Zebrafish (Danio rerio) are ray-finned fish of the teleost class, whose fins consist of an exoskeletal domain and an endoskeletal domain. The exoskeletal domain of the fins contains the fin rays and originate from embryonic fin folds that elongate as the fins are growing. The elongation of the fin fold is supported by two parallel sets of rigid fibrils oriented along the proximal-distal axis, called actinotrichia. Actinotrichia fibrils are composed of two primary components, a collagenous component and actinodin proteins. The actinodin proteins are encoded for by the actinodin (and) family of genes which are found in the genomes of finned fish while absent in limbed tetrapods. CRISPR/Cas9 was used to create loss-of-function deletions in the and1 and and2 genes, resulting in the absence of actinotrichia in the zebrafish double mutants. We hypothesised that the loss of actinotrichia during zebrafish development would result in developmental defects leading to fin ray defects in the adult zebrafish. The and1/2 mutants that lack actinotrichia presented with fin fold and cell migration defects during development that persisted into adulthood and resulted in shorter fins, disturbed fin ray patterning, and a decrease in ray number. In addition, an unexpected fusion between the hypurals of the caudal fin endoskeleton revealed an additional function of the actinotrichia fibrils in caudal fin endoskeletal patterning. During zebrafish development, actinotrichia fibrils play a vital role in ensuring normal fin development, normal patterning and formation of the fin rays, and the normal development of the caudal fin endoskeleton.

O fator de transcrição A mitocondrial (TFAM) é um membro da subfamília HMGB que se liga a promotores do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA). É um gene importante para a manutenção do mtDNA, pois regula o número de cópias e é essencial para inicialização da replicação e transcrição do mtDNA. Recentemente técnicas de edição gênica vêm sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta bastante eficaz na manipulação genômica. A nova tecnologia chamada de CRISPR/ Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) utiliza um RNA guia (gRNA) curto que contém 20 nucleotídeos complementares a sequência de DNA. Quando o RNA guia se liga ao local alvo, a proteína Cas9 é recrutada para se ligar no local alvo e induzir a dupla quebra na cadeia de DNA. Neste contexto, este estudo propôs editar o gene TFAM pela tecnologia CRISPR Cas9, com o objetivo de gerar células Rho zero através do knock-out em fibroblastos bovinos. Os fibroblastos bovinos utilizados neste estudo foram derivados de uma biopsia de pele coletada de animais adultos. A sequência do gene foi obtida a partir do banco de dados GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) e esta foi inserida no site CRISPR direct (crispr.dbcls.jp) e no site rgenome (rgenome.net) a fim de desenhar o gRNA. O gRNA foi desenhado no exon 1 do gene TFAM bovino. Os fibroblastos foram cultivados e após as células atingirem 80% de confluência, estas foram eletrotransfectadas com Cas9 (Addgene 48668), gRNA, GFP e plasmídeo controle. Foi utilizado o kit Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) e a transfecção foi realizada no equipamento AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Após a transfecção foi realizada a citometria de fluxo para avaliar a taxa de transfecção, e as células pós transfectadas foram plaqueadas em placas de 96 poços, pela técnica de sorting. O sorting separarou uma célula por poço de 96. Após 20 dias em cultura essas células foram tripsinizadas em placas de 6 poços e o DNA genômico foi extraído, utilizando o kit Qiamp DNA microkit-Qiagen. Para avaliar a frequência de mutações, foi realizada a digestão com a enzima T7 endonuclease, e após confirmado mutações, os clones foram enviados para analise de sequenciamento. Observamos uma taxa de transfecção eficiente de 51,3%. Obtivemos 40 clones com DNA extraído para analise, no qual 7 destes possuiam mutações no local de inserção da CRISPR Cas 9. Com isso, concluimos uma heterozigose mostrando que o desenho da CRISPR foi eficiente, gerando uma deleção do gene TFAM. / The mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is a member of HMGB subfamily that binds to promoters of mtDNA. It is a very important gene that maintains mtDNA, regulates the number of copies and is essential for the initiation of transcription mtDNA. Recently, gene edition techniques have been used as a very effective tool in genomic manipulation. The new technology called CRISPR/Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) uses a short gRNA containing 20 nucleotides complementary to the DNA sequence. When gRNA binds to the target site, the Cas9 protein is recruited to bind in the chosen location and induce double strands breaks in DNA. In this context, this study proposed to edit the TFAM gene by CRISPR Cas9 technology aiming to generate Rho zero cell through the knock-out in bovine fibroblasts. Bovine fibroblasts used in this study were derived from a skin biopsy collected from an adult. The sequence obtained