Introducción: La inactividad física constituye el cuarto factor de riesgo más importante de mortalidad en todo el mundo, mientras que el sobrepeso y la obesidad son el quinto factor principal de riesgo de defunciones en el mundo. Durante el 2008 en el Perú, el 7.8% del total de menores entre 5 y 9 años presentaban sobrepeso. Tener un exceso de peso en la infancia genera un riesgo de padecer cardiopatías, síndrome metabólico, accidentes cerebrovasculares, algunos tipos de cáncer, trastornos alimentarios y diabetes en la edad adulta. Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre la actividad física, el índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal en niños de 8 a 11 años de edad de una Institución Educativa del distrito de Comas. Diseño: Enfoque cuantitativo de tipo observacional, descriptivo, de asociación cruzada y transversal. Lugar: Institución Educativa N° 2016 “Francisco Bolognesi” del distrito de Comas. Participantes: 128 niños entre 8 y 11 años de edad. Intervenciones: Se evaluó el peso, talla e Índice de Masa Corporal (IMC) mediante el programa Who Anthro Plus, mientras que el porcentaje de grasa corporal (PGC) se evaluó mediante la medición del espesor de 4 pliegues subcutáneos con un plicómetro y utilizando la fórmula de Westrate y Deurenberg. La actividad física (AF) se evaluó con el cuestionario del Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos-Chile. Principales medidas de resultados: Asociación mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado de la actividad física con las variables índice de masa corporal y el porcentaje de grasa corporal. Resultados: Los niños con sobrepeso y obesidad, según su IMC, fueron 25.8 y 27.3%, respectivamente. En tanto, los niños con sobrepeso y la obesidad, según su PGC, fueron 29.7 y 25%, respectivamente. El 58.6% de los escolares encuestados fueron considerados sedentarios, sin diferencia significativa en cuanto al sexo. La prueba de Chi2 mostró relación entre la AF y el IMC (Chi2=29.7 y OR=8.4 (3.7- 18.9)), entre la AF y el PGC (Chi2=37.4 y OR=11.6 (5.0-27.0)), y entre el IMC y el PGC (Chi2=84.3 y OR=95.4 (28.6-318.1)). Conclusiones: El 53.1% de los escolares presentaron algún grado de exceso de peso, según el Índice de Masa Corporal, mientras que un 54.7% de los niños y niñas presentaron un exceso de grasa corporal. Además, un 58.6% de los escolares fueron considerados sedentarios. Palabras claves: Índice de Masa Corporal, Porcentaje de Grasa Corporal, Actividad Física. / --- Introduction: Physical inactivity is the fourth most important risk factor of mortality worldwide, while overweight and obesity are the fifth leading risk factor for deaths globally. In 2008 in Peru, 7.8% of all children between 5 and 9 years old were overweight. Having an overweight in childhood creates a risk of heart disease, metabolic syndrome, stroke, some kind of cancers, diabetes and eating disorders in adulthood. Objectives: To determine the relationship between physical activity, body mass index and body fat percentage in children 8-11 years old of a school in Comas’s district. Design: Quantitative Approach observational, descriptive, cross and cross-association type. Location: School N° 2016 "Francisco Bolognesi" of the district of Comas. Participants: 128 children between 8 and 11 years old. Interventions: Weight, height and Body Mass Index (BMI) was evaluated by Anthro Plus Who, while the Percentage of Body Fat (PBF) was evaluated by measuring the thickness of four subcutaneous folds with a caliper and using the Westrate and Deurenberg formula. Physical activity (PA) was assessed with a questionnaire from the Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, Chile. Main outcome measures: Association by Chi test of physical activity with the variables body mass index and percentage of body fat. Results: Children with overweight and obesity, according to BMI, were 25.8 and 27.3%, respectively. Meanwhile, overweight children and obesity, according to PBF, were 29.7 and 25%, respectively. 58.6% of the students surveyed were considered sedentary, with no significant difference in sex. Chi2 test showed the relationship between PA and BMI (Chi 2 = 29.7 and OR = 8.4 (3.7-18.9)) between the PA and the PBF (Chi 2 = 37.4 and OR = 11.6 (5.0-27.0)) between the BMI and PBF (Chi 2 = 84.3 and OR = 95.4 (28.6-318.1)). Conclusions: 53.1% of the students showed some degree of overweight according to the Body Mass Index, while 54.7% of children had body fat excess. In addition, 58.6% of students were considered sedentary. Keywords: Body Mass Index, Body Fat Percentage, Physical Activity. / Tesis

