Cápsulas gelatinosas são formas farmacêuticas empregadas para a veiculação de fármacos por via oral. Há diversas vantagens em sua utilização como a facilidade de deglutição, mascaramento do sabor e odor de fármacos e rápida disponibilização de seu conteúdo no trato gastrointestinal. Atualmente, as cápsulas são as principais formas farmacêuticas nos estabelecimentos magistrais. Como formas de liberação imediata, seu comportamento após a deglutição deve permitir a rápida liberação do(s) fármaco(s). Desta forma, fatores como a escolha correta de excipientes, observando-se a compatibilidade entre estes e o fármaco, deve ser baseada nas características físico-químicas de ambos para a obtenção de um produto eficaz. As etapas de preparo não são menos relevantes e merecem atenção, como a pesagem, a mistura e o enchimento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi discutir o tema cápsulas, salientando fatores acerca de seu emprego como forma farmacêutica, elaboração de formulações, produção e controle, visando a adequada aplicabilidade no setor magistral. / Gelatin capsules are pharmaceutical forms employed in oral drug delivery. There are many advantages on its use like easy deglutition, smell and tast masking and fast availability of its content in gastrointestinal tract. Nowadays, the capsules are the main drug delivery forms used on magistral pharmacies. As immediate drug delivery forms its behavior after deglutition should promote a fast availability of the drug(s). Thus, the right choice of the excipients, observing the compatibility between these and the drug, should be based on physicochemical caracteristhics of the compounds to achieve an adequate product. The production steps are not less relevant and deserve an appropriate attention, Iike weighing, mixture and filling. The goal of this work was discussing the theme capsules, exploring factors around its employing as drug delivery form, formulations development, production and control, seeking a suitable applicability on magistral field.

Com a tendência da indústria automobilística em produzir motores com maior potência e menor consumo de combustível, a redução em peso dos componentes tem sido cada vez mais exigida. Isto tem desafiado a Ciência dos Materiais em desenvolver novos produtos que apresentem alta resistência mecânica para compensar a redução de peso desejada. No entanto, a fabricação de aços especiais implica em características de produto e de processamento altamente complexas. As diferentes rotas de fabricação apresentam limitações termodinâmicas, cinéticas e físicas, de recursos e de equipamentos, que devem ser balanceadas, visando viabilidade produtiva mas atendendo às especificações e às exigências da aplicação final. Assim são os desenvolvimentos de elementos de suspensão automotiva, que tem característica fundamental a redução de peso, implicando portanto em desafio constante para o projeto da peça e para o aço especificado. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo principal o desenvolvimento de um aço para aplicação em suspensão automotiva com alto desempenho em fadiga, menor peso e custo otimizado. A rota simplifica o processo produtivo, eliminando etapas intermediárias e também abre possibilidade da utilização de aços de aciaria elétrica, uma rota inovadora e desafiadora em relação à utilização de matéria-prima reciclada. Os objetivos foram alcançados através de um processo de engenharia de inclusões. O controle e a caracterização destas inclusões foram fundamentais, sendo necessárias técnicas diferenciadas como complemento às técnicas tradicionais. Foram utilizadas técnicas de microscopia ótica, microscopia eletrônica, espectrometria e dissolução ácida, visando complementar as caracterizações superficiais, volumétricas, e composicionais, além de testes dinâmicos, aumentando-se a amostragem tradicionalmente utilizada. O material estudado foi gentilmente cedido pela Gerdau Aços Especiais Brasil de Pindamonhangaba - SP, onde também foram realizados os testes e análises. Observou-se que a metodologia com diferentes técnicas de caracterização mostrou-se boas para avaliação do aço. Ainda, que o controle dos parâmetros de fabricação do aço líquido é fundamental para o desempenho final do produto e que a rota de aciaria elétrica e lingotamento contínuo mostraram-se viáveis para produção da matéria-prima de elementos de suspensão de alto desempenho. No entanto, é necessário um controle diferenciado de inclusões. Essa rota e controles levaram ao desenvolvimento de um material com alto limite de resistência mecânica, até 2100Mpa conforme as condições de tratamento térmico. Foi possível também associar a vida em fadiga às dimensões das inclusões, sendo que inclusões acima de 30?m reduziram a vida em fadiga do arame em 4 vezes. / Following the tendency of automotive industry to produce motors with higher power and less fuel consumption, weight reduction of components has been more and more demanded. This has defied Materials Science to develop new materials with higher mechanical resistance, to match the aimed weight reduction. However, production of special steel grades implies in highly complex product and process characteristics. There are different production routes, with thermodynamic, kinetic and physical limitations, as well of resources and of equipment, which must be balanced, aiming production feasibility and also matching product specifications and its final applications. Development of automotive suspension components have, for example, the weight reduction as main characteristic, what implies a constant challenge to the design project and also to the specified steel. This work aimed to develop a new steel applied to automotive suspension, with high fatigue performance, lower weight and optimized cost. The proposed route simplifies the productive process, eliminating intermediate steps and also uses steel melted in electric arc furnace, an innovative and challenging route concerning recycled raw material. The objectives were achieved through a process of inclusion engineering. The control and characterization of these inclusions were fundamental, and differentiated techniques were used, complementing the traditional ones. It was used optical microscopy, electron microscopy, spectrometry and acid dissolution, to complement the surface, volumetric and compositional characterization, and also dynamic testing, increasing the usual sampling. The studied material was kindly provided by Gerdau Aços Especiais Brasil - Pindamonhangaba - SP, where the tests and analysis were performed. It was observed that the methodology was suitable for the steel evaluation. And that the control of the steelmaking parameters is fundamental for the final performance of the product. It was also possible to conclude that the steelmaking based on electric arc furnace and continuous casting can be feasible to produce raw-material for high-performance suspension applications, once a differentiated inclusion control is applied. It was concluded that the methodology with different characterization techniques was good for the analysis, complementing each other. Liquid steel parameters control is fundamental for the final performance of the product. Electric Arc Furnace and Continuous Casting route are reliable for the production of raw material for high performance suspension parts. However, it is necessary to control the inclusions. The applied route created a material with high mechanical resistance, up to 2100MPa, depending on the heat treatments conditions. It was also possible to associate the fatigue life to the inclusion dimensions, and the inclusions above 30?m reduced the fatigue life of the wire in about four times.

