This article discusses the conventionality control according to the jurisprudence of the interamerican Court of Human rights. Particularly, the author analyzes whether advisory opinions, like judgments, constitute the “controlling material” of the conventionality control. in this way, the author presents and discusses theses derived from the referred jurisprudence, to conclude that the interpretative guidelines contained in advisory opinions of the interamerican Court of Human rights constitute the “controlling material” under certain circumstances. / El presente artículo aborda el control de convencionalidad según la jurisprudencia emitida por la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos. En particular, el autor se detiene a analizar si las opiniones consultivas, al igual que una sentencia, pueden constituir el “material controlante” del control de convencionalidad. De esta forma, el autor expone y examina las principales tesis que se derivan de la referida jurisprudencia, para concluir los lineamientos interpretativos contenidos en opiniones consultivas de la Corte interamericana de Derechos Humanos valen como el “material controlante” bajo ciertas circunstancias.

The aim of this thesis is the development of the protection of human rights in the European Union, the analysis of the current state and coherence in the context of the legal regulations of the Czech Republic, including the enforcement of human rights in connection withthe judgements.

1 Political Role of Courts and Judges from a European and Comparative Perspective Zuzana Vikarská The submitted dissertation examines European apex courts (i.e. the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights) and aims to answer the research question whether these judicial institutions are political and, if so, in what sense. The author puts forward five perspectives from which the political role of courts and judges can be analysed. The first dimension perceives judges as human beings who are influenced not only by legal rules but also by various non-legal influences, including political ones. In the first dimension, the notion of politics therefore stands in contrast to a certain idea of legal purity and separation of law from politics. This first dimension covers various jurisprudential perspectives on judicial decision-making, but also issues such as transparency of judicial institutions or the quality of judicial reasoning. The second dimension looks at the nomination procedures that lead to judicial appointments at the European apex courts. In this case, politics means the participation of political actors in the process of selecting candidates for the judicial functions. In this meaning, the notion of politics stands in opposition to the notion of expertise. The...

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2016-08-09T13:19:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1717181 bytes, checksum: daa1af0d8c4c828526f2c45a1a83b1e1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-09T13:19:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 1717181 bytes, checksum: daa1af0d8c4c828526f2c45a1a83b1e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-29 / This essay intends to contribute to the study of the historical, political and legal factors for which Brazil is the only country, among those of South America that lived under military dictatorships, in which state agents who commit serious violations of human rights during the authoritarian regime (including crimes against humanity) are not criminally punished. In order to achieve its objective this work takes the "Araguaia Guerrilla Case" as a basis for analyzing the conflicting ways in which four institutions – the highest Brazilian Justice court, i.e. the Supreme Court, and the Brazilian State, on one side, and the Brazilian Advocates Order and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights, on the other side – comprehend the Brazilian Amnesty Law (Law n° 6.683/1979). Conflicting interpretations of the mentioned law put Brazilian Transitional Justice and Inter-American System of Human Rights Protection on opposite sides, specifically with regard to the issue of revision of the Amnesty Law for the purpose of criminal punishment. After examining in detail the postures assumed by the actors involved in the case and the principal legal aspects of the matter, one comes to the conclusion that Brazilian Government, by keeping its posture and not prosecuting and punishing those criminal State agents – obligation for which Brazil was convicted in the sentence issued by the Inter-American Court of Human Rights – became guilty by an international illicit, fact that puts in doubt one of the fundamental aspects of Brazilian Transitional Justice. / O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para o estudo dos fatores históricos, políticos e jurídicos pelos quais o Brasil é o único país, entre aqueles da América do Sul que viveram sob ditaduras militares, no qual os agentes do Estado que cometeram graves violações aos direitos humanos durante o regime autoritário (incluindo-se crimes contra a humanidade) não são criminalmente punidos. A fim de alcançar esse objetivo, o trabalho aborda o “Caso Guerrilha do Araguaia” como base para a análise do modo conflitante pelo qual quatro instituições – a mais alta corte de justiça brasileira, o Supremo Tribunal Federal, e o Estado brasileiro, de um lado, e a Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil e a Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos, de outro – compreendem a Lei da Anistia brasileira (Lei nº 6.683/1979). As interpretações antagônicas da mencionada lei colocam a Justiça de Transição brasileira e o Sistema Interamericano de Proteção dos Direitos Humanos em lados opostos, especificamente no que se refere ao tema da revisão da Lei da Anistia para efeito de punição criminal. Após a análise minuciosa das posturas assumidas pelos atores em jogo e os principais aspectos jurídicos da questão, chega-se à conclusão de que o Governo brasileiro, por não processar nem punir aqueles agentes de Estado criminosos – obrigação pela qual foi condenado na sentença emitida pela Corte Interamericana de Direitos Humanos – tornou-se culpado por ato ilícito internacional, fato que põe em dúvida um dos aspectos fundamentais da Justiça de Transição brasileira.

