My thesis critically examines the role that the U.S. Supreme Court's "death is different" jurisprudence has played in the development of life without parole (LWOP) sentencing.

The right to life has properly been characterized as an inherent and as the supreme human right, since without effective guarantee of this right, all other rights of the human being would be devoid of meaning. One of the most controversial issues related to this right is the one of the death penalty. For a very long time death penalty was considered as one of the exceptions to the right to life. Therefore, when most of the universal and regional human rights documents were adopted death penalty was still used as a form of punishment in most of the countries worldwide. While attention to the protection of human rights has recently increased, the status of death penalty in international law became very ambiguous. The aim of this thesis is firstly to analyze and compare the content of the right to life in the documents of the different human rights systems. Secondly, to answer the question whether there is universal understanding of this fundamental right. This thesis consists of the introduction, three chapters and the conclusions. The first chapter deals with the general features of the right to life and its position in the context of the other rights. In addition, it approaches the problem of the death penalty. The second chapter consists of the comparative analysis of the universal and regional (European and Inter – American) human rights systems. In the third chapter, decisions of the supreme courts of different countries, which represent different human right systems, are... [to full text]

abstract: For the death penalty to be justified, it must be reserved for the worst of the worst. In his 2011 study of Connecticut's death penalty system, however, John Donohue found that arbitrariness and discrimination are defining features. Donohue's finding that non-white defendants whose victims were white are six times more likely to receive the death penalty indicates that race is more a predictor of a death sentence than the egregiousness of the crime. An analysis of capital sentencing outcomes in Maricopa County, Arizona reveals that the race of the victim is not related to the likelihood of receiving a death sentence, but the race of the defendant is. Use of Qualitative Comparative Analysis (QCA), logistic regression, and an egregiousness calculation are employed to analyze capital sentencing trial outcomes in Maricopa County from 2009 through 2011. This triangulated approach is applied to test three theoretically-derived models - the Donohue model, the Illinois Commission model, and the Functional model. The findings indicate that during the given time period in Maricopa County, the race of the defendant was statistically significant in cases with low to mid-levels of egregiousness, but was no longer significant in the most egregious cases. The results also reveal that the most egregious cases, typically indicated by the presence of a prior conviction and multiple victims, are nearly five times more likely to result in an outcome of death. While the results of this study are suggestive only, because of the small sample size and the relatively brief duration of time studied, the conclusions presented aim to provoke further inquiry into states' death penalty systems to address Donohue's allegation of unconstitutional application nationwide. Through a drastic reduction of death-eligibility factors, implementation of a transparent plea bargaining protocol in which the presence of certain aggravating factors preempts the possibility of a plea, and equal funding for prosecutor and defense offices, the death penalty in this country could begin to target the worst of the worst. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Justice Studies 2012

The Issues of Exceptional Punishment - Abstract The aim of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive overview about a criminal law's legal institute of the exceptional punishment, comprising of its historical development in our territory, most of the matters regarding its applicable legal regulation in the Czech republic, analysis of a specific case in which this punishment had been imposed, comparison with selected foreign legal regulations also including a disputation on death penalty as its possible alternative. The first chapter is focused on defining the term of punishment and its function in general. It compares two basic theories that differ from each other in terms of distinct approaches to the punishment's purpose. While the absolute theory considers punishment a retribution, the relative theory regards it as a mean of resocialization of the perpetrator. However, the current concept of punishment is based on the mixed theory that constitutes a link between those two above-mentioned. The aim of this chapter is to define the specific purpose of the exceptional punishment that proceeds from the general purpose of punishment based on the mixed theory. With regard to the fact that the term of exceptional punishment needs to be construed in both time and territorial context, the second chapter is devoted...

