<p>Understanding technical documentation is of vital importance, since instructions and descriptions are given about how technical products are used, maintained and repaired. Because of the increased economic globalization, more and more documentation is both written in English by non-native English writers, and delivered to non-native English readers. More and more documentation is also translated by means of computerized aids. In order to improve comprehension and translatability of technical documentation, controlled languages are created. Controlled languages are subsets of ordinary languages, but with restricted vocabularies and writing rules.</p><p>The aim of this report is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages for Swedish export companies to use Simplified Technical English (STE), which is a controlled language, for their technical documentation. In this work technical writers are asked about their opinions of STE. Additionally, technical texts written in traditional English are compared with versions written in STE, in order to find out whether texts written in a controlled language are easier to read or not. Within the comparison, the differences between the versions are discussed and a readability measurement is done. The measurement showed that readability in technical documentation is improved by using STE. The writers’ opinions are illuminated in three areas, which are: higher documentation quality, reduced translation costs and reduced production costs.</p>

Dans une première partie, nous étudions les bibliothèques académiques dont les principes fondateurs sont aujourd'hui interrogés par la société de l'information. Le gestionnaire d'une bibliothèque recherche la voie d'avancement la meilleure possible pour l'unité qu'il conduit. Les outils d'évaluation et de management utilisés en bibliothèque suscitente des insatisfactions car ils sont parfois inaptes à rendre compte de la nécessité d'une vision holistique de la bibliothèque. L'appproche constructiviste du management semble alors une alternative plausible pour aider les gestionnaires de biblithèques académiques à construire une vision stratégique de ces organisations. Nous bâtissons alors, dans une deuxième partie, un projet de modélisation basé sur la modélisation des systèmes complexes préconisée par Jean-Louis Le Moigne et sur la méthodologie des systèmes souples de Peter Checkland. Notre terrain de recherche est constitué de bibliothèques académiques françaises dans lesquelles nous effectuons interviews et observations participantes. Nous construisons un diagnostic en trois phases. La première phase permt au gestionnaire de visualiser l'offre de service dont nous montrons qu'elle est en évolution selon les trois axes des technologies, des moyens et des savoir-faire mise en oeuvre. La deuxième phase interroge le système informationnel de la bibliothèque, par une étude des environnements dans lequel l'organisation évolue et des flux qui la traversent. La troisième phase étudie le système décisionnel, s'intéressant à son organisation, à la circulation de l'information interne et aux processus de décision mis en oeuvre. Ce diagnostic en construction permanente est entendu dans la continuité du management de la bibliothèque et non comme une première étape d'une stratégie. Il est mis en oeuvre dans cinq bibliothèques. Les résultats montrent la richesse de l'apport de la modélisation, qui permet de proposer des modèles évolutifs, transposables et permettant l'apprentissage.

Texte remanié de: Habilitationschrift--Philosophische Fakultät--Aachen--Technische Hochschule, 1998. / Bibliogr. p. 477-511.

Projet professionnel personnel de bibliothécaire : dossier d'aide à la décision : Bibliothéconomie : Villeurbanne, ENSSIB : 2006. / Texte intégral.

Thèse de doctorat : Sciences de l'information et de la communication : Université Nancy 2 : 2007. / Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr.

Projet professionnel personnel de bibliothécaire : gestion de projet : Bibliothéconomie : Villeurbanne, ENSSIB : 2007. / Texte intégral. Bibliogr. f. 62-69.

Projet professionnel personnel de bibliothécaire : Gestion de projet : École nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques : 2002.

Rapport de projet (DCB) : Ecole nationale supérieure des sciences de l'information et des bibliothèques : Villeurbanne (France) : 2001. / DCB = Diplôme de Conservateur de Bibliothèque. Notes bibliogr.

By the end of this century, half of the approximately 6000 extant languages will cease to be transmitted from one generation to the next. The field of language documentation seeks to make a record of endangered languages before they reach the point of extinction, while they are still in use. The work of documenting and describing a language is difficult and extremely time-consuming, and resources are extremely limited. Developing efficient methods for making lasting records of languages may increase the amount of documentation achieved within budget restrictions. This thesis approaches the problem from the perspective of computational linguistics, asking whether and how automated language processing can reduce human annotation effort when very little labeled data is available for model training. The task addressed is morpheme labeling for the Mayan language Uspanteko, and we test the effectiveness of two complementary types of machine support: (a) learner-guided selection of examples for annotation (active learning); and (b) annotator access to the predictions of the learned model (semi-automated annotation). Active learning (AL) has been shown to increase efficacy of annotation effort for many different tasks. Most of the reported results, however, are from studies which simulate annotation, often assuming a single, infallible oracle. In our studies, crucially, annotation is not simulated but rather performed by human annotators. We measure and record the time spent on each annotation, which in turn allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of machine support in terms of actual annotation effort. We report three main findings with respect to active learning. First, in order for efficiency gains reported from active learning to be meaningful for realistic annotation scenarios, the type of cost measurement used to gauge those gains must faithfully reflect the actual annotation cost. Second, the relative effectiveness of different selection strategies in AL seems to depend in part on the characteristics of the annotator, so it is important to model the individual oracle or annotator when choosing a selection strategy. And third, the cost of labeling a given instance from a sample is not a static value but rather depends on the context in which it is labeled. We report two main findings with respect to semi-automated annotation. First, machine label suggestions have the potential to increase annotator efficacy, but the degree of their impact varies by annotator, with annotator expertise a likely contributing factor. At the same time, we find that implementation and interface must be handled very carefully if we are to accurately measure gains from semi-automated annotation. Together these findings suggest that simulated annotation studies fail to model crucial human factors inherent to applying machine learning strategies in real annotation settings. / text

