The issue of religious symbols in European public has become very often discussed by lawyers, politicians and sociologists as well as by the lay public. This diploma thesis is trying to contribute to these discussions by comparison of case-law of European courts in the cases concerning religious symbols. The thesis therefore analyses the legal sources providing protection of religious freedom and the individual decisions of European courts regarding the presence of religious symbols in public. The thesis is divided into five chapters. The first chapter is providing the detailed analyse of the protection freedom of religion in European Convention on Human Rights and in the primary law of European Union. Then, it explains the principles of secularism and state neutrality and describes the models of relations between state and religion in Europe. The chapter two contains the introduction to the issue of religious symbols in public. The notion of "religious symbol" and "public" in the context of law is explained there. Further, it focuses on the limitations of religious symbols in public and the prohibition of concealment enacted in some of European countries. In chapter three, the cases of religious symbols in public schools are presented. The majority of European states has an interest in preserving...

A presente dissertação tem por objetivo demonstrar a efetividade das decisões proferidas pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, órgão judicial do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos. Para tanto, parte da premissa de que é possível se compreender tal atributo por meio de dois enfoques principais: um em sentido estrito, suplantado no cumprimento das decisões proferidas pela Corte Interamericana por parte dos Estados condenados, e outro de caráter mais abrangente, embasado, lato sensu, no impacto que sua jurisprudência opera no direito interno dos Estados Partes da Convenção Americana sobre Direitos Humanos, e, igualmente, como corpus iuris capaz de determinar padrões internacionais. Nesse contexto, examina-se ainda acerca dos limites do compliance como critério único para se caracterizar a efetividade das decisões proferidas pelo Tribunal. Defende-se, assim, que as decisões da Corte produzem efeitos que não podem ser representados necessariamente por números, e tal afirmativa se apóia na perspectiva de que este impacto existe até mesmo quando suas decisões não são cumpridas, ou o são de forma parcial, haja vista que os Estados são constantemente chamados para esclarecer acerca do status de cumprimento das sentenças nos processos em que foram condenados, o que acaba por catalisar as movimentações sociais internas nestes países. / This dissertation aims to demonstrate the effectiveness of the decisions handed down by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, the judicial body of the Inter-American Human Rights System. Therefore, it starts from the premise that it is possible to understand this attribute through two main approaches: one in a strict sense, supplanted by the compliance with the decisions taken by the Inter-American Court by the States convicted, and another, more embracing, grounded on the impact that its jurisprudence operates in the domestic law of the States Parties of the American Convention on Human Rights, and also as a corpus juris capable to determine international standards. In this context, it also examines about the limits of compliance as a unique criterion to characterize the effectiveness of the decisions of the Court. It is argued, on the other hand, that the Court\'s decisions produce effects that can not necessarily be represented by numbers, and this statement is based on the perspective that this impact exists even when their decisions are not complied, or are partially complied, since States are constantly called to clarify about the status of implementation of the judgments in the cases in which they were condemned, which turns out to catalyze the internal social movements in these countries.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar decisões da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos que tratem do dever de os Estados investigarem e punirem os responsáveis por violações de direitos humanos. Considera-se que o Sistema Interamericano tem tido um papel de destaque no processo de desenvolvimento de uma norma internacional que determina a responsabilidade criminal individual por violações de direitos humanos. Mesmo com todas as mudanças políticas ocorridas nos países que aceitam a jurisdição da Corte IDH, esta pesquisa identifica que o direito penal tem sido um tema marcante na jurisprudência interamericana, tanto na apuração da responsabilidade estatal quanto na imposição de medidas de reparação. Mesmo assim, quando se comparam diferentes tipos de casos que lidam com a atuação da justiça criminal, paradoxos e lacunas na visão que a Corte Interamericana tem do direito penal começam a emergir. / The aim of this work is to analyze the decisions of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights dealing with the duty of States to investigate and punish those responsible for human rights violations. It is taking into account that the Inter-American System has had a prominent role in the development of an international standard establishing individual criminal accountability for human rights violations. Even with all the political changes in the countries that accept the jurisdiction of the IACHR, this research identifies that the criminal law has been a striking matter in the Inter-American jurisprudence, both in the establishment of state responsibility as the imposition of remedial actions. Still, when comparing different types of cases that deal with the criminal justice, paradoxes and gaps in how the Inter-American Court oversees the criminal law begin to emerge.

