Nesta tese são apresentados resultados inovadores de puxamento e caracterização de fibras cristalinas de compostos presentes no diagrama de fases de equilíbrio La2O3 - Ta2O5. Os compostos La3TaO7 (Ponto de Fusão: 2020 ºC), LaTaO4 (1930 ºC), LaTa3O9 (1850 ºC), La2Ta12O33 (1890 ºC), LaTa5O14 e LaTa7O19 mais os óxidos precursores Ta2O5 (1872 ºC) e La2O3 (2315 ºC) foram crescidos pela técnica Laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG). Cristais no formato de fibras, com diâmetros que variaram de 250 a 2200 μm e comprimentos de até 60 mm, foram obtidos em atmosfera aberta a partir da fusão de pedestais preparados por extrusão a frio e na composição estequiométrica desejada. Diagramas de velocidade de puxamento em função do diâmetro da fibra foram construídos para se definir as condições experimentais ideais para o crescimento de cristais transparentes e livres de defeitos, como microtrincas. Um estudo térmico na interface sólido-líquido foi realizado para o composto Ta2O5 de modo a determinar o diâmetro do cristal máximo que é possível de se obter sem a ocorrência de trincas associadas ao stress térmico. A estrutura cristalina das fibras de Ta2O5 foi determinada como monoclínica, quando dopada com íons terras-raras em concentração nominal superior a 1 mol% apresentaram a estrutura como triclínica. Cristais de La2O3 também foram obtidos. Porém o La2O3 é altamente higroscópico, transformaram-se em La(OH)3. Os cristais La3TaO7, LaTaO4, LaTa3O9, La2Ta12O33, LaTa5O14 e LaTa7O19 puros e, quando possível dopados com íons terras-raras (Nd+3, Tm+3 e Eu+3, foram caracterizados estruturalmente, por difração de raios X e em alguns casos, por espectroscopia micro-Raman, e opticamente, usando as técnicas de absorção óptica e fotoluminescência. / Innovative results related to the pulling and characterization of crystalline fibers of compounds in the La2O3 - Ta2O5 phase diagram. Structural and optical characterizations were carried out to evaluate the quality of the crystals grown. Compounds such as La3TaO7 (Melting point: 2020 ºC), LaTaO4 (1930 ºC), LaTa3O9 (1850 ºC), La2Ta12O33 (1890 ºC), LaTa5O14 e LaTa7O19 and the end member Ta2O5 (1872 ºC) and La2O3 (2315 ºC) precursors were grown by laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG). Fibers of lengths of up to 60 mm and with diameters ranging from 250 to 2200 μm were obtained in open atmosphere from the melting of pedestals with stoichiometric compositions that are prepared by the cold extrusion process. Diagrams of pulling rate on the fiber diameter were built to define experimental conditions for the growth of transparent crystals and free defect, such as microcracks. A study on thermal solid-liquid interface was performed for the Ta2O5 compound to determine the maximum diameter of the crystal it is possible to obtain without the occurrence of cracks associated with thermal stress. The crystal structure of the fibers of Ta2O5 was monoclinic, with the exception of as-doped rare-earth ions in nominal concentration more than 1 mol% which was determined as triclinic. Transparent La2O3 crystals were grown and verified which its absorbed water from the environment and transformed into La(OH)3. The crystals La3TaO7, LaTaO4, LaTa3O9, La2Ta12O33, LaTa5O14 and LaTa7O19 pure and, when possible doped rare-earth ions (Nd+3, Tm+3, Eu+3), were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and in some cases, by micro-Raman spectroscopy, and optically, using the techniques of optical absorption and photoluminescence.