Discrete and Continuous spatial encoding methods are described with details of understanding principles and practical implications. Step by step experimental op- timization procedure of these methods to achieve slice selection are also discussed. In the subsequent chapters we use these methods for different applications. Spin-lattice relaxation parameters of NMR active nuclei provide valuable infor- mation on molecular dynamics. Single scan selective excitation methods of mea- surement of T1 result in significant reduction of time compared to the standard inversion recovery method and are attractive tools of applications in `Real time' NMR investigations of biological and chemical processes. It is shown here that the addition of the gradient echo following the selective excitation not only significantly improves the S/N ratio, but also makes GESSIR a versatile pulse sequence. Using this sequence, T1 values ranging from 2 s to 56 s have been measured with accuracy comparable to the standard IR experiment. This indicates that it is possible to utilize GESSIR for a wide range of molecules containing protons and hetero nuclei with medium to long T1 relaxation times as a routine NMR technique. The utility of the technique for studying other relaxation parameters has also been demonstrated. It may be mentioned that for measurement of relaxation parameters routinely, a few well-chosen points are enough. A fine selection of large number of experimental points could be useful when high accuracy is required or Chapter 3. GESSIR 91 for applications where certain property of the system investigated is changing in a continuous manner spatially and requires large number of slices to be selected as discussed in the next chapter. The long duration of time-honored two dimensional experiments is reduced to fraction of seconds by employing the ultrafast encoding experiments. Main com- plications in making the UF experiments available for routine use were the limited spectral widths and resolution in both UF and conventional dimensions. Various developments have been made in the path of improvements in increasing the spectral width in UF dimension. Of these, two experimental methods that are already proposed, namely the folding of peaks into the observable spectral window and the interleaved acquisition which doubles the spectral widths in both dimensions. The integration of covariance processing with ultrafast technique yields better correlated spectrum with considerable improvement in resolution. The effectiveness of the new processing is demonstrated for UF COSY experiments which can be easily extended to other ultrafast homonuclear experiments like TOCSY, NOESY as well as multi dimensions. The proposed processing method is an initial step to work on improving resolutions of UF data and making the ease of applicability of ultrafast spectroscopy as a routine multidimensional NMR. At the same time of this work W. Qui et.al [268] proposed a processing method based on covariance and pattern recognition for improving resolutions of spatially encoded data. They used pattern recognition algorithm also for avoiding the artifacts due to very low resolution data available with the UF experiment. They implemented the method UF TOCSY spectra and shown resolution improvement with the covariance pro- cessing for relatively more number of detection gradients which is many times hardware limited. Our method of covariance data processing is essentially same as that of Qui, less number of acquisition gradients were used in our processing, linear prediction and apodization concepts were utilized and the artifacts arise due mismatch of datas with positive and negative acquisition gradients are minimized by shifting one the data. In conclusion new methods of processing/the combination of various processing methods of the ultrafast data have the scope of improving the quality of ultrafast NMR spectra.

The diclofenac potassium (DPt) is a derivate of phenylacetic acid, with proprietary anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic, thus indicated for the relief of low back pain, rheumatoid arthritis and postoperative pain. The DPt is in the market for oral suspension dosage forms, dragee, suppository, injectable solution, dispersible tablet and tablet. However not been found in literature analytical method for determination of DPt in oral suspension. There are also no reports of methods for evaluating the in vitro dissolution of oral suspension containing the drug. Thus, in the present work were developed and validated methods by liquid chromatography high efficiency for the quantification and assessment of drug dissolution in oral suspension. Quantification of DPt was performed using column C8, mobile phase consisting of methanol and phosphate buffer pH 2.5 with a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min. The quantitative method was shown to be specific, even in the presence of possible degradation products, good linearity (r = 1.0), precise (RSD < 2.0%) and having adequate accuracy and robustness. The drug demonstrated to be stable under alkaline conditions and high temperature, but showed instability when exposed to conditions acid, oxidative and in the presence of ultraviolet radiation. To develop the method of dissolving the best conditions were 900 mL of aqueous solution containing 0.3% of sodium laurylsulfate, maintained at 37.0 ± 0.5 ºC, using paddle apparatus with rotation speed of 50 rpm. Thus, the release of DPt was greater than 85.0% at 30 minutes for both batches evaluated. The validated method proved to be specific, linear (r > 0.99), and showed precision and accuracy satisfactory. We also evaluated the stability of the drug in the dissolution medium selected, and the possible adsorption of the drug on the paper filter used. For both the test results were satisfactory. Thus, the methods developed and validated may be used as routine methods in quality control for the quantification and evaluation of the dissolution profile of DPt oral suspension. / O diclofenaco potássico (DPt), fármaco derivado do ácido fenilacético, apresenta propriedade anti-inflamatória, analgésica e antitérmica, sendo assim indicado para o alívio da dor na região lombar, artrite reumatoide e dor pós-operatória. O DPt encontra-se no mercado nas formas farmacêuticas de suspensão oral, drágea, supositório, solução injetável, comprimido dispersível e comprimido, no entanto não foram encontrados na literatura métodos analíticos para determinação de DPt em suspensão oral. Também não há relatos de métodos para avaliação da dissolução in vitro de suspensão oral contendo este fármaco. Desta forma, no presente trabalho foram desenvolvidos e validados métodos por cromatografia a líquido de alta eficiência para quantificação e avaliação da porcentagem dissolvida do fármaco. A determinação quantitativa foi realizada utilizando coluna C8, fase móvel composta de metanol e tampão fosfato pH 2,5 e fluxo de 1,0 mL/min. O método quantitativo apresentou ser especifico, mesmo na presença de possíveis produtos de degradação, boa linearidade (r = 1,0), preciso (DPR < 2,0%) ser exato e robusto. O fármaco demonstrou ser estável em condições alcalinas e a alta temperatura, porém demonstrou instabilidade quando exposto a condições ácidas, oxidativas e na presença da radiação ultravioleta. Para o desenvolvimento do método de dissolução utilizou-se como meio 900 mL de solução aquosa contendo 0,3% de laurilsulfato de sódio, mantida a 37,0 ± 0,5 ºC, utilizando aparato pá com velocidade de rotação de 50 rpm. Nestas condições, a liberação de DPt foi superior a 85,0% em 30 minutos para ambos os lotes avaliados. O método validado demonstrou ser específico, linear (r > 0,99), e apresentou precisão e exatidão satisfatórias. Também se avaliou a estabilidade do fármaco no meio de dissolução, assim como a possível adsorção do fármaco no papel de filtração utilizado. Para ambos os ensaios os resultados encontrados foram satisfatórios. Desta forma, os métodos desenvolvidos e validados podem ser utilizados como métodos de rotina no controle de qualidade para quantificação e avaliação do perfil de dissolução de DPt suspensão oral.

Working out of the topic dissolution and liquidation of the limited partnership company as my dissertation should allow the reader of this dissertation a complex view of this procedure, while my goal was also a direct an direct application of this dissertation in praxis. In the articles above I try to describe all necessary what should a prospective liquidator of the limited partnership company, or other person dealing with this matter, know, and how he should proceed in praxis and I also want to include all the recent changes of the private law, which in some cases appeared in some aspects of the procedure of dissolution and liquidation, and which have been in theory poorly covered by the literature of today. I split the dissertation into five main pieces. In part one I deal with dissolution of the company and I describe in details all causes, that cause a dissolution of the company, including the causes that lead to the liquidation. I devoted the second part to the liquidator. The liquidator is the most important person that enters the procedure of liquidation. In the scope of second part I describe his nomination, end of his function and the most important tasks entrusted to him. Over more I try to describe his status to other company's bodies and jurisdiction of such bodies in the liquidation....

Working out of the topic dissolution and liquidation of the limited partnership company as my dissertation should allow the reader of this dissertation a complex view of this procedure, while my goal was also a direct an direct application of this dissertation in praxis. In the articles above I try to describe all necessary what should a prospective liquidator of the limited partnership company, or other person dealing with this matter, know, and how he should proceed in praxis and I also want to include all the recent changes of the private law, which in some cases appeared in some aspects of the procedure of dissolution and liquidation, and which have been in theory poorly covered by the literature of today. I split the dissertation into five main pieces. In part one I deal with dissolution of the company and I describe in details all causes, that cause a dissolution of the company, including the causes that lead to the liquidation. I devoted the second part to the liquidator. The liquidator is the most important person that enters the procedure of liquidation. In the scope of second part I describe his nomination, end of his function and the most important tasks entrusted to him. Over more I try to describe his status to other company's bodies and jurisdiction of such bodies in the liquidation....

This study investigated marital dissolution in the Tanzanian context. The study specifically focused on the potential effect of marital dissolution (both positive and negative) on early adolescents’ academic and psycho-social functioning. The primary research question directing the research is: ―How can insight into marital dissolution in Tanzania broaden our knowledge on its effect on children?‖ The conceptual framework for the study is based on attachment theory, crisis theory, family stress theory and life course theory. Epistemologically, the study utilised social constructivism as paradigm. A qualitative methodological approach was followed, implementing an instrumental case study as research design. I purposefully selected eight children from two children’s centres in Tanzania and four additional children from custodial homes. In addition, twelve parents, who had been separated from their partners, as well as twelve teachers and caregivers who have been involved with the child participants, participated in the study. For data collection I employed semi-structured interviews with the parents and children; focus group discussions with teachers and caregivers; interviews and narrations with children; and an analysis of existing documents. Field notes, a research diary and verbatim transcripts were utilised to document the data I collected. Following inductive thematic analysis four themes emerged, relating to the reasons for marital dissolution, the effect of marital dissolution on early adolescents’ functioning, trends following marital dissolution and managing marital dissolution in Tanzania. In terms of reasons for marital dissolution I identified the following subthemes: abuse, lack of commitment to the family, influence of others, and financial strain. In terms of the effect of marital dissolution on early adolescents’ functioning three subthemes emerged namely; effect on early adolescents’ academic performance, effect on early adolescents’ psycho-social well-being, and parents’ insight into the effect of marital dissolution on their children. With regard to trends following marital dissolution I identified the following three subthemes: positive effect of marital dissolution, change in living arrangements, and other related changes negatively affecting children. Finally, two subthemes emerged concerning the management of marital dissolution in Tanzania, namely minimising the effect of marital dissolution on children, and potential role of the Tanzanian government. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of Tanzanian couples merely separate, rather than following a legal divorce. Parents showed limited insight into the effect of marital dissolution on their children. Besides some children experiencing the separation of their parents as a relief, the majority of children were negatively affected in terms of their academic performance and psycho-social functioning. Children indicated the need to be involved in discussions preceding and during the separation process, yet Tanzanian parents did not value the involvement of their children during this process. Based on the findings I obtained I conclude that the effect of marital dissolution on children are not only continuous but that the effects in various areas of functioning are interrelated and cyclic in nature, and that children can experience the effects before, during and after marital dissolution. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2014. / lk2014 / Educational Psychology / PhD / Unrestricted

Le régime juridique de la société anonyme unipersonnelle (SAU) de droitOHADA est défini par renvoi au régime prévu pour la SA pluripersonnelle, avec desadaptations minimales. En réalité, le caractère unipersonnel de la SA lui confère une certaineparticularité qui rend inappropriée la transposition pure et simple des règles du modèlepluripersonnel. Outre les difficultés d’application qu’elle entraîne souvent, la technique durenvoi laisse irrésolues de nombreuses questions suscitées par l’unipersonnalité. Le régimejuridique de la SAU dans son ensemble en ressort insuffisamment adapté à l’unicitéd’actionnaire.Une adaptation du régime juridique de la SAU de droit OHADA au particularisme del’unipersonnalité devient alors nécessaire. Elle doit être entreprise sous fond de simplificationdes règles, d’une part à l’égard de la société, à travers les règles relatives à sa constitution et àson évolution, d’autre part, à l’égard des acteurs que sont l’actionnaire unique, les organesd’administration et de contrôle.Au-delà de son approche critique, l’étude a surtout pour ambition de proposer unmodèle de société anonyme unipersonnelle au régime juridique plus lisible, simple et attractif. / The one-person limited company under the OHADA LAW has seen itslegal regime being defined with reference to the regime of the multi-persons limited company,with minimum adaptations. In fact the one-person character of the Limited company gives it a certain peculiarity that renders inappropriate the pure and simple transportation of rules of the multi-person limited company model. Besides the difficulty of implementation that it oftenentails, the technique of referring leaves unresolved many questions raised by the one-personlimited company model. The legal regime of the one-person limited company as a whole thatarises is insufficiently adapted to the unique shareholder.An adaptation of the one-person limited company legal regime of the OHADA LAWto the particularity of the one-person thus becomes necessary. It has to be undertaken underthe simplification of rules, on the one hand with regards to the company, through rules relatedto its constitution and its evolution, on the other hand, with respect to the actors that are thesole shareholders, administrative and control bodies.

Mercury (Hg) is a global contaminant of ecosystems and human health risk, with complicated biogeochemical processes. Mercury sulfide (HgS) dissolution has been suggested as a key process in Hg cycling, as it could potentially increase the pool of inorganic Hg (iHg) for the production of methylmercury (MeHg). Despite previous sporadic observations of enhanced HgS dissolution under certain conditions, much remains unclear on mechanisms of HgS dissolution. The objective of my research was to advance the mechanistic understanding of HgS dissolution, concerning re-adsorption of released Hg, effects of thiol-ligands, and Hg speciation. Considering the lack of feasible techniques to differentiate dissolution and re-adsorption processes, I first developed an efficient method using isotope tracer and isotope dilution techniques to investigate the re-adsorption of released Hg during HgS dissolution. The HgS dissolution rate with consideration of re-adsorption was two times the rate calculated from detecting Hg alone in the presence of O2, indicating the importance of Hg re-adsorption during HgS dissolution. I further examined the role of Hg-ligand complexation in HgS dissolution and Hg(II) re-adsorption using a thermodynamic adsorption method, selecting L-cysteine (Cys) as a model compound for low molecular weight ligands and Waskish fulvic acid (FA) for natural dissolved organic matter (DOM). My results suggest that the presence of Cys enhanced HgS dissolution through the decreased re-adsorption of Hg-Cys complex, whereas Waskish FA inhibited HgS dissolution, possibly because of the adsorption of FA on HgS surface that covered dissolution sites. I further employed a geochemical modeling method to study Hg speciation and the relation of iHg speciation to MeHg, aiming to provide a methodological example for potentially evaluating the implications of Hg species distribution during HgS dissolution on MeHg production. I applied geochemical model PHREEQC to the Florida Everglades, a well-studied wetland with model input parameters available, to determine the distribution of iHg in surface water at different sites. The modeling results suggest that sulfide and DOM govern iHg speciation, and the Hg-sulfide and Hg-DOM species are related to MeHg in environmental media but not fish, suggesting the importance of iHg speciation in MeHg production and the complexity of Hg bioaccumulation.

The aim is to analyze the economic and political aspects of the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993 in the context of monetary separation and further analyze its impact on monetary indicators in the Czech Republic and the Slovak Republic. The thesis provides a comprehensive view of the development of relations within Czechoslovakia after 1989 and monetary separation in 1993. First, attention is focused on description and analysis of economic and political relations between the two nations, which are demonstrated in the illustrative examples of the development of Czechoslovakia between 1989 and 1993. Then analyzes the preparation, conduct and impact of monetary separation on the inflation rate, balance of payments, interest rates and foreign exchange reserves, and consequently macroeconomic indicators are compared both newly formed states. The thesis is written for use with the description, analysis and comparison. Based on the analysis, we can conclude that the collapse of the state was no longer possible in 1993 to avoid. It can be concluded that the monetary separation had no immediate impact on the study of monetary indicators. Based on comparison of selected macroeconomic indicators of the countries we were able to demonstrate that in the first years after the collapse of the federation with the Czech economy developed better and more stable than Slovak Republic. Implementation and results of the disintegration of Czechoslovakia and the associated monetary separation can be considered as a basis for solving current problems eg. In any disintegration of the common currency in the European Union or the possible dissolution of several national states. A proper currency separation in 1993 had a negative impact on the development of monetary variables surveyed states.