from the database GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) was inserted in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) and in the rgenome site (rgenome.net) to design the RNA guide. The gRNA was designed in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) for the Exon 1 of the gene TFAM bovine and after was performed the CRISPR cloning. The fibroblast were cultured and after reaching 80% of confluence, were electro-transfected with Cas9 (Addgene 48668) and control plasmids using the Nucleofector TM Kit for Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and transfected with Cas 9 (Addgene 48668), GFP and control plasmid. Were used the Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and the transfection was performed on the AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Post transfected cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the rate of transfection. The cells post transfected were further split into 1 cell/well (96- well plates for cell cloning). After days in culture these cells were trypsinized in 6-well plates and the genomic DNA was extracted using the Qiamp DNA microkit- Qiagen. To assess the mutation frequency, T7 endonuclease assay were performed and after confirmed the mutations, the clones were sent for sequencing analysis. We observed that the cells were efficiently transfected since they have a rate of 51,3% transfection. We obtained 40 clones with extracted for analysis, in which 7 of these had mutations at the insertion site of CRISPR/Cas 9. We concluded that until this moment the CRISPR design was efficient and that we obtained a deletion of the TFAM gene.

Orientador: Maria Cano / Resumo: As leishmanioses são doenças tropicais negligenciadas, causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. Elas são consideradas pela Organização Mundial da Saúde como uma doença endêmica em muitos países, incluindo o Brasil. Assim, a busca por novas metodologias de combate e controle dessas doenças parasitárias se faz necessária. Uma das abordagens refere-se ao estudo da biologia molecular dos parasitos causadores da doença, como o estudo dos telômeros, os quais são repetições em tandem associadas a proteínas e localizadas nas extremidades dos cromossomos da maioria dos eucariontes. Sua função é diferenciar os terminais de cromossomos das quebras de DNA em dupla fita e assim proteger tais extremidades da degradação e dos mecanismos de reparo das células, que em muitos casos resulta na perda de material genético codificante ao fim de cada ciclo celular. Os estudos da biologia telomérica de Leishmania têm auxiliado bastante no entendimento deste organismo, no qual o complexo telomerase é composto minimamente por um componente proteico, TERT, e por um RNA, TER, sendo que a caracterização funcional destes componentes é uma das metas de nosso grupo de pesquisa. Tal caracterização tende a ser feita, principalmente, por meios de compostos inibitórios específicos da função desses componentes ou por meio de manipulação gênica, tal qual a tecnologia CRISPR-Cas, que tem possibilitado alterações genômicas precisas e pontuais bem como o silenciamento rápido e específico de genes em diferente... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Leishmaniasis are neglected tropical disease, caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania, which according to the World Health Organization is endemic in many countries, including Brazil. Thus, the search for new alternatives to combat and control these parasitic diseases, are necessary. One of the current potential approaches are to study the biology of telomeres, which are tandemly repeated sequences associated with proteins located at the ends of the chromosomes of most eukaryotes. The main function of telomeres is to differentiate the chromosome end termini from double-stranded DNA breaks and thus, to protect the ends from degradation and damage repair mechanisms, which, at the end of each cell cycle, can result in loss of genetic material. The telomere biology studies of Leishmania have greatly improved our knowledge about this organism, in which the telomerase complex is composed minimally by a protein component, TERT, and by an RNA, TER. The functional characterization of these components is one of the goals of our research group. Such characterization is usually done by using inhibitory compounds specific to the function of these components or by gene manipulation, such as the CRISPR-Cas technology, which has enabled precise genomic alterations as well as the rapid and specific silencing of genes in different organisms, including Leishmania. Thus, we sought to observe the effects of inhibiting the L. major telomerase activity, using a specific TERT inhibitor, called BI... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR/CRISPR-associated (Cas) protein system, CRISPR/Cas9, uses single-guide RNA to guide Cas9 to the target site for genome editing. In this study, the CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to knockout KED in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum). KED was first identified while screening the wounded tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) leaves. We found that alignment of the protein sequence of SlKED (Solanum lycopersicum KED) and NtKED (Nicotiana tabacum KED) showed 55.1% identity. To investigate, we generated SlKED knockout tomato plants with a single base pair deletion, a five base pair deletion and a three base pair deletion with a single base pair insertion. We performed wounding assays and analyzed gene expression and found that the wounded SlKED knockout plant showed no gene induction. Furthermore, the biological assay results revealed that the tobacco hornworm (Manduca sexta) gained more mass when fed on the SlKED knockout plant. Our studies show that the KED gene plays a role in wound-induced mechanism and suggested it may involve in the plant defense system against biological stress and insect feeding. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2019. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Les mycoplasmes sont des bactéries pathogènes, dotées de petits génomes d’environ 1Mbp, avec une faible teneur en G+C. L'intérêt de la communauté scientifique pour ces bactéries a été récemment renouvelé par des avancées dans les domaines de la synthèse et de la transplantation de génomes. Ces nouvelles approches ont ouvert la voie à l'ingénierie génomique à grande échelle des mycoplasmes. Les systèmes CRISPR/Cas sont des systèmes de défense adaptatifs procaryotes contre les acides nucléiques invasifs. Le système CRISPR de Streptococcus pyogenes est composé d’une endonucléase (SpCas9) et de deux CRISPR ARNs (crRNA et tracrRNA) qui dirigent Cas9 vers sa séquence d’ADN cible. La reconnaissance de l’ADN cible se fait par appariement du crRNA et de la présence en aval d’une séquence nommée protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). Apres cette reconnaissance, Cas9 coupe l’ADN cible. A partir de ce système, un outil génétique simplifié composé de Cas9 et d’un ARN guide (gRNA) a été développé pour de nombreux organismes. Le premier objectif de ma thèse était de combiner les méthodes de biologie synthétique de clonage et de la transplantation de génomes avec les outils CRISPR/Cas9 pour l’ingénierie des génomes de mycoplasmes clonés dans la levure. Nous avons réussi à utiliser cette approche pour enlever des gènes et des régions génomiques dans trois espèces: Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), M. capricolum subsp. capricolum et M. pneumoniae. Afin de développer un système plus adapté aux mycoplasmes, nous avons ensuite caractérisé le système CRISPR/Cas9 de Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg). En utilisant une combinaison d'approches in silico et in vivo, la séquence PAM de MgCas9 a été caractérisée comme NNNAAAA. Nous avons alors entrepris de développer un système CRISPR/Cas minimal de M. gallisepticum pour une utilisation directe dans les cellules de mollicutes: le gène codant MgCas9 a été introduit dans le génome de Mmc, mais son activation avec un gRNA chimère entre le crRNA et le tracrRNA de M. gallisepticum n’a pas été obtenue pour le moment. / Mycoplasmas are small pathogenic bacteria that are characterized by reduced genomes of about 1 Mbp with a low G+C content. The interest of the scientific community towards these species has been recently renewed by successful synthesis of their genome and transplantation experiments. These new genetic tools opened the way to further applications and developments for large-scale genome engineering programmes. CRISPR/Cas systems are natural systems that provide bacteria and archaea with an adaptive defense mechanism against invading nucleic acids. The CRISPR system from Streptococcus pyogenes includes an endonuclease (SpCas9) and two CRISPR RNAs (crRNA et tracrRNA) which role are to drive Cas9 to a target sequence. Target recognition depends on a specific pairing of the crRNA and the presence of a motif named protospacer adjacent motif (PAM). After recognition, Cas9 cleaves the targeted DNA. From the natural S. pyogenes system, a simplified genetic tool including Cas9 and a guide RNA (gRNA) was developed for many organisms . The first goal of my thesis was to combine the synthetic biology methods of genome cloning in yeast and back transplantation into recipient cells with a CRISPR/Cas9 tool for efficient engineering of mycoplasma genomes cloned in yeast. We succeeded in removing genes and genomic regions in three different species, Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. capri (Mmc), M. capricolum subsp. capricolum and M. pneumoniae. Then, in order to develop a system optimized for mycoplasma genome editing, we characterized a natural CRISPR/Cas9 system derived from Mycoplasma gallisepticum (Mg). Using a combination of in silico and in vivo approaches, MgCas9 PAM sequence was characterized as NNNAAAA. We then started to develop a minimal CRISPR/Cas system from M. gallisepticum for direct genome editing in mollicutes. Thus we introduced MgCas9 encoding gene in Mmc and tried to activate it with a newly designed gRNA, a chimeric molecule between the crRNA and the tracrRNA of M. gallisepticum, without success yet.

