Protection of reproductive rights in the case law of European Court of Human Rights Abstract Irrespective of the fact that reproduction and sexuality are very intimate issue for each person, reproductive rights very often face restrictions, doubts, and attacks. This is also the case in Europe. Hence this paper deals with the topic of protection of reproductive rights in Europe, more specifically with the stance on the protection of these rights by the European Court of Human Rights. The aim of this paper is to explore the stance of ECHR on the protection of these rights. The author of the paper asks the research question: What is the position of ECHR regarding the protection of reproductive rights? At the same time, the paper points out to certain defects in the Czech legal regulation which could, arguably, lead to violation of the European Convention on Human Rights. The paper uses the method of critical analysis on the decisions of ECHR and evaluates the significance of these decisions. The paper uses the case law of ECHR as the primary source while drawing on subsidiary sources such as international organizations' documents or academic articles. Reproductive rights are examined through the human-rights approach with the emphasis on the women's rights in this area. This paper is divided into three parts....

The Prohibition of Racial Discrimination in the Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights The subject of this thesis is the prohibition of racial discrimination on a regional scale, which is discussed in relation to the European Court of Human Rights and its case law. The aim of this work is to present the prohibition of racial discrimination, as embodied in the most important international legal documents from the beginning of the twentieth century with a special focus on the rules contained in the legal documents of the Council of Europe, and the protection granted by the European Court of Human Rights. Race and ethnicity is seen mainly in terms of the Roma ethnicity, which is obviously not the only one who is in Europe facing the racial discrimination. Given the scope of the thesis it is not possible to address more groups belonging to the above mentioned category. The subject matter is elaborated by methods such as compilation, comparison and partially also analysis. The introductory chapter of the thesis contains general interpretation of equality and non-discrimination with explanations of important terms and concepts. The next chapter provides an overview of the prohibition of racial discrimination in human rights documents of the key international organizations. Closer attention in this...

- Asylum and refugees in the light of the case law of the European Court of Human Rights The thesis deals with issues of asylum and refugees in the context of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and the case law of the European Court of Human Rights. The purpose of the thesis is to show a tight relationship between refugee law and protection of human rights. The text is divided into seven chapters. In the introduction, the terms asylum and refugees are distinguished and a refugee is defined according to the crucial document of international refugee law, the Convention relating to the Status of Refugees. The definition of a refugee is outlined using inclusion, cessation and exclusion clauses. The next chapter is dedicated to the rule of non-refoulement stated in the Article 33 of the Refugee Convention, which prohibits states from expelling and deporting a refugee back to a country, where his life or freedom is threatened. The following part focuses on the European Convention on Human Rights and its surveillance done by the European Court of Human Rights. This part also examines the procedural issues of dealing with complaints on breach of the European Convention on Human Rights. Key chapter six is split into subchapters according to relevant provisions of the...

La France est un acteur majeur de la société internationale dont l’attachement aux « droits de l’Homme » constitue un élément caractéristique de sa politique extérieure. Il est alors paradoxal de constater que si la signature de la Convention européenne des droits de l’Homme a été opérée dès 1950, ce n’est qu’en 1974 que celle-ci sera ratifiée et en 1981 que le droit de recours individuel sera reconnu. Il y a donc une ambivalence entre une ligne politique de respect des « droits de l’Homme » et l’acceptation pleine et entière des instruments internationaux correspondants lorsqu’ils instaurent des organes supranationaux de contrôle. Lorsque la France est mise en cause devant la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme, elle se doit de défendre, non seulement ses propres intérêts, mais également ceux du mécanisme objectif de garantie des droits instaurés par la Convention européenne. Il y a donc une pluralité de rôles qui s’offrent à la France en ce cas. Ensuite, la fonction première de la Cour européenne des droits de l’Homme consiste à vérifier que les organes internes ont bien appliqué et, le cas échéant, réparé les violations à la Convention européenne. Ce n’est qu’en cas de carence des organes de l’Etat que la France devrait être poursuivie devant la Cour. Enfin, l’incidence de la jurisprudence de la Cour sur l’organisation institutionnelle française est fondamentale et dépasse la stricte mise en œuvre de la Convention par les seules juridictions nationales / France is a major actor in the international society whose attachment to the "human rights" is a characteristic feature of its foreign policy. It is a paradox that if the signature of the European Convention on human