Tourism is not only one of the world's fastest growing industries but also verycompetitive. To be able to run a competitive and attractive tourist destination, itis extremely important that the cooperation between all actors works. Manyresearchers claim that a functioning destination management is the cornerstoneof a successful and sustainable tourist destination. However, this cooperationbetween different actors, whether it is the private or the official sector can bemore difficult if a destination is divided by administrative boundaries. As many tourist destinations around the world are divided by administrativeboundaries, it is important to gain a better understanding of how theseadministrative areas and borders can affect tourism planning and destinationdevelopment. Already in the 20th century, researchers recognized thatcooperation between different municipal levels is of great importance, as this isthe only way to achieve a competitive tourist destination. Now that tourism is oneof the world's fastest growing industries and often also people's only source ofincome, it is even more important that the collaboration between different actorswithin a destination works. Collaboration is the foundation of a long-termattractive and competitive tourist destination.Despite a well-functioning destination management, this does not mean thateverything works as it should. Tourism is a complex phenomenon that requiressignificantly more understanding than just a functioning destination management.Tourism is part of an entire form of society that requires a deep understanding,which many actors often fail to do.

In the understanding of the author tax law and social security laws are studied in general separately. The author agrees with many doctrine authors that find it ‘surprising’ as this is a complete and linked issue, that all remote worker even cross-border/frontier workers face. However, it is worth mentioning here, for future reference and for the understanding in the continuity of this paper, is that remote worker and cross-border - frontier worker have usually different rules surrounding them. Additionally it may seem unusual for the reader to link digitalization of the economy and all its development with remote work; tax law and social security but in the eyes of the author it is all in some way linked. Firstly, developments in the digital world and its impact in economy transcendance in mobility of individuals. Which gives principally, the opportunities for employees to work from a remote place. Secondly, again in the eyes of the author, especially after the courses taken during this master year and in concordance with all the research done for this study; tax law and social security law are linked with each other. In conjunction the author finds it useful to study the issue born from the difficulty of tax allocation in regards to remote worker and the lack of compatibility between the social security legal system and the tax legal system. It is the purpose of this thesis to analyse and study these topics separately and then discuss throughout the paper the issues that may affect individuals especially remote workers but also states especially in our post pandemic states.

When the COVID-19 pandemic hit Europe in the beginning of 2020, a majority of countries reacted by closing their state borders. By drawing on concepts of border studies and border regional resilience, this thesis aims to examine the impact of the (im)mobility shock caused by the pandemic on two border twin cities in Europe. Through a qualitative approach, conducting semi-structured expert interviews and content analyses, the thesis attempts to identify (1) Which factors facilitated/obstructed the coping/adapting strategies to the problems caused by the pandemic induced state border closures; and (2) Which long-term effects the COVID-19 crisis will have on the future development of the border twin cities and whether their development path will transform into a more resilient one. The main finding of this thesis is that the crisis management on the local level was considerably limited by the restrictions enacted at the national level. To be better prepared for similar shocks, the border twin cities have already made plans based on their experience. However, it remains to be seen whether these strategies can contribute to the resilience of the cities. Nevertheless, coordination between the local, regional and national level is essential to plan and establish resilient border twin cities.

During recent years the sharing economy has had an increased impact on the modern business climate, and the level of engagement among researchers has increased. The sharing economy is changing the way individuals perceive business and challenges traditional business models. Sharing economy firms are implementing innovative business approaches to face the dynamic business climate. Its peer-to-peer sharing philosophy is fighting against the increasing hyper-consumption we are facing. Previous scholars have discussed how traditional firms can gain market shares and internationalize through M&As and strategic partnerships. However, the research on how M&As and partnerships can be implemented among sharing economy firms is minimal. Also, the empirical studies regarding this field are inadequate. Accordingly, examining this research gap in practice and gaining a deeper understanding of the subject is highly relevant. This thesis aims to shed light on the motives behind sharing economy firms internationalizing, mainly through mergers and acquisitions or strategic partnerships, involving at least one sharing platform in the process. To accomplish the intentions of this study, a qualitative research approach has been conducted, with a diverse group of respondents from different parts of the world and operating in various areas within the sharing economy. Moreover, the empirical data has been collected through conducting findings from four semi-structured interviews. The outcome of this research implies that the motives for sharing economy firms to internationalize using M&As or strategic partnerships are beneficial regarding the sharing economy characteristics. For instance, the paper highlights how sharing economy firms have a comfortable path internationalizing into foreign markets but can struggle to gain platform user activity in the early stages in new markets. Therefore, are M&As and strategic partnerships strategic tools for sharing economy firms to acquire an already existing customer base or have strategic alliances that can ease cultural barriers and such when entering foreign markets.