Tidigare forskning inom intensivvårdsområdet har visat att ej adekvat utförd munvård kan leda till allvarliga livshotande sjukdomar. Det är av därför av vikt att munvård utförs enligt gällande rekommendationer och följer evidensbaserad forskning. Syftet var att identifiera intensivvårdssjuksköterskans beskrivning av tillvägagångssätt, delaktighet och dokumentation vid utförande av munvård hos patienter inneliggande på IVA. En kvantitativ ansats valdes med målsättning att göra en undersökning med hjälp av enkätfrågor. Inklusionskriterier var specialistutbildade sjuksköterskor inom intensivvård som tjänstgjorde på tre intensivvårdsavdelningar i västra Sverige under aktuell studieperiod. Sammanlagt distribuerades 182 enkäter och 103 svar erhölls vilket gav en svarsfrekvens på 60 %. Resultatet visade att munvård var en prioriterad omvårdnadsåtgärd på avdelningarna och tillvägagångssättet följde till stor del fastställda riktlinjer. Det framkom att i begreppet munvård ingick huvudsakligen inspektion av munhålan, mekanisk rengöring, fuktning av slemhinna och läppar, inspektion av tänder och tandkött samt sugning av munhåla och svalg. De verktyg som huvudsakligen användes var tandborste, muntork eller liknande samt antibakteriellt medel. Ett signifikant samband förekom vad gäller sjuksköterskans delaktighet vid utförande av munvård hos intuberade patienter jämfört med övriga patienter (p=0,02). Detta ansågs vara en mer komplex omvårdnadsåtgärd vilken krävde samarbete med övriga medarbetare. Munvård delegerades ofta till undersköterskor men det är dock sjuksköterskans uppgift att leda och ansvara för omvårdnaden.  Dokumentation vad gäller munvård utfördes i de flesta fall på en observationskurva. Ett mindre antal sjuksköterskor angav att dokumentation även utfördes i datajournal. Ett flertal sjuksköterskor angav att dokumentation dessutom utfördes på interna checklistor. Det framkom att flera sjuksköterskor dokumenterade i datajournal enbart vid avvikelser eller om komplikationer tillstött. / Previous studies in the intensive care areas have shown that inadequate oral care may predispose patients to life-threatening diseases and conditions. The role of oral hygiene in maintaining the health of patients in the ICU is indisputable and therefore the importance of oral care evidence-based clinical recommendations. The purpose of this study was to identify the intensive care nurses description of the conducting, participation and documentation of oral care performed by nurses on patients in ICUs. A quantitative study with a describing design has been used which is based on the statistical analysis of data collected by structured questionnaires. The inclusion criteria were nurses working in three ICUs located in West Sweden during the study period. One hundred eighty-two questionnaires were distributed and replies were received from 103 nurses which gave a response rate of 60%. The result showed that the oral care conducted followed the evidence-based clinical recommendations and was given a high priority. The majority of the nurses performed an oral assessment before beginning oral care which included inspection of the oral cavity and inspection of teeth and gum. Oropharyngeal suction and moisturizing of lips and the mucosal membrane was also included. The most common used equipment was toothbrushes and foam swabs. Chlorhexidine was the most common solution used. A significant correlation was observed regarding nurse participation when conducting oral care for an intubated patient compared to other patients (p=0,02). Intubated patients were considered having more complex oral care needs which were associated with the demand of more than one person providing oral care. In practice, nurses frequently delegate the conducting of oral hygiene to nursing assistants, but the law clearly describes the role of the nurse as responsible and the leader of care practices. Oral care was in most cases documented on the unit’s flow sheet. A fewer number of nurses commented on that oral care was documented in the electronical clinical journal. A considerable   number of nurses also indicated that oral care in addition was documented on the unit’s internal checklists. It appeared that several nurses used the electronical clinical journal in cases only when abnormalities or complications had occurred.