rights was proceeded in 1950, it was ratified only in 1974, and the individual petition was recognized in 1981. There is an ambivalence between a policy of respect for the "human rights" and the acceptance of the relevant international instruments when it creates an international body to control its application.When France is sued in the European Court of human rights, it must defend, not only its own interests, but also those of the objective mechanism of the guarantee of the rights established by the European Convention. So there is a plurality of characters for France in this case. Thus, the primary function of the European Court of human rights is to verify that internal organs had properly applied the European Convention and, where appropriate, repaired the violations: is that in the case of deficiency of the State’s organs that France should be sued in the Court. Finally, the impact of the Court’s case-law on the French institutional organization is fundamental and exceed the strict implementation of the Convention by only national courts

La Turquie figure parmi les Etats les plus condamnés du Conseil de l’Europe : on compte ainsi pratiquement trois mille décisions la concernant. Ce contentieux est à l’origine d’évolutions, à la fois pour la Turquie qui, grâce aux décisions de la Cour, adapte sa législation et sa pratique aux standards européens mais également pour la Cour puisque les nombreuses affaires turques ont contribué à élaborer et faire évoluer sa jurisprudence et ses méthodes dans des domaines qu’elle n’aurait pas, ou dans une moindre mesure, eu à traiter sans la Turquie. Au-delà du volume et du contenu des affaires, le contentieux turc a des particularités qui montrent que la Turquie a organisé sa pratique de la Cour européenne. La Cour, en parallèle, a dû s’adapter à ce contentieux et à ses particularités. Ainsi, la Cour et la Turquie ont-elles chacune mis en place des stratégies judiciaires. Si la Cour, astreinte au principe de subsidiarité, évolue dans un constant mouvement de balancier pour assurer le respect effectif des droits de l’Homme tout en ménageant la susceptibilité des Etats, la Turquie, elle, s’efforce de se rapprocher des exigences européennes tout en protégeant sa souveraineté. Ces stratégies accordent une place à la négociation, laissant parfois envisager une approche « transactionnelle » des droits de l’Homme. Cette recherche, à partir du cas de la Turquie, permet d’appréhender comment les droits de l’Homme, réputés universels et, pour certains d’entre eux, intangibles et indérogeables, peuvent être l’objet de « stratégies » et de « transactions ». / Turkey is among the more condemned states within the Council of Europe, with almost three thousand decisions. This case-law leads to changes: it permits Turkey to adapt its legislations and practices to the European exigencies and it gives the Court the possibility to elaborate and refine its jurisprudence and its methods with cases that she would never have without Turkey. Beyond the decisions’ volume and content, the Turkish case presents particularities bringing to light that Turkey has organised its practice of the European Court. In parallel, the Court has to adapt its answers to this case and its particularities. Both Turkey and the Court set up juridical strategies. The Court, who has to comply with the principle of subsidiarity, oscillates between firmness and restraint, so as not to offend the States’ sensibilities while reaching its goal of maintenance and realization of Human Rights. Turkey wavers between the will to conform to the European exigencies and the will to protect its sovereignty. These strategies make way for negotiations and even for a transactional approach of human rights. This research, based on the Turkish case, leads to wonder how human rights, which, for some of them, are universal and inviolable, can be the object of “strategies” and “negotiations”.

Absente de la Convention européenne des droits de l’homme, mais prévue par le règlement de la Cour, la révision des arrêts de celle-ci apparaît comme une procédure exceptionnelle qui, à première vue, ne soulève pas de problèmes particuliers. S’agissant pourtant d’une procédure qui existe dans un système institué en vue de la protection des droits de l’homme, il faut déterminer quel est le rôle que la révision peut jouer dans un tel système. A cet égard, l’examen des arrêts adoptés par la Cour à la suite des demandes en révision qui lui ont été présentées relève que la disposition régissant la révision est de nature à susciter une réflexion approfondie et ce, bien que le nombre des arrêts prononcés dans ce domaine ne soit pas impressionnant. En effet, les questions soulevées dans les procédures en révision impliquent une lecture minutieuse de ladite disposition, dont la richesse ne doit pas être sous-estimée. / Not included in the European Convention on Human Rights, but provided for by the Rules of Court, the revision of its judgments appears as an exceptional procedure that, at first glance, does not raise particular issues. However, being amongst the procedures belonging to the human rights protection system, it must be determined what role revision may play in such a system. In this respect, the examination of the judgments delivered by the Court following the requests for revision submitted to it points out that the provision governing revision is likely to give rise to a thorough reflection, even though the number of judgments in this area is not impressive. Indeed, the issues raised in the procedures for revision involve a careful reading of the before-mentioned provision, whose potential should not be underestimated.