Soft materials have attracted much scientific and technical interest in recent years. In this thesis, attention has been placed on the underpinning relations between molecular structure and properties of one type of soft matter - main chain liquid crystalline elastomers (MCLCEs), which may have application as shape memory or as auxetic materials. In this work, a number of siloxane-based MCLCEs and their linear polymer analogues (MCLCPs) with chemical variations were synthesized and examined. Among these chemical variations, rigid p-phenylene transverse rod and flat-shaped anthraquinone (AQ) mesogenic monomers were specifically incorporated. Thermal and X-ray analysis found a smectic C phase in most of our MCLCEs, which was induced by the strong self-segregation of siloxane spacers, hydrocarbon spacers and mesogenic rods. The smectic C mesophase of the parent LCE was not grossly affected by terphenyl transverse rods. Mechanical studies of MCLCEs indicated the typical three-region stress-strain curve and a polydomain-to-monodomain transition. Strain recovery experiments of MCLCEs showed a significant dependence of strain retentions on the initial strains but not on the chemical variations, such as the crosslinker content and the lateral substituents on mesogenic rods. The MCLCE with p-phenylene transverse rod showed a highly ordered smectic A mesophase at room temperature with high stiffness. Mechanical properties of MCLCEs with AQ monomers exhibit a strong dependence on the specific combination of hydrocarbon spacer and siloxane spacer, which also strongly affect the formation of ð-ð stacking between AQ units. Poisson s ratio measurement over a wide strain range found distinct trends of Poisson s ratio as a function of the crosslinker content as well as terphenyl transverse rod loadings in its parent MCLCEs.

Nesta tese são apresentados resultados inovadores de puxamento e caracterização de fibras cristalinas de compostos presentes no diagrama de fases de equilíbrio La2O3 - Ta2O5. Os compostos La3TaO7 (Ponto de Fusão: 2020 ºC), LaTaO4 (1930 ºC), LaTa3O9 (1850 ºC), La2Ta12O33 (1890 ºC), LaTa5O14 e LaTa7O19 mais os óxidos precursores Ta2O5 (1872 ºC) e La2O3 (2315 ºC) foram crescidos pela técnica Laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG). Cristais no formato de fibras, com diâmetros que variaram de 250 a 2200 μm e comprimentos de até 60 mm, foram obtidos em atmosfera aberta a partir da fusão de pedestais preparados por extrusão a frio e na composição estequiométrica desejada. Diagramas de velocidade de puxamento em função do diâmetro da fibra foram construídos para se definir as condições experimentais ideais para o crescimento de cristais transparentes e livres de defeitos, como microtrincas. Um estudo térmico na interface sólido-líquido foi realizado para o composto Ta2O5 de modo a determinar o diâmetro do cristal máximo que é possível de se obter sem a ocorrência de trincas associadas ao stress térmico. A estrutura cristalina das fibras de Ta2O5 foi determinada como monoclínica, quando dopada com íons terras-raras em concentração nominal superior a 1 mol% apresentaram a estrutura como triclínica. Cristais de La2O3 também foram obtidos. Porém o La2O3 é altamente higroscópico, transformaram-se em La(OH)3. Os cristais La3TaO7, LaTaO4, LaTa3O9, La2Ta12O33, LaTa5O14 e LaTa7O19 puros e, quando possível dopados com íons terras-raras (Nd+3, Tm+3 e Eu+3, foram caracterizados estruturalmente, por difração de raios X e em alguns casos, por espectroscopia micro-Raman, e opticamente, usando as técnicas de absorção óptica e fotoluminescência. / Innovative results related to the pulling and characterization of crystalline fibers of compounds in the La2O3 - Ta2O5 phase diagram. Structural and optical characterizations were carried out to evaluate the quality of the crystals grown. Compounds such as La3TaO7 (Melting point: 2020 ºC), LaTaO4 (1930 ºC), LaTa3O9 (1850 ºC), La2Ta12O33 (1890 ºC), LaTa5O14 e LaTa7O19 and the end member Ta2O5 (1872 ºC) and La2O3 (2315 ºC) precursors were grown by laser-heated pedestal growth (LHPG). Fibers of lengths of up to 60 mm and with diameters ranging from 250 to 2200 μm were obtained in open atmosphere from the melting of pedestals with stoichiometric compositions that are prepared by the cold extrusion process. Diagrams of pulling rate on the fiber diameter were built to define experimental conditions for the growth of transparent crystals and free defect, such as microcracks. A study on thermal solid-liquid interface was performed for the Ta2O5 compound to determine the maximum diameter of the crystal it is possible to obtain without the occurrence of cracks associated with thermal stress. The crystal structure of the fibers of Ta2O5 was monoclinic, with the exception of as-doped rare-earth ions in nominal concentration more than 1 mol% which was determined as triclinic. Transparent La2O3 crystals were grown and verified which its absorbed water from the environment and transformed into La(OH)3. The crystals La3TaO7, LaTaO4, LaTa3O9, La2Ta12O33, LaTa5O14 and LaTa7O19 pure and, when possible doped rare-earth ions (Nd+3, Tm+3, Eu+3), were characterized by X-ray diffraction, and in some cases, by micro-Raman spectroscopy, and optically, using the techniques of optical absorption and photoluminescence.