O fator de transcrição A mitocondrial (TFAM) é um membro da subfamília HMGB que se liga a promotores do DNA mitocondrial (mtDNA). É um gene importante para a manutenção do mtDNA, pois regula o número de cópias e é essencial para inicialização da replicação e transcrição do mtDNA. Recentemente técnicas de edição gênica vêm sendo utilizada como uma ferramenta bastante eficaz na manipulação genômica. A nova tecnologia chamada de CRISPR/ Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) utiliza um RNA guia (gRNA) curto que contém 20 nucleotídeos complementares a sequência de DNA. Quando o RNA guia se liga ao local alvo, a proteína Cas9 é recrutada para se ligar no local alvo e induzir a dupla quebra na cadeia de DNA. Neste contexto, este estudo propôs editar o gene TFAM pela tecnologia CRISPR Cas9, com o objetivo de gerar células Rho zero através do knock-out em fibroblastos bovinos. Os fibroblastos bovinos utilizados neste estudo foram derivados de uma biopsia de pele coletada de animais adultos. A sequência do gene foi obtida a partir do banco de dados GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) e esta foi inserida no site CRISPR direct (crispr.dbcls.jp) e no site rgenome (rgenome.net) a fim de desenhar o gRNA. O gRNA foi desenhado no exon 1 do gene TFAM bovino. Os fibroblastos foram cultivados e após as células atingirem 80% de confluência, estas foram eletrotransfectadas com Cas9 (Addgene 48668), gRNA, GFP e plasmídeo controle. Foi utilizado o kit Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) e a transfecção foi realizada no equipamento AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Após a transfecção foi realizada a citometria de fluxo para avaliar a taxa de transfecção, e as células pós transfectadas foram plaqueadas em placas de 96 poços, pela técnica de sorting. O sorting separarou uma célula por poço de 96. Após 20 dias em cultura essas células foram tripsinizadas em placas de 6 poços e o DNA genômico foi extraído, utilizando o kit Qiamp DNA microkit-Qiagen. Para avaliar a frequência de mutações, foi realizada a digestão com a enzima T7 endonuclease, e após confirmado mutações, os clones foram enviados para analise de sequenciamento. Observamos uma taxa de transfecção eficiente de 51,3%. Obtivemos 40 clones com DNA extraído para analise, no qual 7 destes possuiam mutações no local de inserção da CRISPR Cas 9. Com isso, concluimos uma heterozigose mostrando que o desenho da CRISPR foi eficiente, gerando uma deleção do gene TFAM. / The mitochondrial transcription factor A (TFAM) is a member of HMGB subfamily that binds to promoters of mtDNA. It is a very important gene that maintains mtDNA, regulates the number of copies and is essential for the initiation of transcription mtDNA. Recently, gene edition techniques have been used as a very effective tool in genomic manipulation. The new technology called CRISPR/Cas9 (Regulary interspaced clustered short palindromic repeats) uses a short gRNA containing 20 nucleotides complementary to the DNA sequence. When gRNA binds to the target site, the Cas9 protein is recruited to bind in the chosen location and induce double strands breaks in DNA. In this context, this study proposed to edit the TFAM gene by CRISPR Cas9 technology aiming to generate Rho zero cell through the knock-out in bovine fibroblasts. Bovine fibroblasts used in this study were derived from a skin biopsy collected from an adult. The sequence obtained from the database GenBank (www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov) was inserted in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) and in the rgenome site (rgenome.net) to design the RNA guide. The gRNA was designed in the CRISPR direct site (crispr.dbcls.jp) for the Exon 1 of the gene TFAM bovine and after was performed the CRISPR