The diploma focuses on an assessment of welfare, technology and technological systems related to an efficiency and health condition of dairy cattle in selected farms in the Czech republic. Farming and veterinary database had been used in the process of compiling the diploma content; and screening methods to assess a welfare level in dairy cows herds. Stables for dairy cows must be in a dispositional, technical and operational compliance with the applied farm technology, in order to keep air circulation, dustiness, temperature and relative air humidity, gas concentration, lighting and noise levels within the safe limits. Any of the farm technological systems must not affect health condition and well-being of animals. Environment, providing animals conditions allowing natural behavior, rest and intake of food and water, creates a foundation for sustaining an appropriate welfare level of cattle as a significant prerequisite for reaching optimal productional a reproductional indicators. Even though there was no significant statistical difference documented (p >0,05) between monitored farms in selected indicators, an analysis of mutual dependency has been conducted between the environment level and some productional and reproductional indicators and health conditions of cattle.

Com o objetivo de investigar o impacto dos eventos ocorridos antes e após o parto sobre a produção de leite no pico, produção de leite na lactação (305 dias) e concepção ao primeiro serviço na lactação atual e na lactação posterior, foram coletados dados zootécnicos e sanitários de 2.084 lactações, provenientes de 665 vacas da raça Holandesa, de um rebanho comercial do estado de São Paulo. Os escores de condição corporal (na secagem e ao parto), a época do parto, o número de dias do período seco, a ocorrência de doenças, as produções de leite (no pico e na lactação) e a concepção ao primeiro serviço foram registradas. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de regressão múltipla e logística. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a época do parto (verão), a duração do período seco, o escore de condição corporal à secagem, o logaritmo natural da primeira contagem de células somáticas após o parto, a ocorrência de retenção de placenta e o deslocamento de abomaso afetaram negativamente a produção de leite no pico da lactação atual, com efeitos distintos em função da ordem de lactação. Os mesmos eventos, incluindo a ocorrência de mastite clínica até os 60 dias pós-parto, afetaram negativamente a produção de leite aos 305 dias da lactação atual. Quanto à concepção ao primeiro serviço da lactação atual, os resultados obtidos revelaram que a ordem de lactação, a época do parto (verão) e o escore de condição corporal ao parto afetaram negativamente a concepção, com efeitos diferentes em função da ordem de lactação. Quanto à lactação posterior, os principais eventos que afetaram a produção de leite no pico foram: a época do parto (verão), o escore de condição corporal à secagem, o logaritmo natural da primeira contagem de células somáticas, a ocorrência de mastite clínica, o número de casos de mastite sub-clínica durante a lactação e a cetose. Enquanto para a produção de leite aos 305 dias da lactação posterior, os principais fatores que afetaram foram: o escore de condição corporal à secagem, a ocorrência de cetose e a mastite clínica. Em relação à concepção ao primeiro serviço da lactação posterior, os principais eventos que afetaram tal variável foram: o escore de condição corporal à secagem, o número de casos de mastite sub-clínica durante a lactação, a ocorrência de pneumonia e o deslocamento de abomaso. Contudo, o coeficiente de determinação (R2) para os eventos responsáveis por alterações na produção de leite no pico (R2=0,08), produção de leite aos 305 dias (R2=0,06) e concepção ao primeiro serviço (R2=0,008) da lactação posterior foi baixo. / The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of events occurred pre and postpartum upon milk production at peak, milk production during lactation (305 days) and conception at first service in the current and subsequent lactation of dairy cows. Data related to production and sanity of 2,084 lactations were collected from 665 Holstein cows of a commercial herd from Sao Paulo state. Body condition scores (at drying off and at calving), calving season, dry period length, occurrence of diseases, milk productions (at peak and during lactation) and conception at first service were registered. Statistical analysis was accomplished using multiple and logistic regression. Results showed that calving season (summer), dry period length, body condition score at drying off, natural logarithm of the first somatic cells count (SCC) after calving, occurrence of retained placenta and displacement of abomasum affected negatively milk production at peak in the current lactation, with different effects in function of lactation order. The same events, including the occurrence of clinical mastitis until 60 days post-calving, affected negatively milk production during the current lactation (305 days). Relating to conception at first service in the current lactation, results showed that lactation order, calving season (summer) and body condition score at calving affected negatively the conception, with different effects due to lactation order. Regarding the subsequent lactation, the main events that affected milk production at peak were: calving season (summer), body condition score at drying off, natural logarithm of the first SCC, occurrence of clinical mastitis, number of cases of sub-clinical mastitis during lactation and ketosis. The main factors that affected milk production of the subsequent lactation (305 days) were: body condition score at drying off, occurrence of ketosis and clinical mastitis. In relation to conception at first service in the subsequent lactation, the events that influenced it were: body condition score at drying off, number of cases of sub-clinical mastitis during lactation, occurrence of pneumonia and displacement of abomasum. However, determination coefficients (R2) of the events responsible for impacts on milk production at peak (R2=0.08), milk production during lactation (305 days) (R2=0.06) and conception at first service (R2=0.008) of the subsequent lactation were low.