Crystalline polymer/salt complexes can conduct, in contrast to the view held for 30 years. The alpha-phase of the crystalline poly(ethylene oxide)₆:LiPF₆ is composed of tunnels formed from pairs of (CH₂-CH₂-O)ₓ chains, within which the Li⁺ ions reside and along which the latter migrate.¹ When a polydispersed polymer is used, the tunnels are composed of 2 strands, each built from a string of PEO chains of varying length. It has been suggested that the number and the arrangement of the chain ends within the tunnels affects the ionic conductivity.² Using polymers with uniform chain length is important if we are to understand the conduction mechanism since monodispersity results in the chain ends occurring at regular distances along the tunnels and imposes a coincidence of the chain ends between the two strands.² Since each Li⁺ is coordinated by 6 ether oxygens (3 oxygens from each of the two polymeric strands forming a tunnel), monodispersed PEOs with the number of ether oxygen being a multiple of 3 (NO = 3n) can form either “all-ideal” or “all-broken” coordination environments at the end of each tunnel, while for both NO = 3n-1 and NO = 3n+1 complexes, both “ideal” and “broken” coordinations must occur throughout the structure. A synthetic procedure has been developed and a series of 6 consecutive (increment of EO unit) monodispersed molecular weight PEOs have been synthesised. The synthesis involves one end protection of a high purity glycol, functionalisation of the other end, ether coupling reaction (Williamson's type ether synthesis³), deprotection and reiteration of ether coupling. The parameters of the process and purification methods have been strictly controlled to ensure unprecedented level of monodispersity for all synthesised samples. Thus obtained high purity polymers have been used to study the influence of the individual chain length on the structure and conductivity of the crystalline complexes with LiPF₆. The results support the previously suggested model of the chain-ends arrangement in the crystalline complexes prepared with monodispersed PEO² over a range of consecutive chain lengths. The synthesised complexes constitute a series of test samples for establishing detailed mechanism of ionic conductivity. Such series of monodispersed crystalline complexes have been studied and characterised here (PXRD, DSC, AC impedance) for the first time. References: 1. G. S. MacGlashan, Y. G. Andreev, P. G. Bruce, Structure of the polymer electrolyte poly(ethylene oxide)₆:LiAsF₆. Nature, 1999, 398(6730): p. 792-794. 2. E. Staunton, Y. G. Andreev, P. G. Bruce, Factors influencing the conductivity of crystalline polymer electrolytes. Faraday Discussions, 2007, 134: p. 143-156. 3. A. Williamson, Theory of Aetherification. Philosophical Magazine, 1850, 37: p. 350-356.

The human eye is a complex optical system comprised of many components. The crystalline lens, an optical component with a gradient index (GRIN), is perhaps the least understood as it is situated inside the eye and as a result is difficult to characterize. Its complex nonlinear structure is not easily measured and consequently not easily modeled. Presently several models of the GRIN structure exist describing the average performance of crystalline lenses. These models, however, do not accurately describe the performance of crystalline lenses on an individual basis and a more accurate individual eye model based on anatomical parameters is needed. This thesis proposes an anatomically correct, individually customizable crystalline lens model. This is an important tool and is needed both for research on the optical properties of human eyes and to diagnose and plan the treatment of optically based visual problems, such as refractive surgery planning. The lens model consisted of an interior GRIN with a constant refractive index core. The anterior and posterior surface was described by conic sections. To realize this eye model, the optical and biometric properties of mammalian lenses were measured and the correlation relationships between these measurements were used to simplify the model down to one fitting parameter which controls the shape of the GRIN. Using this data, an anatomically correct individualizable model of the lens was successfully realized with varying parameters unique to each lens. Using this customizable lens model, customizable human eye models based on measurements of the entire human eye can be realized.