cloning. The fibroblast were cultured and after reaching 80% of confluence, were electro-transfected with Cas9 (Addgene 48668) and control plasmids using the Nucleofector TM Kit for Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and transfected with Cas 9 (Addgene 48668), GFP and control plasmid. Were used the Primary Mammalian Fibroblasts (VPI-1002) and the transfection was performed on the AMAXA Nucleofector 2B. Post transfected cells were analyzed by flow cytometry to evaluate the rate of transfection. The cells post transfected were further split into 1 cell/well (96- well plates for cell cloning). After days in culture these cells were trypsinized in 6-well plates and the genomic DNA was extracted using the Qiamp DNA microkit- Qiagen. To assess the mutation frequency, T7 endonuclease assay were performed and after confirmed the mutations, the clones were sent for sequencing analysis. We observed that the cells were efficiently transfected since they have a rate of 51,3% transfection. We obtained 40 clones with extracted for analysis, in which 7 of these had mutations at the insertion site of CRISPR/Cas 9. We concluded that until this moment the CRISPR design was efficient and that we obtained a deletion of the TFAM gene.

Les microARNs (miARNs), petits ARNs non codants, sont des fins régulateurs de l’expression des gènes. Les miARNs jouent des rôles essentiels dans les processus biologiques physiologiques mais aussi pathologiques. Cependant, leurs rôles durant l’ovogenèse chez les vertébrés demeurent peu documentés. D’une manière similaire aux gènes ovocytes-spécifiques, nous avons proposé l’hypothèse que les miARNs ovaire-prédominants joueraient des rôles essentiels durant l’ovogenèse et/ou le développement embryonnaire précoce. L’objectif de ma thèse était, dans un premier temps, d’identifier les miARNs ovaire-prédominants chez le médaka (Oryzias latipes). Ensuite, dans un deuxième temps, de caractériser le rôle de MiR202, un miARN gonades-prédominant chez les vertébrés. Par une analyse transcriptionnelle à grande échelle, nous avons identifié 66 miARNs ovaire-prédominants chez le médaka, qui, pour la plupart, n’ont jamais été identifiés ni chez le poisson ni dans l’ovaire. Neuf d’entre eux ont été validés par PCRq. Parmi ces derniers, 3 miARNs (MiR4785, MiR6352 et MiR729) présentent une expression ovarienne stricte. De plus, nous avons mis en évidence une isoforme de MiR202 qui est ovaire-prédominante. L’analyse de l’expression de MiR202 durant l’ovogenèse et le développement embryonnaire a montré une expression de ce dernier durant tous les stades de l’ovogenèse. Cependant, il n’est détecté que durant les premiers stades de développement embryonnaire, précédent l’activation du génome zygotique, en cohérence avec un potentiel effet maternel. Afin de caractériser la fonction de MiR202, nous avons réalisé une inactivation fonctionnelle de ce dernier chez le médaka par le système CRISPR/Cas9. La déplétion de mir202 a causé une baisse de fécondité et un arrêt du développement avant le stade une cellule. Une analyse transcriptionnelle globale des ovaires mir202-/-, nous a permis d’identifier plusieurs gènes modulés par MiR202. Parmi eux, six3, cible potentielle de MiR202, semble réguler plusieurs gènes essentiels durant l’ovogenèse ou le développement embryonnaire. Ces travaux nous ont permis d’identifier plusieurs miARNs ovaire-prédominants. Parmi eux, nous avons montré que MiR202 joue un rôle essentiel durant l’ovogenèse et sa contribution en tant que gène à effet maternel est indispensable au développement embryonnaire précoce chez le médaka. / MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-codant RNAs that emerged as key regulators of gene expression. MiRNAs play important roles in both normal physiological and pathological