Full Thesis / The purpose of this research is to assess the management of discipline by educators in selected secondary schools. There are three major objectives in this study. Firstly, the study sought to examine the major causes of lack of discipline in secondary schools. Secondly, the study sought to determine the extent to which educators are affected by lack of discipline in the classrooms. Thirdly, possible strategies and alternatives to be used by educators were investigated. Data was collected from educators in different schools situated in the Lejweleputswa district of the Free State province. The study employed both the qualitative and quantitative research approaches to gain primary data and a literature review for secondary data. Mostly qualitative data was supplemented by quantitative data and a literature review. The results have revealed that many educators struggle to manage discipline in secondary schools. Part of the problem is the lack of alternative disciplinary measures to corporal punishment as a discipline tool. Educators aim to put measures in place to manage discipline, without resorting to punitive measures (such as corporal punishment). There is a need to implement developmental workshops at schools to assist educators in managing discipline. It is therefore recommended by this study that educators should not only be introduced to alternative measures of keeping discipline, but a continuous mentoring and support programme to assist educators with these alternatives should be implemented at schools.

Corporal punishment is banned by state statute in 31 of the 50 U.S states. The 19 states that still allow the practice are largely located in the South and the Rocky Mountain West. However, data indicate that the practice of corporal punishment is still largely a Southern phenomenon. In the 19 states that allow the practice to continue in schools, many have seen the use of the disciplinary technique decline. Existing research documents the negative effects and very little research supports any positive benefits of corporal punishment. This study analyzes school board policies from the 67 public school districts in the state of Florida to determine if trends in policies and incidents of corporal punishment are similar Texas and North Carolina. Research on Texas and North Carolina indicate corporal punishment is used more frequently in districts with smaller enrollments, and in more rural areas. Data from this study suggests that the decrease in the number of incidents of corporal punishment as well as the concentration of the practice among school districts in Florida school follows the same trends of declining use that exist in Texas and North Carolina public schools. Findings illustrate a need for continued research of corporal punishment on a district-by-district and potentially a school-by-school basis.

Actualmente la evaluación nutricional de personas con altos niveles de actividad física como las que se encuentran en las Instituciones Militares, se realiza a través del índice de masa corporal el cual es un método poco exacto y con limitaciones que clasifica al personal militar muchas veces dentro del rango de sobre peso u obesidad, sin considerar la ganancia de masa muscular que suelen tener durante su formación. El cálculo del índice de masa corporal es muy sencillo y sólo se necesita de la toma de dos medidas antropométricas la talla y el peso, y con la ayuda de una fórmula (IMC=peso/talla2) nos define el estado nutricional de las personas; la facilidad y sencillez de este método lo ha hecho el más usado. Pero éste método no discrimina si el exceso de peso se debe a acumulación de masa grasa o aumento de masa libre de grasa. En el año 2011 se dio a conocer un nuevo método sencillo y de fácil uso que presenta las mismas características del ÍMC, llamado índice de masa adiposa (BAI, siglas en inglés) que requiere conocer la talla y la circunferencia de cadera de las personas, y con la ayuda de una fórmula (BAI = ((circunferencia de la cadera) / ((altura) 1.5) -18)) calcula el porcentaje de grasa, por lo que su utilización si discrimina entre contenido de masa grasa y masa libre de grasa. En éste estudio transversal, observacional queremos encontrar la correlación entre el uso del índice de masa