L'objectif principal de ce travail était de définir une méthode d'analyse pour l'évaluation des dommages aux chaussées sous l'action des véhicules à très lourdes charges (SHL). L'indicateur proposé est une expression mathématique permettant de calculer le taux de déformation permanente en fonction des états de contrainte décrits par le passage d'un véhicule SHL, ce qui permet à la fois de définir la charge maximale acceptable sur les matériaux de la chaussée, sur la base d'un critère de service, et de quantifier les dommages et l'impact du véhicule non standard par rapport au trafic lourd classique. La première partie des travaux (chapitres 1 et 2), a consisté à définir la manière dont l'évaluation de la détérioration de la chaussée sera effectuée. A cet effet, un paramètre de quantification de la détérioration a été choisi sur la base de la déformation permanente accumulée pendant le transit d'un véhicule SHL, pour les couches granulaires et de fondation. Ce qui précède est basé sur les informations disponibles dans la littérature, où il est reconnu que la déformation permanente dans la structure de la chaussée est l'une des détériorations les plus probables, en raison de l'ampleur et de la forme de la distribution des contraintes induites par les véhicules SHL. La deuxième partie du travail (chapitres 3 à 5) a consisté à développer, calibrer et valider le modèle proposé, en utilisant des tests en laboratoire, l'analyse de modèles par éléments finis, ainsi que des tests de charge accélérés et des tests sur le terrain avec des véhicules SHL en conditions réelles. A l'issue de cette phase, la procédure de calibrage du modèle en laboratoire et de son application aux conditions de terrain a été obtenue. Cette phase comprend la définition de valeurs seuils (maximales) pour la détérioration par déformation permanente dans des conditions SHL. Dans la dernière phase des travaux (chapitres 6 et 7), une méthodologie complète a été proposée pour l'application du modèle de taux de déformation dans les cas des véhicules SHL, et elle a été comparée aux méthodologies actuelles. / This work's main objective was to define an analysis method for evaluating the damage in pavements under the actions of vehicles with super heavy loads (SHL). The proposed indicator is a mathematical expression to calculate the permanent deformation rate as a function of the stress states described by an SHL vehicle's passage. This indicator allows both to define the maximum acceptable load on the pavement materials based on a serviceability criterion and quantify the damage and impact of the non-standard vehicle compared to conventional heavy traffic. The first part of the work (Chapters 1 and 2) defines how the assessment of the pavement's deterioration will be carried out. For this purpose, a damage quantification parameter has been selected based on the permanent deformation accumulated during an SHL vehicle's transit in granular layers and subgrade. The above is based on the information available in the literature. It is recognized that permanent deformation in the pavement structure is one of the most probable deteriorations due to the magnitude and form of distribution of stresses induced by SHL vehicles. The second part of the work (Chapters 3 to 5) has consisted of developing, calibrating and validating the proposed model, using laboratory tests, finite element model analysis, and accelerated load tests and field tests with SHL vehicles under real conditions. As a result of this phase, a procedure for calibrating the laboratory model and its application to field conditions has been obtained. This phase includes the definition of threshold values (maximum) for deterioration by permanent deformation under SHL conditions. In the last phase of the work (Chapters 6 and 7), a complete methodology has been proposed to apply the deformation rate model in SHL vehicles' cases, and it has been compared with the current methodologies.

Le Port de Montréal, la Garde Côtière Canadienne (GCC) et le Service Hydrographique du Canada (SHC) ont mis en place un projet commun pour sécuriser le passage des grands navires sous le pont de Québec. Entre autre, les mesures GNSS, archivées à la seconde de juillet 2012 à juillet 2013, sont utilisées pour étudier les déformations du pont de Québec. Les résultats ont permis de quantifier les déplacements 3D (et leur précision) de la travée centrale du pont en fonction des facteurs comme les conditions météorologiques et les passages des trains et des automobiles. Par exemple, dans les cas extrêmes, nous avons détecté que les trains de marchandise affaissent la travée suspendue du pont de 17 cm et qu’un vent de 100 km/h a poussé transversalement le centre de la travée suspendue de 17 cm. Entre l’hiver et l’été, les déformations de l’acier causées par les changements de température sont compatibles avec les prédictions. Ces mesures de déformation GNSS sont conformes, en général, aux prédictions faites lors de la construction du pont en 1907. / The Port of Montreal, the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) and the Canadian Hydrographic Service (CHS) have established a joint research project to secure the passage of large ships under the Quebec Bridge. The GNSS measurements (along with radar measurements), archived every second from July 2012 to July 2013, are used to study the deformation of the Quebec Bridge. The results were used to quantify the magnitudes of the 3D movement (and its accuracy) of the central span of the bridge as function of external factors such as meteorological conditions and train and car crossings. In extreme cases, freight trains make the central span of the bridge to subside by 17 cm and a wind of 100 km/h pushed transversally the suspended span by 17 cm. Between summer and winter seasons, due to temperature variations, the steel deformations are compatible with the predictions. These GNSS deformation measurements are generally in good agreements with the predictions made during the construction of the bridge in 1907.

