide-se em três capítulos. No primeiro capítulo, analisamos as fases metodológicas do processo civil no intuito de resgatar algumas tradições marginalizadas ao longo da modernidade para, em seguida, repensar uma nova gramática para a jurisdição contemporânea. No segundo capítulo, apontamos uma correlação entre o modelo normativo de democracia deliberativo-procedimental (Habermas) e o processo cooperativo e traçamos os principais pressupostos de um processo jurisdicional democrático. Foram essas as premissas que serviram para analisar os aspectos da cláusula geral de negocia ação no terceiro capítulo do trabalho.