corporal y el índice de masa adiposa (BAI) en la evaluación nutricional de personas con altos niveles de actividad física, como el personal militar en formación. La población que se reclutó para el estudio fue de 215 personas, el promedio de edad de la población evaluada fue de 19.7 años, el promedio de perímetro de cadera 95.6 cm, el peso promedio 68 kg, el promedio de talla 1.70 mt. Con respecto al índice de masa corporal (IMC) se tuvo un promedio de 23.4 kg/mt2 y un promedio de índice de masa adiposa (BAI) de 25.1. Se observó una correlación directa entre el IMC y BAI, en ambas se vio que a medida que uno aumenta el otro también aumenta, se observa que hay muchas posibilidades de que haya un comportamiento lineal entre ambas variables, además la relación entre los varones para IMC y BAI es más correlacionado que en mujeres. La correlación encontrada entre el IMC y el BAI fue de R=0.49 con un p<0.001 lo que significa que se puede utilizar indistintamente cualquiera de los dos métodos sin variación alguna en los resultados. Palabras Clave: Índice de Masa Corporal, Índice de Masa Adiposa, porcentaje de masa grasa, porcentaje de masa libre de grasa, actividad física.

The aim of this study was to examine the association between parental use of corporal punishment and anxiety in youth. Parental warmth, child's age, and child's ethnicity were examined in order to explore their effects on the association. Parents and their children (ages 6 – 17; N=153) completed the parent and child versions of the Alabama Parenting Questionnaire [APQ-P (parent) and APQ-C (child)], used to measure corporal punishment and parental warmth, and other questionnaires assessing anxiety [Revised Child Anxiety and Depression Scales parent (RCADS-P) and child (RCADS-C) versions; Revised Fear Survey Schedule for Children parent (FSSCR-P) and child (FSSCR-C) versions] and externalizing symptoms (used as a control variable). Corporal punishment was significantly associated with the child reports of anxiety even when controlling for externalizing symptoms, but was not associated with the parent reports of anxiety. The results also indicated that age, ethnicity, and parental warmth did not moderate the association.

Memoria para optar al Titulo Profesional de Médico Veterinario / La crianza de animales exóticos para la obtención de productos no tradicionales, es creciente, sin embargo, los estudios para mejorar y optimizar la producción de estas especies no crece al mismo ritmo. La crianza del emú no es la excepción. La presente memoria de título tiene como objetivo determinar el efecto del sexo y el predio en la producción de grasa y peso del emú, y determinar si existen diferencias entre sexos en la relación peso corporal (PC) y peso de la grasa (GC, GV y GC+GV) (heterogeneidad). Para esto se faenaron 120 emúes, pertenecientes a seis diferentes productores de la IV región, en matadero Tuqui de Ovalle. Se recolectaron los siguientes datos: peso del animal desangrado y desplumado (PC), sexo (S), peso de la grasa de cobertura (GC), peso de la grasa visceral (GV), peso de la grasa total (GC+GV) y productor de origen (NP). Las variables independientes medidas para el análisis de varianza corresponden a: peso corporal (PC), grasa de cobertura (GC), grasa visceral (GV), grasa total (GC+GV), rendimiento de la grasa de cobertura (GC/PC), rendimiento de la grasa visceral (GV/PC) y rendimiento de la grasa total (GC+GV/PC). La heterogeneidad dependiente de sexos se midió en las variables: GC, GV y GC+GV. Los resultados obtenidos muestran diferencias significativas entre NP para PC, GC, GV, GC+GV, GC/PC y GC+GV/PC. El sexo sólo mostró diferencias significativas en las variables: GC/PC y GC+GV/PC. La heterogeneidad dependiente de sexos (relación PC con GC, GV y GC+GV) mostró diferencias sólo para la variable grasa total / CORFO INNOVA 04CR9PAD-03