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-05-04T13:38:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 638892 bytes, checksum: 870a17003b80fdf9cd42894b4524c0ae (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T13:38:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 638892 bytes, checksum: 870a17003b80fdf9cd42894b4524c0ae (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-03-30 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / D e a t h p e n a l t y i s a v e r y p r e s e n t a n d c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s s u e t h a t r a i s e s b o t h ( p r o s a n d c o n s ) p o s i t i o n s . T h e m e a n i n g o f t h e w o r d p e n a l t y c o m e s f r o m t h e L a t i n p o e n a , m e a n i n g p u n i s h m e n t . T h u s t h e t e r m d e a t h p e n a l t y c o n c e r ns a b o u t t h e m a x i m u m p u n i s h m e n t i m p o s e d b y t h e S t a t e , e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f e x t i n g u i s h i n g t h e c r i m i n a l s f r o m s o c i e t y . D e a t h p e n a l t y i s s t i l l a d o p t e d and l e g a l i z e d i n s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s i n N o r t h A m e r i c a a n d t h e M i d d l e E a s t . T h e m o s t u s e d f o r m s o f e x e c u t i o n s a r e : s t o n i n g , f i r i n g s q u a d , e l e c t r i c c h a i r , a n d t h e g a l l o w s ( S o n , 1 9 95). In B r a z i l i a n l e g i s l a t i o n , t h i s p e n a l t y is p e r m i t t e d o n l y i n c a s e o f b e t r a y a l i n w a r t i m e . S i n c e t h e 1 9 9 0 s t h e r e D e a t h p e n a l t y i s a v e r y p r e s e n t a n d c o n t r o v e r s i a l i s s u e t h a t r a i s e s b o t h ( p r o s a n d c o n s ) p o s i t i o n s . T h e m e a n i n g o f t h e w o r d p e n a l t y c o m e s f r o m t h e L a t i n p o e n a , m e a n i n g p u n i s h m e n t . T h u s t h e t e r m d e a t h p e n a l t y c o n c e r n s a b o u t t h e m a x i m u m p u n i s h m e n t i m p o s e d b y t h e S t a t e , e s t a b l i s h e d f o r t h e p u r p o s e o f e x t i n g u i s h i n g t h e c r i m i n a l s f r o m s o c i e t y . D e a t h p e n a l t y i s s t i l l a d o p t e d and l e g a l i z e d i n s e v e r a l c o u n t r i e s i n N o r t h A m e r i c a a n d t h e M i d d l e E a s t . T h e m o s t u s e d f o r m s o f e x e c u t i o n s a r e : s t o n i n g , f i r i n g s q u a d , e l e c t r i c c h a i r , a n d t h e g a l l o w s ( S o n , 1 9 95). In B r a z i l i a n l e g i s l a t i o n , t h i s p e n a l t y is p e r m i t t e d o n l y i n c a s e o f b e t r a y a l i n w a r t i m e . S i n c e t h e 1 9 9 0 s t h e r e h a s b e e n a p o l i t i c a l d e b a t e o n t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f h o l d i n g a d e m o c r a t i c r e f e r e n d u m f o r t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y i n B r a z i l ( F i l h o , 1 9 9 5 ) . T h e i m p o r t a n c e o f d e a l i n g w i t h t h i s s u b j e c t i s d u e t o v i o l e n t s i t u a t i o n s r e c u r r e n t i n o u r s o c i e t y t h a t h a s a l s o r a i s e d f u r t h e r d i s c u s s i o n s a b o u t t h e p o s s i b i l i t y o f a d o p t i n g d e a t h p e n a l t y w h i c h i s e m p h a s i z e d b a s e d o n t h e a r g u m e n t a t i o n t h a t i t i s n e e d e d t o s o l v e i m p u n i t y . T h i s s u b j e c t h a s b e e n d e b a t e d a r o u n d t h e w o r l d w i t h t h e i m p l e m e n t a t i o n o f t h e U n i v e r s a l D e c l a r a t i o n o f H u m a n R i g h t s i n 1 9 4 8 w h i c h b r o u g h t i n i t s c o n s t i t u t i o n , t w o a r t i c l e s ( 3 r d a n d 5 t h ) t h a t a l l o w e d a d e b a t e o n t h e a d o p t i o n o f t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y , T h e t h i r d a r t i c l e s a y s that “ E v e r y o n e h a s t h e r i g h t t o l i f e , l i b e r t y a n d s e c u r i t y of p e r s o n . “ A n d t h e f i f t h a r t i c l e s t a t e s : “ N o o n e s h a l l b e s u b j e c t t o t o r t u r e o