The European Court of Human Rights - Enforcement of Judgement and its Comparison with the Procedure of the European Court of Justice of the European Union Abstract This thesis aims to provide an overview of the enforcement of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights, following the proceedings held before that court, without which enforcement proceedings cannot be opened. The thesis is focused both on the bodies of the Council of Europe, which play a key role in this process, as well as the national bodies and the measures adopted by them in accordance with the judgments of the European Court of Human Rights. The author also focuses on the mechanisms applied both for the implementation of the measures, and during the supervisory activities of the bodies of the Council of Europe. Within a comprehensive perspective, the author focuses on the execution of judgments of the European Court of Human Rights in three Central European countries, in order to compare both the anchoring of international human rights protection in the legal systems of these countries, and the systematics of the bodies involved in the judgment enforcement, demonstrating, on concrete cases, the practical steps during the enforcement of the ECHR judgments in the Czech Republic, Slovak Republic and Austria. Considering the fact that...

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2015-06-24T18:05:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Luce Madeira.pdf: 1223122 bytes, checksum: 8e2c533e22a69c93c75cbf30e5ce6008 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-24T18:05:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camila Luce Madeira.pdf: 1223122 bytes, checksum: 8e2c533e22a69c93c75cbf30e5ce6008 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-11-25 / Nenhuma / Incluída a mulher na universalidade dos direitos humanos, através de normativas internacionais e nacionais de Estados democráticos, persistem existindo barreiras a dificultar a concretização da igualdade de gênero. O reconhecimento dos direitos das mulheres trouxe novos dilemas e terrenos de disputa para a discriminação de gênero, que segue sendo vivenciada por mulheres nos âmbitos público e privado. Necessário assim analisar a vulnerabilidade de gênero, a partir do aprofundamento da definição do termo através da Bioética. Nesse novo e incerto contexto, torna-se propício o estudo dos casos envolvendo a vulnerabilidade de gênero que atinge mulheres no Sistema Regional Interamericano, especificamente na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, com identificação de standards relacionados ao tema. Os standards têm o propósito de aperfeiçoamento da jurisprudência do Sistema Internacional Regional, compreendendo não apenas o desenvolvimento do Direito Internacional, mas, ainda, sua aplicação no direito interno dos Estados. Amplia-se assim a repercussão das decisões internacionais relativas à vulnerabilidade de gênero que atinge a mulher. No curso do estudo, é verificada em que medida os standards identificados se correlacionam com o conceito de vulnerabilidade de gênero. Também é analisada a incorporação de pressupostos de tratamento especial para a garantia e a efetividade de direitos de grupos vulneráveis que permeia a atuação dos sistemas internacionais de proteção dos Direitos Humanos. / Although women have been included in the universality of human rights, by means of international laws and legal texts of democratic national states, barriers that difficult the concretion of gender equality persist. The recognition of women rights brought new dilemmas and fields of dispute to the gender discrimination, which continues to be experienced by women in the public and private spheres. It is necessary therefore to analyze the gender vulnerability by the deepening of the vulnerability concept through bioethics. In this new and uncertain context, it is convenient the study of cases on gender vulnerability involving women in the Inter-american Regional System, specifically in the Inter-american Court of Human Rights, identifying standards related to the issue. The standards intend to improve the Interamerican Regional System jurisprudence, comprehending not just the development of International Law but also its aplication in the internal laws of the states. Thereby the repercussions of the international decisions related to the gender vulnerability that the women face become amplified. Along the study it is verified the correlation degree between the standards that have been identified and the concept of gender vulnerability. It is analized as well the incorporation of presuppositions of special treatment to the guaranty and effectiveness of the vulnerable groups rights which permeates the acting of the international human rights protection systems.

Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@ufma.br) on 2017-06-26T12:19:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe José.pdf: 1342434 bytes, checksum: 5a0c3e5a2c327e14423c9bba8bb6648c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-26T12:19:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Felipe José.pdf: 1342434 bytes, checksum: 5a0c3e5a2c327e14423c9bba8bb6648c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-29 / This dissertation analyzes, from a qualitative research based on the critical dialectical method, which are the obstacles that have prevented the Inter-American Court of Human Rights sentence rendered in Gomes Lund and others Vs. Brazil from being fully complished and the extent to which these obstacles compromise their potential contribution to the realization of transitional justice in the country and to the fight against human rights violations practiced by the Brazilian State. After the presentation of the human rights theory considered appropriate for the investigation and considerations of the configuration and functioning of the Inter-American Human Rights System, an analysis was made of the cases judged by the Inter-American Court that involved Brazil before the case Gomes Lund and others Vs. Brazil. Next, a critical analysis of the concept of transitional justice and the jurisprudence of the Inter-American Court on this matter was made. Then, after analyzing the Brazilian military dictatorship, the process of redemocratization of the country and the first justransicional measures adopted in Brazil, an approach was made on the “Guerrilha do Araguaia” and on the proceeding of the case Gomes Lund and others Vs. Brazil in the Commission and in the Inter- American Court of Human Rights. Finally, it was discussed about the judgment of the Inter- American Court rendered in the forementioned case, as well as to the measures taken by the Brazilian State to ccomplish it and the obstacles that have prevented its full accomplishment. The main conclusions reached are related to the fact that the prevalence of a normativeinstitutional approach in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, as well as historical, cultural and political lements of the Brazilian scenario, has undermined the potential of the sentence to ontribute to the transitional justice in the country and to combat violations of human rights practiced by the Brazilian State. / Esta tesis analiza, a partir de una investigación cualitativa guiado por el método crítico dialéctico, cuáles son los obstáculos que han impedido que la sentencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos dictadas en el caso Gomes Lund y otros contra Brasil se cumple plenamente y en qué medida estos obstáculos comprometen su potencial para contribuir a la realización de la justicia de transición en el país y para combatir violaciónes de los derechos humanos por parte del Estado brasileño. Después de la presentación de la teoría de los derechos humanos que se considera más adecuada para la investigación y de las consideraciones acerca de la configuración y el funcionamiento del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos, se hizo un análisis de los casos juzgados por la Corte Interamericana que implican Brasil, antes del caso Gomes Lund y otros vs. Brasil. A continuación, se realizó un análisis crítico del concepto de justicia de transición y de la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana en la materia. Entonces, después de analizar la dictadura militar brasileña, el proceso de democratización del país y las primeras medidas justransicionales adoptadas en Brasil, hubo una discusión de la Guerrilla del Araguaia y el procesamiento del caso Gomes Lund y otros Vs. Brasil en la Comisión y en la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. Por fin, se habló sobre la sentencia de la Corte Interamericana dada en el caso antes mencionado, así como sobre las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno brasileño para cumplirla, y sobre los obstáculos que han impedido su pleno cumplimiento. Las principales conclusiones se refieren al hecho de que la prevalencia de un enfoque jurídico-institucional en el actuacíon de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, así como los elementos históricos, culturales y políticos del escenario brasileño han minado el potencial de la sentencia para contribuir a la realización de la justicia de transición en el país y para combatir violaciónes de los derechos humanos por parte del Estado brasileño. / A presente dissertação analisa, a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa pautada no método crítico dialético, quais são os obstáculos que têm impedido que a sentença da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos proferida no caso Gomes Lund e outros Vs. Brasil seja cumprida integralmente e em que medida esses obstáculos comprometem o seu potencial de contribuição para a efetivação da justiça de transição no país e para o combate às violações de direitos humanos praticadas pelo Estado brasileiro. Após a apresentação da teoria acerca dos direitos humanos que se considera adequada para