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:31:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-06-27 / Introduction: Malnutrition is related to morbidity and mortality in all ages. Institutionalized seniors are susceptible to the malnutrition. The use of anthropometric measurements would be a simple and objective way to perform nutritional evaluations at low cost. Objective: The objective of this study was to define the range of usage and consequently the cut-off points whenever using stature and estimated stature by knee-height (KH) to calculate the Body Mass Index (BMI), a broadly accepted indicator of malnutrition and cardiovascular risk in institutionalized aged. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study. Anthropometric assessment consists in determine weight (W), height (H), knee-height (KH), calf circumference (CC), waist circunference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), conicity index (CI), height and BMI adjusted by knee-height. In the calculation of BMI were considered cut off points of Lipschitz and World Health Organization (WHO). The applicability range of BMI and WHO to diagnosis skeletal muscle mass deficiency was determined considering CC as gold-standard. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were employed to identify the sensitivity and specificity of the best cut-off point of the BMI, adjusted BMI, WC, WHR and CI as predictors of high coronary risk by Framingham scale. Results: Considering IMCOMS malnutrition was diagnosed in 35(57,4%) men and 31 (73,8%) women and BMILipschitz adjusted by KH: 37 (60,7%) in men and 32(76,2%) in women. In this last parameter, low-weigth was prevalent in 17,9% men and 23 (54,8%) women. Height adjustment and BMI-Lipschitz were specificity 86,59% and sensibility 71,43% to diagnose malnutrition. WHO-BMI calculated by height has sensibility 14,29%. Overweight and lowweight were more prevalent in men and obesity in women. The estimated height and Lipschitz cut-off points had presented specificity of 86.59% and sensitivity of 70% for malnutrition diagnosis, different from the sensitivity of 15% when considered the cut off points of the BMIWHO calculated with measured height. Conclusion: BMI adjusted by KH is better to diagnoses malnutrition and to predict cardiovascular risk in this sample. / Introdução: Idosos institucionalizados são vulneráveis a transtornos nutricionais, que se relacionam a morbidade e mortalidade em todas as idades. Antropometria é uma forma simples, objetiva e de baixo custo de realizar a avaliação nutricional. Objetivo: Determinar os cortes mais adequados de Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC) e IMC ajustado pela altura do joelho no diagnóstico de desnutrição e estimativa de risco cardiovascular elevado em população de idosos institucionalizados. Metodologia: Estudo transversal realizado de abril a maio de 2007. A avaliação para desnutrição realizada em 103 idosos institucionalizados e a avaliação de risco cardiovascular, em 96 idosos institucionalizados. Realizou-se avaliação antropométrica: peso (P), altura (A), altura do joelho (AJ), circunferência da panturrilha (CP), circunferência da cintura (CC), relação cintura quadril (RCQ), índice de conicidade (IC), altura estimada pela AJ e IMC e IMC ajustado pela altura estimada. Consideraram-se os cortes de Lipschitz e Organização Mundial de Saúde (OMS) para IMC. Os parâmetros de validação do IMC e IMC ajustado no diagnóstico de desnutrição foram determinados tomando-se como padrão-ouro a CP. Os pontos de corte do IMC e IMC ajustado, assim como as medidas antropométricas de obesidade central (CC; RCQ e IC) na determinação de risco cardiovascular elevado foram calculados pela curva-ROC (receiver operating characteristic) onde a sensibilidade e a especificidade foram comparadas com o risco cardiovascular elevado. Resultados: Considerando IMC-Lipschitz ajustado pela altura do joelho a prevalência de transtornos nutricionais de 37 (60,7%) entre os homens e 32(76,2%) entre as mulheres. A desnutrição foi mais prevalente entre os homens 17 (27,9%) e o excesso de peso entre as mulheres 23 (54,8%). Este parâmetro apresentou especificidade de 86,59% e sensibilidade de 71,43% para diagnóstico de desnutrição, bem superior à sensibilidade de 14,29% quando considerados os cortes da OMS com o IMC calculado com altura medida em antropômetro. IMC ajustado apresentou a maior área sob a curva-ROC entre as mulheres (0,574) e a segunda maior entre os homens (0,573), mas não houve significância estatística para nenhum dos parâmetros antropométricos utilizados na identificação de risco cardiovascular elevado, segundo ERF. Conclusão: Calcular o índice de massa corporal (IMC) ajustado pela AJ e utilizar os cortes de Lipschitz aumentou a sensibilidade deste índice no diagnóstico de desnutrição na população estudada. Utilizar os cortes de Lipschitz para IMC também aumentou a especificidade deste índice ao considerarmos estimativa de risco elevado para eventos cardiovasculares na população estudada.

Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-29T23:50:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2013-12-12 / INTRODUCTION: Chronic kidney disease is considered a serious public health problem today. It causes changes in multiple organ systems, including the musculoskeletal system. This study aimed to analyze the repercussions of the DRC in posture, balance and functional capacity of the individual. METHODOLOGY: this is a cross-sectional study with quantitative approach, held in PRONEFRON-Fortaleza clinic, in the municipality of Fortaleza, in the period from January to June 2013. Participated in these 55 patients in hemodialysis treatment, who have agreed to participate in the research. Data collection was carried out in three stages. At first, we used the Funcional Independence Measure (FIM) to assess functional capacity. In the second, the Berg Balance Scale (BBE) was used to evaluate the functional balance. And in the third, we used the SAPO software version 0.68, to assess the posture. To complement the health-related information, it has been applied an anamnesis and consulting the medical records of the participants. Descriptive analysis was performed by the program SPSS version 19.0 and inferential analysis by correlation of Pearson, with index 5% significance (p < ou igual 0.05). RESULTS: in the sample, 45, 5% were female and 54, 5 % male, with an average age of 55.9 ± 15,9 years, only 32.7% were diabetics and 83.6% were hypertensive. The hemodialysis treatment time was on average of 23,91 ± 41,8 months. The index of Charlson, which corresponds to the association of comorbidities, was on average 4.2 ± 2.1. In the FIM, the average score was 110 ± 21,6 , which indicated a moderate functional dependence. On BBE, the average score was 43 ± 14,5, which indicated a high risk of falls. There was significant enough correlation BBE with the FIM, which indicates that the larger your balance, the higher the functional independence and reduced the risk of falls. There was positive correlation between serum levels of PTH with FIM and BBE, serum calcium levels with FIM, serum levels of phosphorus with BBE, serum levels of creatinine with the EEB. There was no correlation of BBE with asymmetries in the frontal and sagittal planes. There was a negative correlation of FIM with asymmetry in the sagittal plane. CONCLUSION: patients with CKD feature a moderate functional dependency, a deficit balance functional and, therefore, a high risk of falls, in addition to these, postural changes relevant. Therefore, it is necessary to reconcile the traditional clinical methods with multi-dimensional assessments to promote an expanded vision of the State of health of the patient. / INTRODUÇÃO: A Doença Renal Crônica (DRC) é considerada um grave problema de saúde pública atualmente. Ela provoca alterações em vários sistemas orgânicos, incluindo o sistema musculoesquelético. Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar as repercussões da DRC na postura, no equilíbrio e na capacidade funcional do indivíduo. METODOLOGIA: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com abordagem quantitativa, realizado na clínica PRONEFRON- Messejana, no município de Fortaleza- CE, no período de Janeiro a Junho de 2013. Participaram destes 55 pacientes em tratamento de hemodiálise, que concordaram em participar da pesquisa. A coleta de dados foi realizada em três etapas. Na primeira, utilizou-se a Medida de Independência funcional (MIF) para avaliar a capacidade funcional. Na segunda, utilizou-se a Escala de equilíbrio de Berg (EEB), para avaliar o equilíbrio funcional. E na terceira, foi avaliada a postura, utilizando o software de avaliação postural SAPO versão 0.68. Para complementar as informações relacionadas à saúde, foi aplicada uma ficha de anamnese e consulta aos prontuários dos participantes. A análise descritiva foi realizada pelo programa SPSS versão 19.0 e análise inferencial pela correlação de Pearson, com índice de significância de 5% . RESULTADOS: Na amostra 45,5% eram do sexo feminino e 54,5% do sexo masculino, com a média de idade de 55,9 ±15,9 anos, sendo 32,7% diabéticos e 83,6% hipertensos. O tempo de tratamento de hemodiálise foi em média de 23,91 ± 41,8 meses. O índice de Charlson, que corresponde à associação de comorbidades foi