pathways in many organisms. The involvement of miRNAs in vertebrate oogenesis remains however poorly documented. Based on the assumption that ovarian-specific or ovarian-predominant genes usually play important roles in oogenesis or early development in vertebrates, we searched for ovarian-predominant miRNAs in the medaka (Oryzias latipes) ovary, in one hand. In another hand, we studied the function of MiR202, a gonadal predominant miRNA in vertebrates. Using genome-wide expression analysis, we identify 66 miRNAs predominantly expressed in the ovary, most of them have never been described neither in fish nor in ovaries. Nine were validated by QPCR. Among them, 3 miRNAs exhibit a strict ovarian expression (MiR4785, MiR6352 and MiR729). Further, we identify a novel miR202 isomiR that exhibits an ovarian predominant expression. MiR202 expression analyses during oogenesis and early embryonic development revealed an expression in all oogenesis stages. However, it was only detected in early developmental stages before onset of zygotic genome activation (ZGA), suggesting that this MiR202 is maternally inherited in medaka. To decipher MiR202 function, CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to functionally inactivate this miRNA in medaka. Mir202 depletion causes a reduced fecundity and an early embryonic developmental arrest. Global gene expression profiling of mir202-/- ovaries revealed that many genes are regulated by MiR202. Among them, six3, that could be a putative target of MiR202, seems to be involved in the regulation pathway of many genes that are essential in oogenesis and embryonic development. During my PhD, we identify many ovarian-predominant miRNAs. Among them, we showed that MiR202 plays an essential role during oogenesis and plays a key role during early embryonic development as a maternal effect gene.

Le cancer est responsable de plus de 15% des décès. L’activation d’oncogènes et l’inactivation de gènes suppresseurs de tumeur contribuent à la transformation des cellules. Dans 50% des cas de cancers le gène TP53 est muté. C’est pourquoi comprendre les conséquences de ces mutations est indispensable pour développer des tests permettant de cibler p53 dans le cadre de thérapies. Dans cette étude nous avons utilisé la nouvelle technique de modification de génomes, CRISPR-Cas9. Cette technique a été utilisée dans le but d’introduire des mutations spécifiques de TP53 dans le génome de fibroblastes non tumoraux. Nous avons alors analysé les effets de ces mutations au niveau transcriptionnel et protéomique. Ces analyses aideront à identifier les effets spécifiques de chaque mutation de p53. Ces résultats seront utilisés pour établir des lignées cellulaires permettant de cribler et d’identifier des composés capables de restaurer la fonction sauvage de p53. / Cancer is responsible for more than 15% of human deaths. Activation of oncogenes and inactivation of tumor suppressor genes contribute to malignant transformation of cells. Mutations of the tumor suppressor gene TP53 are observed in about 50% of human cancers. Therefore, it is of high interest to understand functional consequences of TP53 mutations in order to develop biological tests that allow targeting mutant p53 for oncotherapy. In this study we use CRISPR-Cas9, the latest genome editing technique, for introducing specific TP53 mutations into the genome of a non-tumoral fibroblast cell line. We analyze the effects of p53 mutations at the transcriptomic and proteomic level. These analyses will help identifying gene- and pathway-specific effects of distinct p53 mutations. These results will be used for establishing cell lines that allow high throughput screening, in order to discover new chemical compounds that are able to restore crucial functions of mutant p53 proteins.