r c r u e l , i n h u m a n o r d e g r a d i n g t r e a t m e n t ” . B o t h s h e d l i g h t o n t h e p r a c t i c e s of d e a t h p e n a l t y t h s t h u r t t h e c o r e o f h u m a n r i g h t s , w h i c h i s t h e r i g h t t o l i f e . I n v i e w o f t h e s e , b l o g s h a v e b e e n c h o s e n t o s t u d y t h i s i s s u e b e c a u s e t h e y a r e b e l i e v e d t o b e c u r r e n t l y r e s p o n s i b l e f o r t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f p u b l i c o p i n i o n i n o u r m o d e r n s o c i e t y . T h e m a i n g o a l w a s t o v e r i f y the o p i n i o n s f o r a n d a g a i n s t d e a t h p e n a l t y a n d w h a t k i n d s of a r g u m e n t s t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s h a v e o n d e a t h p e n a l t y . T h e s a m p l e w a s c o m p o s e d o f 9 9 c o m m e n t s f r o m b l o g s o f l a w y e r s a n d 1 0 0 c o m m e n t s f r o m b l o g s o f n o n - s p e c i a l i z e d b l o g g e r s b e t w e e n 2 0 0 6 a n d 2 0 0 9 . T h e s e b l o g s d e a l t w i t h t h e q u e s t i o n : " A r e y o u f o r o r a g a i n s t t h e d e a t h p e n a l t y ? " . S u b s e q u e n t l y , d a t a wer e s u b j e c t e d t o t h e t e c h n i q u e o f c o n t e n t a n a l y s i s ( B a r d i n , 1 9 8 5 ) w h i c h i d e n t i f i e d t h e e m e r g i n g c a t e g o r i e s o f o p p i n i o n s o f t h e p a r t i c i p a n t s , s u c h a s " L a w o f R e t a l i a t i o n , E f f e c t i v e n e s s i n P r e v e n t i n g " I n e f f i c i e n c y i n B r a z i l " , " R i g h t t o L i f e " " C r i m e S e v e r i t y . " W e r e a l s o u s e d a s a r e s o u r c e f or a n a l y z i n g d a t a w i t h S P S S a n d t h e A L C E S T E . F r o m t h e S P S S a s t a t i s t i c a l l y s i g n i f i c a n t d i f f e r e n c e i n p o s i t i o n s ( p r o s a n d c o n s ) w a s o b s e r v e d d e p e n d i n g o n t h e t y p e s o f b l o g s ( χ ² = 1 1 . 9 2 2 , d f = 1 , S i g . = 0 . 0 0 1 ) , t h e a r g u m e n t s a s a f u n c t i o n o f b l o g s ( χ ² = 1 6 . 4 6 5 , d f = 4 , S i g . = , 0 0 2 ) , a n d t h e a r g u m e n t s i n t e r m s o f y e a r s ( 2 0 0 6 , 2 0 0 7 , 2 0 0 8 a n d 2 0 0 9 ) , ( χ ² = 1 9 . 0 1 0 , d f = 1 2 , S i g = , 0 8 8 ) . F r o m the a n a l y s i s o f t h e r e s u l t s i t w a s p o s s i b l e to r e a l i z e h o w t h e m e d i a a n d t h e p r e s s a n d t h e i n t e r n e t in g e n e r a l t u r n o u t t o s t r e n g t h e n a n d j u s t i f y t h e t y p e s o f r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s t h a t a r e d e s i g n e d a n d f a b r i c a t e d o n t h e r e p o r t s f r o m h e p a r t i c i p a n t s d u r i n g t h e s t u d y p e r i o d . / A pena de morte é um assunto bastante polêmico e atual, que levanta ambos os posicionamentos (a favor e contra). O sentido da palavra pena vem do latim poena, que significa castigo, punição. A composição do termo pena de morte diz respeito à punição máxima imposta pelo Estado, instituída com a finalidade de extinguir os criminosos da sociedade. A pena de morte ainda é adotada e legalizada em vários Estados da América do Norte e do Oriente Médio. As formas de execuções mais utilizadas são: a lapidação ou apedrejamento, o fuzilamento, a cadeira elétrica, a forca e o apedrejamento (Filho, 1995). Na legislação brasileira, esta pena é admitida apenas no caso de traição em período de guerra. Desde a década de 90 tem se colocado, por meio de um debate político, a possibilidade de se realizar um plebiscito democrático para a implantação da pena de morte no Brasil (Filho, 1995). A importância de trabalhar este tema deve-se as situações de violência que têm sido recorrentes em nossa sociedade às novas discussões levantadas sobre a possibilidade de adotar a pena de morte tem sido enfatizada como uma medida contra a impunidade. Esta temática tem sido debatida em todo o mundo com a implementação da Declaração Universal dos Direitos Humanos de 1948 que trouxe, na sua constituição, dois artigos (3° e 5°) que possibilitaram um debate