em média 4,2 ± 2,1.Na MIF, a média de pontos foi 110 ± 21,6, o que indicou uma dependência funcional moderada. Na EEB, a média de pontos foi 43 ± 14.5, o que indicou um alto risco de quedas. Houve correlação bastante significativa da EEB com a MIF,o que indica que quanto maior o equilíbrio, maior a independência funcional e menor o risco de quedas. Houve correlação positiva entre: níveis séricos de paratormônio (PTH) com a MIF e EBB; níveis séricos de cálcio com MIF; níveis séricos de fósforo com a EEB; níveis séricos de creatinina com a EEB. Não houve correlação da EEB com as assimetrias no plano frontal e sagital. Houve correlação negativa da MIF com a assimetria no plano sagital. CONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes portadores de DRC apresentam uma dependência funcional moderada, um déficit no equilíbrio funcional e, consequentemente, um alto risco de quedas, além destes, alterações posturais relevantes. Portanto, torna-se necessário conciliar os métodos clínicos tradicionais com as avaliações multidimensionais para promover uma visão mais ampliada do estado de saúde do paciente.

Principalmente desde a década de 70 o Brasil vem conquistando grandes avanços sociais, econômicos e de saúde. Mudança nos padrões do estado nutricional e das doenças, caracterizada pela queda nos índices de desnutrição e de doenças infecto contagiosas para aumento nos níveis de excesso de peso e de doenças crônicas relacionadas à alimentação e estilo de vida, identifica a transição epidemiológica e nutricional. Esses avanços estão permitindo a livre expressão do potencial genético de crescimento da população. O objetivo desta tese é descrever a evolução temporal do estado nutricional e da estatura na população brasileira. A evolução do sobrepeso, obesidade e circunferência da cintura foi feita apenas para a população jovem masculina. A evolução da estatura foi descrita na população masculina e feminina. Para a descrição do estado nutricional foi utilizada uma base de dados militar com informações de conscritos alistados entre os anos 1995 e 2007. A evolução da estatura foi descrita a partir de uma base de dados militar e também através de pesquisas populacionais com abragência nacional realizadas entre 1975 e 2009. Verificou-se um aumento nas prevalências de sobrepeso, obesidade e circunferência da cintura ≥ a 90 cm em homens de todas as regiões brasileiras. Em 13 anos o número de jovens com circunferência da cintura ≥ a 90 cm mais que dobrou (6,1% em 1995; 12,7% em 2007). A prevalência de sobrepeso passou de 10,5% para 13,2% e a de obesidade aumentou de 1,8% para 3,2%. Em relação à estatura foi verificada uma tendência positiva de aumento na população brasileira masculina e feminina, estimada através do coeficiente de regressão, de 0,14 cm/ano, ajustado para região e sexo. O aumento médio real foi de 4,8 cm na mediana de estatura dos homens e de 4,3 cm na estatura mediana das mulheres. Este incremento foi mais visível a partir de 1989, principalmente no sexo feminino. As maiores medianas foram verificadas nas regiões Sul e Sudeste e as menores, nas regiões Norte e Nordeste durante todo o período, no entanto a diferença de estatura entre essas regiões foi diminuindo ao longo dos anos. De acordo com o banco de dados de conscritos militares o crescimento, entre 1995 e 2007, foi de 2,5 cm, o coeficiente de regressão estimado foi de 0,17 cm ao ano. Concluindo, o Brasil vem seguindo a tendência mundialmente observada de aumento nos índices de excesso de peso e tendência positiva de aumento da estatura. Se por um lado melhorias nas condições de saúde e nutrição permitiram que a população brasileira apresentasse incrementos importantes na estatura, por outro, mudanças nos padrões alimentares e de estilo de vida, permitidas por este progresso, levaram a acréscimos nos índices de sobrepeso e obesidade. / In the last decades Brazil has experienced a significant economic growth and improvements in health conditions. Changes in nutritional and illness status, characterized by a decline in levels of malnutrition and infectious diseases to a notable increase in overweight and chronic diseases related to diet and lifestyle identify the nutritional and epidemiologic transition. This context enabled our population to reach its genetically determined physical