Le large éventail d'applications du système CRISPR-Cas a conduit à des innovations biotechnologiques qui sont sur le point de transformer l'industrie pharmaceutique actuelle. Néanmoins, l'atteinte d'un haut niveau d'efficacité à un gène cible reste encore aujourd'hui un défi pour l'édition du génome. Ceci est dû principalement à la capacité encore limitée de modifier tous les sites du génome humain, tout comme le faible taux de recombinaison homologue obtenu chez les cellules de mammifères. Ainsi, l'optimisation des processus de modification génique s'avère indispensable pour favoriser les diverses utilisations de l'édition du génome. Dans cette thèse, il a été question de (i) développer une méthode d'enrichissement de cellules génétiquement modifiées et (ii) augmenter la polyvalence de l'édition du génome en augmentant la plage de ciblage du système CRISPR-Cas9 dans le génome humain. L'objectif de la première partie de cette thèse visait à étudier la fonctionnalité du gène ATP1A1, codant pour la pompe sodium/potassium (Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase), comme marqueur endogène de l'édition du génome. Dans ce sens, nous avons modifié la sensibilité de cette pompe pour l'ouabaïne en insérant des mutations dominantes dans le locus ATP1A1, ce qui a permis de générer des cellules résistantes à l'ouabaïne. La capacité de multiplexage du système CRISPR-Cas permet de co-cibler simultanément ATP1A1 et le locus d'intérêt, où il est possible d'enrichir des évènements de réparation par NHEJ ou par RH dans les deux locus à la suite de l'ajout d'ouabaïne. Ainsi, nous avons démontré que cette approche peut être appliquée non seulement aux lignées cellulaires, mais aussi aux cellules primaires ce qui permet d'envisager une possible utilisation pour le développement thérapeutique ex vivo. Dans le deuxième objectif de cette thèse, il était question d'optimiser le système CRISPR1-Cas9 de Streptococcus thermophilus dans le but d'élargir le répertoire de nucléases pour l'édition du génome. Dans ce sens, nous avons optimisé l'expression de l'ARN guide et nous avons caractérisé diverses variantes de St1Cas9 permettant de cibler des régions riches en A/T. Autant sous forme de nucléase que d'éditeur de base, l'application de nos variantes de St1Cas9 in vitro a permis d'obtenir des hauts taux d'édition du génome humain. Ainsi, la taille de St1Cas9 est idéale pour sa vectorisation avec son ARN guide dans un seul vecteur adéno-associés (AAV). Dans ce sens, nous avons démontré que l'administration du vecteur AAV-St1Cas9 permet de sauver la létalité et les anomalies métaboliques dans un modèle murin de tyrosinémie héréditaire de type I. En tout, ces travaux illustrent des outils permettant d'augmenter le rendement d'édition et l'ouverture de nouvelles régions géniques pouvant être ciblées à l'intérieur du génome humain à l'aide du système CRISPR-Cas9. Ainsi, nous avons démontré la fonctionnalité des outils développés au cours de ce projet de thèse pour diverses applications ex vivo et in vivo, permettant ainsi d'élargir le potentiel thérapeutique de l'édition du génome.

CRISPR/Cas9 technology is currently one of the most important tools of genome engineering. This technology allows a precise site-specific gene editing and such ability was applied to study the role of TALE (TALE - three amino acids loop extension) homeodomain transcription factors during neural crest cells development. The main genes of interest, belonging to sub-family of TALE proteins, are Meis1 transcription factors that are present in the zebrafish genome as two paralogous genes, meis1a and meis1b. Their function was assessed by mutating their DNA-binding domain - homeodomain to abrogate the ability of transcription factor to bind DNA and by that disturb regulatory network, in which Meis1 proteins operate in. Phenotype analysis of mutant fish would reveal a potential role of Meis1 proteins in regulation of neural crest cells development and outline the functional significance of the homeodomain in regulatory operations. To determine the regulatory relationship between meis1a and meis1b genes morpholino-based knock-down of the genes was performed. Preliminary results suggest a dominant role of Meis1b in neural crest cells regulation and importance of its homeodomain. Furthermore, knock-down of Meis1a indicates its contribution to regulation of craniofacial development. However, a detailed...