The human eye is a complex optical system comprised of many components. The crystalline lens, an optical component with a gradient index (GRIN), is perhaps the least understood as it is situated inside the eye and as a result is difficult to characterize. Its complex nonlinear structure is not easily measured and consequently not easily modeled. Presently several models of the GRIN structure exist describing the average performance of crystalline lenses. These models, however, do not accurately describe the performance of crystalline lenses on an individual basis and a more accurate individual eye model based on anatomical parameters is needed. This thesis proposes an anatomically correct, individually customizable crystalline lens model. This is an important tool and is needed both for research on the optical properties of human eyes and to diagnose and plan the treatment of optically based visual problems, such as refractive surgery planning. The lens model consisted of an interior GRIN with a constant refractive index core. The anterior and posterior surface was described by conic sections. To realize this eye model, the optical and biometric properties of mammalian lenses were measured and the correlation relationships between these measurements were used to simplify the model down to one fitting parameter which controls the shape of the GRIN. Using this data, an anatomically correct individualizable model of the lens was successfully realized with varying parameters unique to each lens. Using this customizable lens model, customizable human eye models based on measurements of the entire human eye can be realized.

The human eye is a complex optical system comprised of many components. The crystalline lens, an optical component with a gradient index (GRIN), is perhaps the least understood as it is situated inside the eye and as a result is difficult to characterize. Its complex nonlinear structure is not easily measured and consequently not easily modeled. Presently several models of the GRIN structure exist describing the average performance of crystalline lenses. These models, however, do not accurately describe the performance of crystalline lenses on an individual basis and a more accurate individual eye model based on anatomical parameters is needed. This thesis proposes an anatomically correct, individually customizable crystalline lens model. This is an important tool and is needed both for research on the optical properties of human eyes and to diagnose and plan the treatment of optically based visual problems, such as refractive surgery planning. The lens model consisted of an interior GRIN with a constant refractive index core. The anterior and posterior surface was described by conic sections. To realize this eye model, the optical and biometric properties of mammalian lenses were measured and the correlation relationships between these measurements were used to simplify the model down to one fitting parameter which controls the shape of the GRIN. Using this data, an anatomically correct individualizable model of the lens was successfully realized with varying parameters unique to each lens. Using this customizable lens model, customizable human eye models based on measurements of the entire human eye can be realized.

The human eye is a complex optical system comprised of many components. The crystalline lens, an optical component with a gradient index (GRIN), is perhaps the least understood as it is situated inside the eye and as a result is difficult to characterize. Its complex nonlinear structure is not easily measured and consequently not easily modeled. Presently several models of the GRIN structure exist describing the average performance of crystalline lenses. These models, however, do not accurately describe the performance of crystalline lenses on an individual basis and a more accurate individual eye model based on anatomical parameters is needed. This thesis proposes an anatomically correct, individually customizable crystalline lens model. This is an important tool and is needed both for research on the optical properties of human eyes and to diagnose and plan the treatment of optically based visual problems, such as refractive surgery planning. The lens model consisted of an interior GRIN with a constant refractive index core. The anterior and posterior surface was described by conic sections. To realize this eye model, the optical and biometric properties of mammalian lenses were measured and the correlation relationships between these measurements were used to simplify the model down to one fitting parameter which controls the shape of the GRIN. Using this data, an anatomically correct individualizable model of the lens was successfully realized with varying parameters unique to each lens. Using this customizable lens model, customizable human eye models based on measurements of the entire human eye can be realized.

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 G664 / Master of Science

Call number: LD2668 .T4 1984 H35 / Master of Science