a pesquisa e de considerações sobre a configuração e o funcionamento do Sistema Interamericano de Direitos Humanos, foi feita uma análise dos casos julgados pela Corte Interamericana que envolveram o Brasil, anteriores ao caso Gomes Lund e outros Vs. Brasil. Em seguida, foi feita uma análise crítica do conceito de justiça de transição e da jurisprudência da Corte Interamericana sobre a matéria. Então, depois de se analisar a ditadura militar brasileira, o processo de redemocratização do país e as primeiras medidas justransicionais adotadas no Brasil, fez-se uma abordagem sobre a Guerrilha do Araguaia e sobre a tramitação do caso Gomes Lund e outros Vs. Brasil na Comissão e na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos. Por fim, discorreu-se sobre a sentença da Corte Interamericana proferida no caso acima mencionado, bem como sobre as medidas adotadas pelo Estado brasileiro para cumpri-la e sobre os obstáculos que têm impedido o seu cumprimento integral. As principais conclusões obtidas dizem respeito à constatação de que a prevalência de uma abordagem normativo-institucional na atuação da Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, bem como elementos históricos, culturais e políticos do cenário brasileiro têm prejudicado o potencial da sentença de contribuir para a efetivação da justiça de transição no país e para o combate às violações de direitos humanos praticadas pelo Estado brasileiro.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-11-18T16:10:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Moura de Aguiar_.pdf: 2107632 bytes, checksum: 40f3cc9776319a8600183b8232d19abb (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-18T16:10:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Daiane Moura de Aguiar_.pdf: 2107632 bytes, checksum: 40f3cc9776319a8600183b8232d19abb (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-15 / Nenhuma / O fenômeno da internacionalização do direito possui como um dos seus desafios os Direitos Humanos. Nesse sentido, analisar a dinâmica desse processo múltiplo e repleto de interdependências normativas- que retiram de seu espaço cômodo as categorias estáveis do direito interno e internacional - são a tônica que percorreu a pesquisa. Com efeito, a presente tese aprofundou sua investigação e focou sua atenção no cumprimento das sentenças proferidas pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, revelando os métodos de interação entre a ordem interna e a ordem internacional. Para essa reflexão se esquadrinhou as dinâmicas que levaram no correr do século XX e XXI à internacionalização dos Direitos Humanos, perquirindo seus substratos teóricos e práticos. Da mesma forma, foram analisados os mecanismos de aproximação entre o que é decidido na Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos por meio de suas sentenças e as possibilidades de implementação desses comandos em solo doméstico, apurando processos institucionais que dificultam ou facilitam o reconhecimento e cumprimento dessas sentenças. Nesse sentido, por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e jurisprudencial, utilizando de método fenomenológico, avaliou-se que é necessário reconhecer a humanidade no âmago do seu entendimento e não somente quando esta já está violada e solapada de seus direitos. A força de reprovação das normas deve vir conectada com o poder de proteção, firmada de modo positivo a prevenir que ocorram as violações. Assim, cabe aos juristas reconhecer essas mudanças e sedimentar a defesa convencional dos direitos da humanidade. / The internationalization of Law phenomenon has, as one of its challenges, the Human Rights. Therefore, the emphasis that ran through the research was to analyze the dynamics of this multiple process, full with normative interdependencies– that push stable categories of domestic and international law out of the comfort zone. Indeed, this thesis deepened the investigation and focused its attention on the compliance with judgments from the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, revealing the methods of interaction between internal and international law. To this reflection, the research searched the dynamics that took to internationalization of Human Rights during the XX and XXI centuries, inquiring its theoretical and practical foundations. Likewise, the research analyzed the mechanisms of approximation between what is decided in the Inter-American Court of Human Rights through its judgments and the possibilities of implementation of these orders in domestic area, checking institutional processes that ease or hinder the acknowledgment and compliance of these judgments. Therefore, through bibliographic, documental and jurisprudential research, using the phenomenological method, it was evaluated that it is necessary to recognize humanity at the core of its understanding, and not only when its rights are already violated and undermined. The reprobation side of norms must be connected to the power of protection, firmed in a positive way to prevent violations to occur. Thus, it is up to jurists to recognize these changes and to consolidate the conventional defense for Human Rights.