Recently, the interaction between International Human Rights Law (IHRL) and International Humanitarian Law (IHL) has been significantly developed by the jurisprudence of the Inter- American Court of Human Rights (IACtHR). This article analyzes this recent trend from the cases of the Santo Domingo Massacreand Afro communities displaced from the Cacarica River Basin (Operation Genesis) of this tribunal to assert its competence not only to use IHL to interpret the Inter-American human rights instruments but, at the same time, to approach a direct use of humanitarian standards, which creates a gray area between the interpretation and application of such area of Law. In doing so, the Court resorts to the lex specialis if the IHL norm is the most specialized for the case, and uses IHL to a limited extent, only to expand the content of human rights, but not to judge on possible violations of IHL, which results in a methodology of pick and choose of IHL provisions. / Recientemente, la interacción entre el Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos (DIDH) y el Derecho Internacional Humanitario (DIH) ha sido desarrollada significativamente en la jurisprudencia de la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (Corte IDH). Este artículo analiza la tendencia reciente de los casos Masacre de Santo Domingo y Comunidades Afrodescendientes desplazadas de la cuenca del río Cacarica (Operación Génesis) de este tribunal para afirmar su competencia no solo para utilizar el DIH al interpretar los instrumentos interamericanos de derechos humanos, pero, al mismo tiempo, para aproximarse a la utilización directa de las normas humanitarias, lo que genera una zona gris entre la interpretación y aplicación de esta área del Derecho. Al hacerlo, la Corte recurre a la lex specialis si la norma del DIH es la más especializada para el caso; y utiliza el DIH hasta cierto límite, solamente para expandir el contenido de los derechos humanos, pero no para juzgar posibles violaciones del DIH, lo que resulta en una metodología de pick and choose (selectiva) de las normas del DIH.

La consécration du droit à l'autodétermination par la Cour européenne des droits de l'Homme, à l'occasion de deux arrêts figurant désormais au sein des« grands arrêts» de cette juridiction, appelait, en elle-même, une étude Elle l'appelait d'autant plus que le droit à l'autodétermination semble à même de permettre un véritable renouvellement du droit français quant à l'appréhension juridique des pouvoirs de la personne sur son corps. En l'état actuel du droit interne, ces pouvoirs ne sont pas clairement identifiés, de sorte que la frontière entre actes licites et illicites est poreuse, voire insaisissable. Utile, en sus d'être obligatoire, l'intégration du droit à l'autodétermination en droit interne est essentielle: elle permet de régir harmonieusement les pouvoirs de la personne sur son corps. Vérifier cette hypothèse supposait de s'assurer des potentialités du droit à l'autodétermination et d'identifier les lignes directrices de son exercice. À l'étude, le droit à l'autodétermination peut être défini comme le pouvoir d'exiger d'autrui le respect de ses choix effectués dans le cadre de sa vie privée lorsqu'ils sont amenés à se réaliser sur son corps. L'émergence d'un nouveau droit à dans l'ordre juridique implique nécessairement de savoir comment l'exercer, c'est-à-dire de saisir ses contours et ses limites et de s'assurer de sa garantie: sans limite, l'exercice du droit à l'autodétermination serait indéniablement un danger pour le maintien de l'ordre juridique interne; sans garantie, il serait stérile. / No English summary available.

Please read the abstract in the 00front of this document / Thesis (LLD)--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Centre for Human Rights / LLD / Unrestricted

This thesis bearing the name "The European Convention on Human Rights, Article 8" has the objective to define the right to respect for private and family life through the jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. The work is concentrating on the topic of registered partnership, especially upon the question of whether a homosexual pair can be recognized as a family in the sense of Article 8 of European Convention on Human Rights. Further issues discussed are the question of children and their biological parents, whether a child has a right to know his biological parents, and the problem of implementation of Article 8 in the Czech Republic focusing on the question of problems in implementation of the right to respect for private life and for family life. The first two chapters are aimed at defining the pertinent terms and outlining the historical development of this area of law. Main part of the work are the last two chapters, which are concentrating on the above mentioned issues through the interpretation of selected relevant jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights. This interpretation of the jurisprudence has resulted in answers on the set questions, with respect to the fact that it is a current interpretation of the Convention by the Court. The main finding is the necessity to realize that the Convention as a living instrument will keep developing according to the development of society, which leads to the results and answers being pertinent only at the time of writing of this work, with the future development being possibly different from current results.

This article addresses diverse perspectives concerning relationship between reviewing (laws) for compliance and the process of putting international law of human rights on a constitutional footing. Therefore, a parallel is established between reviewing (laws) for compliance and constitutional review (laws) in order to outline features and application impact of this research. The design of a multi-level protection system for fundamental rights in Latin America is also discussed in this article. / El presente artículo aborda aspectos relativos a la relación entre el control de convencionalidad y el proceso de constitucionalización del derecho internacional de los derechos humanos. Así, se establece un paralelo entre el control de convencionalidad y el control de constitucionalidad, a fin de determinar las características y el impacto de la aplicación del examen mencionado. El documento da cuenta de la configuración de un sistema de protección multinivel de los derechos fundamentales en Latinoamérica.

The diploma thesis deals with the issue of human rights of legal persons according to the ECHR. In addition to natural persons, legal persons are holders of fundamental rights and freedoms. These rights are so important that they are worthy of protection, not only at national level, but also at regional and universal level. For 47 European countries, the protection of fundamental rights and freedoms is ensured by an international organization called the Council of Europe. Within the Council of Europe, there is a European Court of Human Rights established under the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms of 1950. Natural persons and, where the nature of the fundamental rights and freedoms set out in the Convention and its protocols allow, also legal persons lodge complaints with this court. Using a descriptive, comparative, and analytical method, this thesis aims to comprehensively present the legal person in the role of an individual applicant to the ECtHR, paying special attention to the case-law of the ECtHR, specifically judgments on legal persons' applications against the Czech Republic. The work is divided into three parts. The first part deals with the concept of a legal person as such, while further describing its role as an individual applicant to the ECtHR,...