sobre a adoção da pena de morte. O artigo terceiro que diz: “Todo o indivíduo tem direito à vida, à liberdade e à segurança pessoal.” E o artigo quinto menciona: “Ninguém será submetido à tortura nem a penas ou tratamentos cruéis, desumanos ou degradantes. Ambos permitem compreender que as práticas da pena de morte ferem o núcleo central dos direitos humanos que é o direito à vida. Diante do exposto foram escolhidos os blogs como lócus de estudo por se acreditar que atualmente eles são responsáveis pela construção da opinião pública. Objetivou-se verificar os posicionamentos a favor e contra a pena de morte e quais os tipos de argumentos os participantes constroem a partir dos seus posicionamentos frente à pena de morte. A amostra foi composta de 99 comentários de blogs juristas e 100 comentários de blogs gerais. Para a realização deste estudo foram resgatados os últimos 199 comentários deixados pelos participantes de cada blog (juristas e não juristas) nos anos 2006 a 2009, que tratam da questão: “Você é a favor ou contra a pena de morte?”. Posteriormente os dados foram submetidos à técnica de Análise de Conteúdo (Bardin,1985) por meio da qual se identificou as categorias emergentes do discurso dos participantes, tais como: “Lei de Talião, Eficácia na Prevenção” “Ineficácia no Brasil”, “Direito à Vida” e “Severidade Penal”. Foram também utilizados como recurso para analisar os dados o pacote estatístico SPSS, bem como o ALCESTE. Nos resultados, da análise processada pelo SPSS observou-se uma diferença estatística significativa, nos posicionamentos ( a favor e contra) em função dos tipos de blogs (χ² = 11,922; gl = 1; Sig. = 0,001), e nos argumentos em função dos blogs (χ² = 16,465; gl =4 ; Sig. = ,002), bem como dos argumentos em função do ano (2006, 2007,2008 e 2009), (χ² = 19,010; gl =12 ; Sig = ,088). Também nos resultados foi possível perceber o quanto os meios de comunicação, bem como a imprensa escrita e a internet, de uma forma geral, acabam por reforçar e justificar os tipos de representações que são elaboradas e forjadas nos relatos dos participantes no período estudado.

Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-05-04T13:55:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1428068 bytes, checksum: 08cf9cca2f17bb4ad52fc5060ff57dd0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-04T13:55:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1428068 bytes, checksum: 08cf9cca2f17bb4ad52fc5060ff57dd0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-07-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The death penalty has been the focus of several studies for decades. In this sense, the present study has the aim to analyze the various discourses used by the two most important newspapers of São Paulo (Estado and Folha) to address the death penalty issue in each of the three political periods from the last fifty years of Brazilian history: Dictatorship (from 1968 to 1974), Transition from dictatorship to democracy (1987 to 1995) and the Democratic period (2005 to 2011). For that, were collected the articles from the newspapers “Estado de São Paulo” and “Folha de São Paulo” that had the words “death penalty” in their titles. In the first analysis, the material was processed by the statistical package ALCESTE in order to verify which general death penalty themes were grouped by the lexical analysis. Two analysis techniques from the ALCESTE data processing were used: the Hierarchical Sort Descending and the Factorial Analysis Correspondence. The results of the first analysis made possible the class agglutination, and they were divided into classes that contained either debate or informative articles. From the analysis held in the newspaper “Estado de São Paulo”, the following classes were found: “Debate: Life and Crime” – Class IV (47,71% of the corpus) and “Constitutional Debate” – Class II (17,47%). They stood out for being classes containing articles that enable the debate on the death penalty. On the informative side, there were the classes “Trials in Dictatorship” – Class III (13,43%) and “International News” – Class I (21, 39%). The results for the