Anglický abstrakt diplomové práce - Kateřina Majerová Policejní spolupráce na česko-bavorské hranici v letech 1989-2012 This diploma thesis deals with police cooperation on the Czech-Bavarian border. The police forces of a particular state are supposed to promote and enforce abiding by the law in a territory surrounded by the state borders. Borders are more and more penetrable even for criminal issues; therefore, the cooperation with colleagues on the other side of the borderline is essential for fulfilment of the above-mentioned task. In terms of time the topic of this thesis is delimited by the period between 1989 and 2012. The aim of the thesis is to verify the fulfilment of Karl Deutsch's concept of transactionalism on the example of this particular cooperation. For this purpose the author examines three areas on which she demonstrates the fulfilment of this concept - compatibility of states in the view of police cooperation, existence of a common interest and forms of interaction and their development. The diploma thesis consists of four chapters. Firstly, the author studies the concept of border as a place of clash and contact which analytically helps to fulfil Deutsch's concept. Furthermore, she draws attention to the institutional base of police cooperation. She presents not only the way of...

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Background: The curriculum for both adapted upper secondary school and adapted compulsory school states that everyone within the school must use the curriculum. Nevertheless, it is stated in the introductory chapter of the curriculum that the curriculum is aimed to all teachers and for all teachers. It shows an exclusion of other professions, including student assistants, which are so important for students in need of adaptations. Along with them, the school's goal is to provide the right conditions for the students and the conditions come from the staff but also from the collaboration meeting that the school staff has together with other professions and relatives of the students.Aim: The purpose of the study is to interpret and understand the picture of how student assistants at an adapted school, experience power structures and power relations that they may encounter in a collaborative process. The issues related to the purpose are: What perceptions do student assistants have about their participation and influence in a collaboration process and what perceptions do the student assistants have about their room for manoeuvre in a collaborative process.Methods: I have done a qualitative semi-structured interview study. Where I interviewed five student assistants.Results: The results show that the student assistants may participate before the collaboration meeting but not in the meeting. The results also show that they have room for manoeuvre that they can use when they encounter resistance in the operations.Conclusions: The result of the study showed that there is a balance of power based on mandate and status within the organisation because the educators and principals have the overall decisive decision-making.