La thèse est structurée en deux parties. La première constitue un résumé de la jurisprudence strasbourgeoise en matière de l’environnement. La deuxième partie porte sur le fondement théorique de la protection de l’environnement par la Convention Européenne des Droits de l’Homme à savoir la doctrine des obligations positives ainsi que sur les droits et devoirs qui, selon la jurisprudence, en découlent pour les différents acteurs. Le concept des obligations positives ne pouvant pas être appliqué sans restriction dans le domaine de l’environnement, les limites fixées par la CEDH afin de réduire les difficultés que peuvent connaître les Etats sont abordées. La question se pose aussi de savoir quelle norme conventionnelle est la mieux adaptée pour contribuer à la protection de l’environnement en application du concept des obligations positives. Ainsi, notamment l’importance de l’art. 8 CEDH et son rôle passe-partout dans le cadre des questions liées à l’environnement sont discutés. / In this thesis, the envrionmental protection through the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rightsis analysed : European court of Human Rights, environmental protection, environment

The significance of the margin of appreciation doctrine has been underscored recently with the adoption of Protocol No 15 which calls for the inclusion of the terms 'margin of appreciation' and 'subsidiarity' in the Preamble of the European Convention on Human Rights. This development reflects the disquiet amongst member States to the Convention that the doctrine is not being given enough weight by the European Court of Human Rights in the determination of cases before it. One of the interpretive tools that is perceived to be having a negative effect on the margin of appreciation is the living instrument doctrine which has been blamed for narrowing the margin of appreciation afforded to States. This thesis brings an original contribution to the literature in this area by considering the interaction between the margin of appreciation and living instrument doctrines in the case law of the Court. The contribution is achieved in two ways: (a) methodologically: through the methodology adopted which is a combination of the quantitative method of descriptive statistics and the qualitative method of doctrinal textual analysis; (b) substantively: through the systematic examination of the case law of the Court from January 1979 to December 2016 in which both the margin of appreciation and living instrument doctrines are present. The lens of the relationship between rights and duties is applied to the case analysis. The case analysis is used to draw conclusions on the nature of the relationship and whether living instrument arguments are superseding the margin of appreciation doctrine where there is conflict. The results of the case analysis also shows distinctions in the interpretive approaches of the Court at the admissibility and compliance stages. The overall results of the study show that there are a variety of ways in which interaction takes place between both doctrines and the nature of both doctrines will continue to require a close interaction between the Court and the State parties in their compliance with obligations under the Convention.

Submitted by admin tede (tede@pucgoias.edu.br) on 2017-10-09T19:12:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Di Rezende Bernardes.pdf: 1966128 bytes, checksum: cda6646cb6708507f550d913449b62e9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-09T19:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo Di Rezende Bernardes.pdf: 1966128 bytes, checksum: cda6646cb6708507f550d913449b62e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-09-22 / This dissertation proposes to address the role of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and the concrete applicability of its decisions in Brazilian cases, beyond the importance of the performance of the Inter-American System of Human Rights in the guarantee of the dignity human being in American territory. It still has for objective, the observance of the influence of the STF in the implementation of the decisions in the Brazilian state, in accordance with estimated of state responsibility for the guarantee of the human rights and the submission to the International law. The cases will be analyzed where Brazil was condemned by the international court for breaking of the human rights, with the purpose of if verifying the guarantee of effectuation of the human rights internationally consecrated in the Brazilian legal system, in accordance with the hypothesis of that the individual appeals to the international court when it is come across with the inefficiency of the Brazilian legal system ahead of the breaking of the human rights, searching that the measures rendered for the Court are fulfilled integrally. The relation of the internal and international norms with regard to the preservation of the human rights is investigated. For reach of the considered objective, the present study it was based in documentary the bibliographical research and, using itself of the deductive logical method, with descriptive approach. / A presente dissertação se propõe a tratar da atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos e a concreta aplicabilidade das suas decisões em casos brasileiros, além da importância da atuação do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos na garantia da dignidade humana em território americano. Tem por objetivo ainda, a observância da influência do STF na implementação das decisões no estado brasileiro, de acordo com os pressupostos de responsabilidade estatal pela garantia dos direitos humanos e submissão ao Direito Internacional. Serão analisados os casos em que o Brasil foi condenado pelo tribunal internacional por violação dos direitos humanos, com a finalidade de se verificar a garantia de efetivação dos direitos humanos internacionalmente consagrados no ordenamento jurídico brasileiro, de acordo com a hipótese de que o indivíduo recorre ao tribunal internacional quando se depara com a ineficiência do ordenamento jurídico brasileiro diante da violação dos direitos humanos, buscando que as medidas prolatadas pela Corte sejam cumpridas integralmente. É investigada a relação das normas internas e internacionais com relação à preservação dos direitos humanos. Para alcance do objetivo proposto, o presente estudo embasou-se na pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, utilizando-se do método lógico dedutivo, com abordagem descritiva.

Thesis (LL.M.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Abstract This paper examines the right to family life and how it can conflict with the child’s right to protection against harm. The paper examines how the international community views the family and what rights the family has in international law.  In addition to this, the paper also looks at the different family structure a family can have and it also examine whether there are a universal definition of family. Furthermore, the paper also talks about the children and the rights afforded to them and how the rights has developed through time. The concept of childhood is a much-debated issue. There have been debates on when the childhood begins but also on when it ends and the views of the States differs somewhat. Childhood is a concept that is heavy with different psychological, physical, religious and cultural believes and practices. When the States was working on the Convention on the Rights of the Child they had to try to consolidate the different views on both the beginning and the end of childhood but it proved to be problematic. To say that the childhood began at conception would have made the convention incompatible with the national law that allows abortion and it could therefore risk that some States did not sign the convention. They therefore made a compromise that meant that the States could keep their own definition on the beginning of childhood. The family as well as the well-being of the child is important and this is reflects in international law. This paper therefore also examines the articles in international and regional treaties concerning the family and the protection of the child.  It also examines several cases from the European Court of Human Rights to illustrate how the Court has reasoned in cases where rights of the parents has been in conflict with the children’s rights and best interest. The conclusion drawn from this paper is that no set of rights weigh more than the other. They are both very important and if it is possible, the authorities shall try to balance them with each other. They have to have both what would be best for the child and the parents right to family life in mind. Even if the authorities have to remove a child from the parents care they need to have a reunification of the family as a ultimate goal to work towards.

Freedom of religion or belief is indisputable in Human rights discourse, more discussed is exactly what it is that is included in the concept of freedom of religion or belief (in Swedish: religionsfrihet). This thesis focuses on the freedom of religion or belief in a European context, in particular on the European court of human rights and article 9 in the European convention for human rights. Some criticism has been directed against the Court to the effect that its practice and verdicts don't answer to the pronounced desire to develop a pluralistic and inclusive form of freedom of religion or belief. My aim is to examine, analyse and test three different theories, which all try to develop alternatives to the expression freedom of religion or belief, in relation to six verdicts from article 9 in Europe convention. My basic purpose is to try to find new ways of talking about freedom of religion or belief that might lead to a more inclusive, pluralistic and equal interpretation of that concept. The three theories wich I use are elaborated by Richard Amesbury (associate professor at Claremont school of Theology); Hugo Strandberg (TD at Åbo Akademi) and Eberhard Herrmann (professor in philosophy of religion at Uppsala University); and Martha Nussbaum (professor of law and ethics at the University of Chicago). The six cases from the European court are: X v. Federal Republic of Germany, X v. United Kingdom, Chappell v. United Kingdom, Dahlab v. Switzerland, Leyla Sahin v. Turkey, Dogru v. France. The results of this thesis suggest that the use of alternative expression to the Swedish term religionsfrihet might to a great extent lead to a more inclusive, pluralistic and equal form of freedom of religion or belief – for example in such areas as: individuality, minorities and frames of reference in society as such.

This thesis aims to analyze the property issue in the Cyprus conflict from 1974 up to 2012 based on historical and legal factors. First of all, the historical background of the Cyprus conflict will be evaluated with its different dimensions. After the EU and UN&rsquo / s involvement, the conflict internationalized and regarding the geostrategic importance of the island with the security concerns in the Middle East region the core of today&rsquo / s conflict became the property issue. In this respect, especially both the Turkish and Greek Cypriots proposals about property issue will be detailed one by one. Following that, based on these proposals the Turkish and Greek Cypriots cases to the ECHR about property issue will be analyzed. In the light of these the overall solutions to the Cyprus conflict will be evaluated.