same analysis in the newspaper “Folha de São Paulo” showed the following classes: “Debate: Life and Crime” – Class II (49%) and “Constitutional Debate” – Class III (24%) which are representative of lexical elements of debate articles, and Class I – “Trials in Dictatorship” (27%) that gathered only informative news. In a second step, the material was analyzed under the technique of Content Analysis, aiming to find which were the death penalty themes most cited by the studied newspapers. As a result, the following arguments emerged: “Death penalty is efficient” versus “Death penalty is inefficient”, “Death penalty is fair” and “Death penalty is unfair” and “Lacking arguments for and against death penalty”. In fact, the debate on death penalty in Brazil was re-introduced publicly in the late 80s and this debate has extended to the present days and in every resource media. It appears that many of the arguments about the death penalty has been repeated in previous studies. It is believed that the maintenance of these discursive styles has been fed back by old discursive practices of institutions that maintain such ideas and that end up controlling the information conveyance. / A pena de morte tem sido foco de diversos estudos há décadas. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo principal analisar os diversos discursos utilizados pelos dois jornais mais importantes de São Paulo (o Estado e a Folha) ao abordarem o tema da pena de morte em cada um dos três períodos políticos dos últimos cinquenta anos da história brasileira: Ditadura (1968 a 1974), transição da ditadura para de democracia (1987 a 1995) e período democrático (2005 a 2011). Para isso, foi utilizado como material de análise os artigos dos jornais o “Estado de São Paulo” e “A Folha de São Paulo” que apresentaram no título a expressão “pena de morte”. Na primeira análise, o material foi processado pelo pacote estatístico ALCESTE com a finalidade de verificar quais os temas gerais sobre a pena de morte que foram aglutinados por meio da análise lexical. Foram utilizadas duas técnicas de análise por meio do processamento dos dados pelo ALCESTE: A Classificação Hierárquica Descendente e a Análise Fatorial por Correspondência. Os resultados encontrados na primeira análise possibilitaram a aglutinação das classes que se dividiram entre classes que situaram os artigos de debate e de caráter informativos. Da análise realizada no jornal “Estado de São Paulo” foram encontradas as seguintes classes “Debate: Vida e Crime”- Classe IV (47,71% do corpus), “Debate Constitucional”- Classe II (17,47%) que se destacaram por serem classes que contém artigos que possibilitaram o debate sobre a pena de morte; e as classes de caráter informativo “Julgamento na Ditadura” - Classe III (13,43%) e “Notícias Internacionais”- Classe I (21,39%). O resultado desta mesma análise no jornal “Folha de São Paulo” foram encontradas as seguintes classes “Debate: Vida e Crime” – Classe II (49%) e “Debate Constitucional”- Classe III (24%) que são representativas de elementos lexicais de artigos de caráter de debate e a classe I- “Julgamentos na Ditadura”(27%) que aglutinou as informações das notícias apenas de caráter informativas. Em um segundo momento, o material foi analisado à luz da Técnica de Análise de Conteúdo, visando encontrar quais os temas sobre a pena de morte mais citados pelos jornais estudados. Como resultados emergiram os seguintes argumentos acerca da pena de morte: “A Pena de Morte é Eficiente”versus “A Pena de Morte é Ineficente”, “A Pena de Morte é Justa”, “A pena de morte é Injusta” e “Sem Argumentos a Favor e Contra a Pena de Morte”.De fato, o debate sobre a pena de morte no Brasil foi reintroduzido de forma pública no final dos anos 80 e, esse debate tem se estendido até os dias atuais e em todos os recursos midiáticos. Verifica-se que muitos dos argumentos sobre a pena de morte tem se repetido em estudos anteriores. Acredita-se que a manutenção desses estilos discursivos tem sido retroalimentada por meio de práticas discursivas antigas, de instituições, que mantêm tais ideias e que acabam por controlar a veiculação da informação.

Death qualification is a problematic aspect of capital trials, as death qualified jurors have higher conviction rates than non-death qualified jurors. The current study examines whether the death qualification process itself affects juror decision-making via attitude salience effects. Participants (n=90) recruited from the venire juror pool at the Santa Ana Superior Court were asked to read a trial transcript and decide guilt or innocence and whether they would sentence the defendant to death. Half of the participants were given a survey determining death qualification before they read the trial (making death qualification salient), while the other half were given the survey at the end of the study (not salient condition). Although the results do not support the theory that the death qualification process biases jurors’ verdict and sentencing decisions, they do suggest that the proportion, attitudes, and demographics of non-death qualified jurors have changed substantially since initial research on death qualification was undertaken.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Em 12 de junho de 1839, alguns dos cativos a bordo do brigue-escuna Laura Segunda, que partiu do MaranhÃo para Pernambuco, realizaram um motim nas costas do litoral do Cearà e assassinaram seis pessoas, o capitÃo, o contramestre, o prÃtico, dois marujos e um passageiro. Depois de desembarcar na praia do Iguape, os escravos foram presos e, dentre eles, nove foram acusados e levados a julgamento em Fortaleza, onde seis foram condenados à pena de morte, um a galÃs perpÃtuas, outro a aÃoites e andar com ferros, e o Ãltimo absolvido. O julgamento ocorreu de forma sumÃria, indicando a necessidade de se punirem rÃpida e exemplarmente os responsÃveis por aquele âhorroroso atentadoâ. A pesquisa pretende analisar o motim e os eventos que envolveram os pretos da Laura. Para isso, se propÃe a examinar a navegaÃÃo de cabotagem realizada entre o Norte e o Nordeste do Brasil, em especial do Parà a Pernambuco, para se entender o mundo do trabalho em que estavam inseridos os marinheiros cativos do Laura Segunda. AlÃm disso, busca-se compreender e relacionar os diversos movimentos realizados durante a dÃcada de 1830, que fomentaram um clima de grande instabilidade polÃtica e social no Brasil e permitiram o aparecimento de alguns atos de rebeldia produzidos pela escravaria. O motim no Laura Segunda foi um deles. As memÃrias do motim e dos eventos que envolveram os pretos da Laura ficaram vivas na capital cearense durante bastante tempo. Desta forma, procura-se compreender quais os seus significados e apropriaÃÃes pela sociedade cearense, em especial o grupo dos cativos. / On the 12th of June, 1839, a number of slaves on board the brig-schooner Laura Segunda, which had earlier left Pernambuco en-route to MaranhÃo, mutinied off the coast of CearÃ, killing six people: the captain; the boatswain; the pilot; two of the sailors and a passenger. After landing on the beach at Iguape, the slaves were captured and nine of them charged and taken to be prosecuted in Fortaleza, where six were sentenced to death, one to life imprisonment with forced-labour, yet another to being whipped and forced to go around in irons, and the last acquitted. The trials were summary in nature, demonstrating the need for a prompt and exemplary punishment of those responsible for the "horrendous attack". The present research aims to examine the mutiny and the various events which surrounded the negro slaves on board the Laura. To this end we propose examining the system of cabotage shipping carried out between the North and Northeast of Brazil, in particular that from Parà to Pernambuco, in an attempt to understand the work environment of the slave-sailors on the Laura Segunda. In addition, we wish to investigate and detail the various movements which occurred during the 1830s and which fostered a climate of political and social instability in Brazil, paving the way for various acts of rebellion by the slaves, of which the mutiny on the Laura Segunda was one. The memory of the mutiny and the events surrounding the negros on board the Laura remained alive in Fortaleza for some considerable time. We plan to arrive at an appreciation of the meaning of these events and how they were appropriated by Cearà society, and in particular by the slaves.

In this paper I will recount the main stages of the process of making my thesis film Us Against The World, a narrative short film. In particular, I will focus on the authenticity and verisimilitude that I tried to achieve, as well as the limitations I worked under as a student filmmaker with a limited budget and how we consistently tried to use these limitations to our advantage. Starting from the beginning, I will first discuss my main inspirations and the writing process of the script. Secondly, I will explain how my team of creative collaborators and I prepared the project during pre-production. I will furthermore address all key creative aspects, such as directing, cinematography and production design, and describe how we used these to visually translate my story onto screen. After summarizing the post-production process, I will draw a conclusion to evaluate the final film.

Charles University in Prague Faculty of Law Ing. Viera Krajňáková THE ISSUES OF EXCEPTIONAL PUNISHMENT Diploma thesis Abstract The Supervisor of Diploma thesis: doc. JUDr. Jana Tlapák Navrátilová, Ph.D. Department of Criminal Law Date of elaboration of Diploma thesis (closing the manuscript): 6. 9. 2021 THE ISSUES OF EXCEPTIONAL PUNISHMENT ABSTRACT The diploma thesis is focused on the description and evaluation of the basic forms of exceptional punishment, as they are known by the Czech legal system and legal systems of selected European states. The introductory part deals with the meaning and purpose of the institution of punishment as such and the basic streams of thought dealing with the justification of punishment as an intentional harm caused to the offender for the committed crime. The second part of the thesis analyzes the historical development of the types of punishments in relation to the development of its function, from various physical punishments through the death penalty to the modern imprisonment of a limited duration or for life. In the following sections, I tried to describe and evaluate the death penalty itself from the point of view of its conformity with the basic human rights, from the point of view of arguments presented by retentionists and abolitionists, its current use in various...