This thesis focuses on the development of a new method for the continuous<p>monitoring of civil engineering structures in order to locate small damages automatically. A<p>review of the very wide literature on Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) points first out that<p>the methods can be grouped in four categories based on their need or not of a numerical model,<p>as well as their need or not of information of the damaged structure to be applied. This state<p>of the art of the SHM methods highlights the requirement to reach each levels of SHM, which<p>is in particular for the localization of small damages in civil engineering structures the needs<p>for a non-model based output-only damage sensitive feature extraction technique. The origin of<p>the local sensitivity of strains to damages is also analyzed, which justifies their use for damage<p>localization.<p>A new method based on the modal filtering technique which consists in combining linearly<p>the sensor responses in a specific way to mimic a single degree of freedom system and which<p>was previously developed for damage detection is proposed. A very large network of dynamic<p>strain sensors is deployed on the structure and split into several independent local sensor networks.<p>Low computational cost and fast signal processing techniques are coupled to statistical<p>control charts for robust and fully automated damage localization.<p>The efficiency of the method is demonstrated using time-domain simulated data on a simply<p>supported beam and a three-dimensional bridge structure. The method is able to detect and<p>locate very small damages even in the presence of noise on the measurements and variability<p>of the baseline structure if strain sensors are used. The difficulty to locate damages from acceleration<p>sensors is also clearly illustrated. The most common classical methods for damage<p>localization are applied on the simply supported beam and the results show that the modal filtering<p>technique presents much better performances for an accurate localization of small damages<p>and is easier to automate.<p>An improvement of the modal filters method referred to as adaptive modal filters is next<p>proposed in order to enhance the ability to localize small damages, as well as to follow their<p>evolution through modal filters updating. Based on this study, a new damage sensitive feature<p>is proposed and is compared with other damage sensitive features to detect the damages with<p>modal filters to demonstrate its interest. These expectations are verified numerically with the<p>three-dimensional bridge structure, and the results show that the adaptation of the modal filters<p>increases the sensitivity of local filters to damages.<p>Experimental tests have been led first to check the feasibility of modal filters to detect damages<p>when they are used with accelerometers. Two case studies are considered. The first work<p>investigates the experimental damage detection of a small aircraft wing equipped with a network<p>of 15 accelerometers, one force transducer and excited with an electro-dynamic shaker. A<p>damage is introduced by replacing inspection panels with damaged panels. A modified version<p>of the modal filtering technique is applied and compared with the damage detection based principal<p>component analysis of FRFs as well as of transmissibilities. The three approaches succeed<p>in the damage detection but we illustrate the advantage of using the modal filtering algorithm as<p>well as of the new damage sensitive feature. The second experimental application aims at detecting<p>both linear and nonlinear damage scenarios using the responses of four accelerometers<p>installed on the three-storey frame structure previously developed and studied at Los Alamos<p>National Labs. In particular, modal filters are shown to be sensitive to both types of damages,<p>but cannot make the distinction between linear and nonlinear damages.<p>Finally, the new method is tested experimentally to locate damages by considering cheap<p>piezoelectric patches (PVDF) for dynamic strain measurements. Again, two case studies are investigated.<p>The first work investigates a small clamped-free steel plate equipped with 8 PVDFs sensors, and excited with a PZT patch. A small damage is introduced at different locations by<p>fixing a stiffener. The modal filters are applied on three local filters in order to locate damage.<p>Univariate control charts allow to locate automatically all the damage positions correctly.<p>The last experimental investigation is devoted to a 3.78m long I-steel beam equipped with 20<p>PVDFs sensors and excited with an electro-dynamic shaker. Again, a small stiffener is added to<p>mimic the effect of a small damage and five local filters are defined to locate the damage. The<p>damage is correctly located for several positions, and the interest of including measurements<p>under different environmental conditions for the baseline as well as overlapping the local filters<p>is illustrated.<p>The very nice results obtained with these first experimental applications of modal filters<p>based on strains show the real interest of this very low computational cost method for outputonly<p>non-model based automated damage localization of real structures. / Doctorat en Sciences de l'ingénieur / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished