Diplomová práce zkoumá nejdřív funkci a posléze proces řízení rizik v rámci banky z hlediska zejména neoinstitucionální a behaviorální finanční teorie. Nejdřív je analyzována náplň funkce řízení rizik v kontextu maximalizace hodnoty banky. Je dokázáno, že specifický kontext bankovnictví vyžaduje zohledňování celkového rizika aktivit místo pouhé korelace se systematickým rizikem. Rovněž je třeba zohledňovat preference všech stakeholdrů banky a nejenom jejích vlastníků. Z tohoto důvodu se práce dále zaměřuje na trend směřující k integrovanému řízení rizik, který odpovídá na tyto potřeby. Analyzovány jsou zejména koncepty ekonomického kapitálu a podnikového řízení rizik (ERM). V další části práce je zkoumáno smysluplné začlenění procesu řízení rizik v rámci organizační struktury banky v kontextu konfliktních cílů maximalizace zisku a minimalizace rizika. Nesprávné propojení s ostatními bankovními procesy představuje jeden z hlavním problémů efektivního fungování řízení rizik obecně, jako i překážku při implementaci konceptu integrovaného řízení rizik v bankovní praxi. Je ukázáno, že funkce řízení musí mít na jedné straně dosah na strategické řízení banky, na druhé straně musí být transcendentní přes celou strukturu banky. Tyto shledání jsou konfrontovány s bankovní praxí v rámci případové studie.

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This study investigates the use of derivatives by firms listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange (JSE) during 2005 to 2017, and the disclosure of derivative financial instruments on the financial statements of these entities. The study can be broadly divided into two parts: the first part investigates the determinants of corporate hedging practices by JSE-listed firms, while the second part analyses the value relevance of derivatives disclosures. The first part of the study thus answers the question ‘Why do companies use derivatives?’ with reference to JSE-listed companies for the period 2005 to 2017. The second part of the study answers the question ‘Does the disclosure of derivatives in the financial statements have an impact on firm value?’ for the same companies and period. Binomial logistic regression analyses were done to assess the determinants of the corporate hedging practices employed by JSE-listed firms. Multiple linear regression analyses were used to determine the value relevance of derivatives disclosures. The results of the study suggest that firm size, growth prospects, leverage and managerial risk aversion are important determinants of JSE-listed firms’ hedging decisions. Furthermore, the findings suggest that the disclosure of firms’ use of derivatives in the financial statements is value relevant and that companies listed on the JSE are associated with a higher Tobin’s Q if they disclose a derivatives amount. This study also investigates whether the value relevance of derivatives disclosure is influenced differently under different conditions during different economic periods and whether the level of quality of the disclosure influences the value relevance of derivatives disclosure. The data show that the value relevance of risk disclosure companies depend on different economic periods, and that the level of higher quality risk disclosure has a negative impact on the value relevance of derivatives disclosures: firms are valued lower where the level of quality of derivatives disclosures is higher. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Financial Management / PhD / Unrestricted

Firms operating in the United States face important litigation risk, yet little is known on how this risk affects financial decisions. I use a natural experiment to explore the effect of litigation risk on firms' hedging behavior. I find that firms are more likely to use financial derivatives following an exogenous increase in litigation risk. This finding is stronger in the subset of firms with higher distress costs, lower credit ratings, and higher legal concerns. My results imply that litigation risk can at least partially explain the use of financial derivatives.

We analyze the effect of the coach's gender on risk-taking in women sports teams using data taken from National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) basketball games. We find that the coach's gender has a sizable and significant effect on risk-taking, a finding that is robust to several empirical strategies, including an instrumental variable approach. In particular, we find that risk-taking among teams with a male head coach is 5 percentage points greater than that in teams with a female head coach. This gap is persistent over time and across intermediate game standings. The fact that risk-taking has a significantly positive effect on game success suggests that female coaches should be more risk-taking. / Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series