The aim of this dissertation is to contribute to a better understanding of highly skilled (re-)migrants as labour force in multinational enterprises (MNEs) and their role in cross-border knowledge transfers. To achieve this goal, an actor-centred research perspective will be adopted, which allows for a detailed examination of both individual employees and strategies of MNEs. The basic conceptual understanding of this work is based on the relational economic-geographical approach (Bathelt and Glückler 2002), on the basis of which research strands and theories of economic geography, international business studies and migration studies were intertwined. The empirical study is based on the example of highly skilled (re-)migrants of Turkish origin who work for German companies in Turkey. The study focuses on (re-)migrants of Turkish origin who have obtained a university degree in Germany. The study follows a qualitative research design based on 95 semi-structured interviews. The interviews were conducted with highly skilled (re-)migrants as well as with company internal and external experts. In addition to the semi-structured interviews, a netnographic collection of data from an online group for (re-)migrants of Turkish origin is conducted. The findings of this thesis show that highly skilled (re-)migrants of Turkish origin who have obtained a university degree in Germany are not to be regarded as a homogeneous group but rather have diverse educational and career paths. In addition to their high level of education, they have excellent language skills (mostly Turkish, German and English). They are also mostly familiar with the cultural and institutional contexts in Germany and Turkey, which, according to Hess (2004), is referred to as dual societal embeddedness. Highly skilled (re-)migrants of Turkish origin are important transnational experts for German companies in Turkey. They are particularly in demand if the companies 1) have a strong orientation towards German-speaking markets and/or 2) are dependent on close cooperation with German company locations. In these companies, highly skilled (re-)migrants of Turkish origin are strategically deployed in central areas of the company, where they often work at interfaces due to their transnational abilities, which require close contact with local employees and employees of German company locations. The empirical results also show that highly skilled (re-)migrants of Turkish origin make a significant contribution to the cross-border knowledge transfers in German companies in Turkey. Highly skilled (re-)migrants of Turkish origin are primarily involved in intra-organisational knowledge transfer with employees of German company locations. Due to their dual societal embeddedness and their profound language skills, highly skilled (re-)migrants are able to bridge the institutional distance between German and Turkish company locations. This is particularly important for the transfer of implicit knowledge, which is based on know-how and experience and is therefore difficult to transfer between different cultural and institutional contexts. In concrete terms, highly skilled (re-)migrants of Turkish origin facilitate cross-border knowledge transfers through three main activities: building knowledge networks, mediating frictions, transmitting knowledge. The results of a case study also show that highly skilled (re-)migrants can play a decisive role in the offshoring of knowledge intensive business services within global production networks Thereby, highly skilled (re-)migrants help to mitigate resistance and facilitate the dis- and re-embedding of knowledge within the offshoring process. Overall, this thesis contributes to the geographical (re-)migration research, to research on the geography of knowledge in MNEs, and to global production network research.

The internationalization research domain has predominantly focused on country level antecedents of firm level decisions, with particular emphasis on why certain countries are selected over others for foreign direct investment (FDI). This approach may oversimplify what actually occurs from both practical and research perspectives. Recently, MNE strategic orientation and conduct, as an outflow of a region-based localization perspective (i.e.,semiglobalization), has gained increased scholarly attention. The tradition of considering country level institutional environments may be more robustly informed by extending a paradigm which considers region-based institutions, in addition to country. Thus, in this study I examine institutional effects, as underpinned by institutional theory, on one segment of FDI decision making, cross-border acquisitions behavior, in an understudied context, Latin American MNEs (i.e., Multilatinas). Linear and mixed regression are used to test hypotheses, by examining a sample of all Multilatina CBAs exacted over a five year period (2007-2011)in targeting host country firms within eight geographic regions. Multilevel study results provide overarching support for hypotheses, that a Multilatina's internationalization into a country and region through cross-border acquisition equity participation is influenced by both country and region institutional environments. Contributions are made to the semiglobalization, cross-border acquisitions, institutions, and Multilatina literature streams through development of a more robust, multilevel perspective which more accurately captures how MNEs consider institutional environments in their international strategy and conduct.

Gränsöverskridande fastighetsinvesteringar har blivit allt vanligare sedan andra hälften av 1900-talet. Idag står gränsöverskridande aktörer för en relativt stor del av den årliga transaktionsvolymen i Sverige. Samtidigt har kronan under en längre tid varit svag och fluktuerat kraftigt, inte minst under senare år. Valutarisk är en vanligt förekommande risk bland multinationella företag då de ofta har intäkter och utgifter i flera olika valutor. Tillgångsvärden och löpande intäkter kan stiga lokalt men är valutakursen ofördelaktig så kan företag istället göra en förlust på sin affär, mätt i den valutan man redovisar i. Syftet med denna studie har varit att analysera sambandet mellan den svenska kronan och utländska fastighetsinvesterares beslutsprocess när de överväger investeringar i Sverige. Studien syftade till att undersöka hur valutarisk uppfattas och hanteras i transaktionsprocesser som involverar köpare, säljare, rådgivare och finansiärer. Dessutom genomfördes försök att kvalitativt undersöka de mest utbredda valutasäkringsverktygen och strategierna som används av utländska investerare för att mildra rörelser i den svenska kronan. Studien syftade också till att utvärdera effektiviteten av befintliga valutasäkringsinstrument i fastighetsinvesteringssammanhang. Studien avslöjade att den främsta oron bland gränsöverskridande investerare är marknadens likviditet. Den svenska fastighetsmarknaden har dock uppvisat en betydande likviditet de senaste åren, vilket rönt stort intresse från utländska investerare. Den svenska kronans volatilitet och oförutsägbarhet är dock fortfarande relevanta frågor i dagens globala landskap. Baserat på studiens resultat varierade synpunkterna på effekterna av en volatil krona, och att kvantifiera dessa effekter visade sig vara utmanande. Studien visade dock att den svenska kronan har viss inverkan på utländska investerares intresse för Sverige, om än i begränsad omfattning. Även om växelkurser inte rankas bland de mest kritiska faktorerna som påverkar investeringsbeslut, visar studien att det är viktigt att inte underskatta betydelsen av att överväga växelkursens dynamik, eftersom det kan påverka avkastningen på en investering avsevärt. Särskilt för investerare som följer lågrisk-strategier så kan den svenska kronans volatilitet utgöra en betydande utmaning. Studien identifierade ett fåtal fall där utländska fastighetsinvesterare valt bort Sverige på grund av kronans volatilitet. För att minska valutarisken finns olika instrument och strategier tillgängliga. Studien fann att finansiering i lokal valuta framstod som den mest använda strategin bland utländska investerare, eftersom den naturligt säkrar sig mot växelkursfluktuationer. Andra vanliga strategier inkluderar valutaswappar och utnyttjande av terminskontrakt. Studien visade dock att dessa strategier inte är optimalt utformade för fastighetsinvesteringar, eftersom de kan vara kostsamma och ofta har korta löptider. Icke desto mindre visade resultaten att dessa instrument inte är så illa lämpade för fastighetsmarknaden som man tidigare trott, eftersom det blev tydligt tidigt i studien att de flesta investerare inte hade reflekterat över deras begränsningar. / Cross-border real estate investments have become increasingly common since the secondhalf of the 20th century. Today, cross-border actors account for a relatively large share of the annual transaction volume in Sweden. At the same time, the Swedish krona has been weak for a long time and has fluctuated considerably, not least in recent years. Currency risk is a common risk among multinational companies as they often have income and expenses in several different currencies. Asset values and current income can increase locally, but if the exchange rate is unfavorable, companies can instead make a loss on their business, measured in the currency they report in. The purpose of this study has been to analyze the relationship between the Swedish krona and the decision-making process of foreign real estate investors when considering investments in Sweden. The study aimed to investigate how currency risk is perceived and managed in transaction processes involving buyers, sellers, advisors, and financiers. In addition, attempts were made to qualitatively examine the most widespread currency hedging tools and strategies used by foreign investors to mitigate movements in the Swedish krona. The study also aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of existing currency hedging instruments in the real estate investment context. The study revealed that the main concern among cross-border investors is market liquidity. However, the Swedish real estate market has shown considerable liquidity in recent years, which has attracted considerable interest from foreign investors. However, the volatility and unpredictability of the Swedish krona remain relevant issues in today's global landscape. Based on the results of the study, views on the effects of a volatile Swedish krona varied, and quantifying these effects proved challenging. However, the study showed that the Swedish krona has some impact on foreign investors' interest in Sweden, albeit to a limited extent. Although exchange rates do not rank among the most critical factors affecting investment decisions, the study shows that it is important not to underestimate the importance of considering the dynamics of the exchange rate, as it can significantly affect the return on an investment. Especially for investors following low-risk strategies, the volatility of the Swedish krona can pose a significant challenge. The study identified a few cases where foreign real estate investors opted out of Sweden due to the volatility of the Swedish krona. To mitigate currency risk, various instruments and strategies are available. The study found that local currency financing emerged as the most widely used strategy among foreign investors, as it naturally hedges against exchange rate fluctuations. Other common strategies include currency swaps and the use of forward contracts. However, the study found that these strategies are not optimally designed for real estate investments, as they can be costly and often have short maturities. Nevertheless, the results showed that these instruments are not as poorly suited to the real estate market as previously thought, as it became clear early in the study that most investors had not reflected on their limitations.