stature. The aim of this study was to describe the temporal evolution of nutritional status and height in Brazilian population. The temporal tendency of overweight, obesity and waist circumference was described just for the young male population. The secular tendency of height was described for male and female population. To describe the evolution of nutritional status a military data base was used including conscripts enlisted between 1995 and 2007. To describe the evolution of height, it was also used population surveys conducted between 1975 and 2009. There was an increase in the prevalence of overweight, obesity and waist circumference ≥ 90 cm in men all over Brazil. In 13 years the number of youths with waist circumference ≥ 90 cm was at least twice (6.1% in 1995; 12.7% in 2007). The prevalence of overweight increased from 10.5 to 13.26% and obesity increased from 1.8 to 3.2%. In relation to stature was observed a positive secular trend over the last three decades. The estimate increase was 0.137 cm / year. The average increase was 4.8 cm in the median height of men and 4.3 cm in median height of women. This increase was more expressive from 1989, especially in females. The population living in the South and in the Southeast regions was tallest than the one living in the North and the Northeast, however the difference between these regions has been decreasing over the years. According to the military database the rate of increase in the conscripts’ height was 2.5 cm in 13 years (0.17 cm / year). Concluding, Brazil is following the worldwide trend of increase in rates of overweight and positive gains in height. Although the improvements in health and nutrition conditions conducted to a positive trend in Brazilian height, changes in dietary patterns and lifestyle, facilitated by this progress, led to an increase in excess weight rates.

This study examined as risk and protective factors which may promote or deter physical punishment use across generations. This study used self-report information from parents (N = 211) who had a child between the ages of 2-6. Additionally, the participating parents were also asked if they would like to invite one of their parents (e.g., the grandparent) to participate. Grandparents (N = 65) completed the same questionnaires as their adult child, though grandparents were asked to reflect upon when they were parenting the adult child. Four risk factors promoting physical punishment were examined: childhood histories of physical punishment, favorable attitudes towards physical punishment, feeling of anger and stress. As expected, parents’ childhood physical punishment, high feeling of anger and stress were associated with parents using physical punishment techniques with their own children. This study also investigated the salience of such risk factors in promoting physical punishment to continue, above the influence of receiving physical punishment as a child. Parents’ current favorable attitudes towards physical punishment predicted their use of physical discipline with their children, even after controlling for childhood histories of being physically punished. When parents’ childhood experiences of physical punishment and feelings of anger were considered together, parents’ childhood experiences significantly predicted using physical punishment; feelings of anger were marginally related to physical punishment practices. Similar results were found when parents’ childhood experiences and feelings of stress were considered together. Additionally, four risk factors deterring physical punishment were examined: feelings of resentment about childhood experiences of physical punishment, effective anger regulation and stress coping techniques. Parents who were spanked frequently as a child, but had low feelings of resentment about being spanked were at greater risk of using physical punishment on their child, compared to parents who were spanked frequently, but had higher feelings of resentment. Parents’ abilities to regulate their feeling of anger and cope with stress were not associated with parents less use of physical punishment. Finally, grandparents’ and parents’ reports of physical punishment use were different, with parents using less physical punishment on their child than what they experienced as a child. / text