This dissertation addresses issues in corporate risk management. Part I examines the determinants for corporate decisions to commodity hedge and to the extent of hedging. Chapter 1 discusses prior literature, including theory and empirical evidence on corporate risk management. It provides the background to support the empirical analyses of Chapters 2, 3 and 4. Chapter 2 examines corporate decisions to commodity hedge. I find that firms are more likely to hedge when they are big, have risk management department set up and have more of their competitors hedge. Chapter 3 investigates what determines the extent of hedging conditional on hedging decisions and the cross-sectional and time series deviation of the hedge ratio. I find that firms tend to hedge less when they have younger CEOs and have more options in their compensation plan. I also find that when determining the hedge ratio, firms with young CEOs and higher option compensation tend to respond to past commodity price growth and to deviate from industry average. Part II investigates the relationship between corporate risk management and product market competition. Chapter 4 examines the different product market performance for firms with different hedging polices after commodity price shocks. I find that unhedged firms which are ex ante financially constrained lose market share and experience a decreased profitability during and after commodity price shocks. Chapter 5 examines whether the loss of unhedged constrained firms in product market is driven by the competitors. I find that firms with financial advantages—unconstrained hedged firms—tend to increase advertising expenditures and decrease price-cost-margins during negative commodity shocks, indicating that the market share loss of constrained unhedged firms is due to increased competition in the product market. Chapter 6 examines whether corporate risk management affects the likelihood of firms exiting the market. I find that constrained unhedged firms are 6% more likely to exit the market than their unconstrained hedged rivals and the effects are stronger in concentrated industries and industries with higher leverage dispersion. / text

The aim of this research is to examine the determinants of the level of corporate risk disclosure (CRD) in the interim reports of Swedish non-financial companies. A quantitative research approach is used, the sample data of which consist of 166 firms with 4,849 interim reports over a 10-year period. By utilizing the notion of risk and its definition, I have distinguished three categories of risk, namely risk as uncertainty, risk as threat and risk as opportunity. A systematic content analysis is conducted with the use of a software program, which is specifically designed for this purpose. The number of sentences that contain keywords related to the three risk categories is counted as the total CRD score, which is transformed to the disclosure index. I have examined the impact of firms’ characteristics and corporate governance mechanisms on the level of CRD based on agency theory. The ordinary least squares regression method with  control for fixed year effects is used to analyse the data, which show that firm size and audit committee have a positive relationship with the level of corporate risk disclosure. The result demonstrates also that there is a negative relationship between family ownership and the level of CRD, and an insignificant relationship between leverage and the level of CRD.

This study attempts to resolve two important issues. First, it investigates the diversification benefit of crude oil for equities. Second, it examines whether or not crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers can change shareholders' wealth. With these two major goals in mind, I study the risk and return profile of crude oil, the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions, and the systematic risk exposure effect of crude oil derivatives transactions. In contrast with previous studies, this study applies the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index (GSCI) methodology to measure the risk and return profile of crude oil. The results show that crude oil is negatively correlated with stocks so adding crude oil into a portfolio with equities can provide significant diversification benefits for the portfolio. Given the diversification benefit of crude oil mixed with equities, this study then examines the value effect of crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers. Differing from traditional corporate risk management literature, this study examines corporate derivatives transactions from the shareholders' portfolio perspective. The results show that crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do impact value. If oil and gas producing companies stop shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, company stock prices increase significantly. In contrast, if oil and gas producing companies start shorting crude oil derivatives contracts, stock prices drop marginally significantly. Thus, hedging by producers is not necessarily good. This paper, however, finds that changes in policy regarding crude oil derivatives transactions cannot significantly affect the beta of shareholders' portfolios. The value effect, therefore, cannot be attributed to any systematic risk exposure change of shareholders' portfolios. Market completeness, transaction costs, and economies of scale are identified as possible sources of value effect. The following conclusions have been obtained in this study. Crude oil provides significant diversification benefits for equities. In the presence of market imperfections, crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers may change shareholders' wealth, even though crude oil derivatives transactions by oil and gas producers do not have significant effect on the systematic risk exposures of companies.

Thesis (M.M. (Finance & Investment))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, Graduate School of Business Administration, 2014. / Corporate Risk management has become very important for firms who are exposed to markets risks. A firm that manages the market risks it is exposed to efficiently can ensure it remains solvent in times of extreme market volatility. This paper looks at the hedging activities of South African Airways over a 10 year period where the airline experienced significant losses due to volatility in the Rand Exchange Rate and Crude Oil prices.

There is qualitative and anecdotal evidence that corporate management deviates from received risk management theory. These deviations include: an overall hesitancy to accept projects with greater levels of total risk, increased return requirements compensating for firm-specific risk, employment of hedging strategies, the insuring of diversifiable risks, corporate diversification outside of the industry constraint, and the utilization of portfolio and other variance reducing methods. The literature primarily contributes these behaviors to principal/agent conflicts. Evidence from studies on these deviations support strong arguments based in resource scarcity, cost and availability of capital, employee/community stability, and the increases in bankruptcy costs that these risk management deviation are in the interest of shareholders. When considered in the context of the long-term impact on value, the observed deviations from received corporate risk management theory contribute substantively to the perpetuation of the firm as a long-term store of value. This paper supports two hypotheses: (1) the deviation from received risk management theory by corporate managers is broadly practiced, and (2) these deviations are generally in the interest of shareholders. / Master of Arts