Com o objetivo de investigar o impacto dos eventos ocorridos antes e após o parto sobre a produção de leite no pico, produção de leite na lactação (305 dias) e concepção ao primeiro serviço na lactação atual e na lactação posterior, foram coletados dados zootécnicos e sanitários de 2.084 lactações, provenientes de 665 vacas da raça Holandesa, de um rebanho comercial do estado de São Paulo. Os escores de condição corporal (na secagem e ao parto), a época do parto, o número de dias do período seco, a ocorrência de doenças, as produções de leite (no pico e na lactação) e a concepção ao primeiro serviço foram registradas. A análise estatística foi realizada por meio de regressão múltipla e logística. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a época do parto (verão), a duração do período seco, o escore de condição corporal à secagem, o logaritmo natural da primeira contagem de células somáticas após o parto, a ocorrência de retenção de placenta e o deslocamento de abomaso afetaram negativamente a produção de leite no pico da lactação atual, com efeitos distintos em função da ordem de lactação. Os mesmos eventos, incluindo a ocorrência de mastite clínica até os 60 dias pós-parto, afetaram negativamente a produção de leite aos 305 dias da lactação atual. Quanto à concepção ao primeiro serviço da lactação atual, os resultados obtidos revelaram que a ordem de lactação, a época do parto (verão) e o escore de condição corporal ao parto afetaram negativamente a concepção, com efeitos diferentes em função da ordem de lactação. Quanto à lactação posterior, os principais eventos que afetaram a produção de leite no pico foram: a época do parto (verão), o escore de condição corporal à secagem, o logaritmo natural da primeira contagem de células somáticas, a ocorrência de mastite clínica, o número de casos de mastite sub-clínica durante a lactação e a cetose. Enquanto para a produção de leite aos 305 dias da lactação posterior, os principais fatores que afetaram foram: o escore de condição corporal à secagem, a ocorrência de cetose e a mastite clínica. Em relação à concepção ao primeiro serviço da lactação posterior, os principais eventos que afetaram tal variável foram: o escore de condição corporal à secagem, o número de casos de mastite sub-clínica durante a lactação, a ocorrência de pneumonia e o deslocamento de abomaso. Contudo, o coeficiente de determinação (R2) para os eventos responsáveis por alterações na produção de leite no pico (R2=0,08), produção de leite aos 305 dias (R2=0,06) e concepção ao primeiro serviço (R2=0,008) da lactação posterior foi baixo. / The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of events occurred pre and postpartum upon milk production at peak, milk production during lactation (305 days) and conception at first service in the current and subsequent lactation of dairy cows. Data related to production and sanity of 2,084 lactations were collected from 665 Holstein cows of a commercial herd from Sao Paulo state. Body condition scores (at drying off and at calving), calving season, dry period length, occurrence of diseases, milk productions (at peak and during lactation) and conception at first service were registered. Statistical analysis was accomplished using multiple and logistic regression. Results showed that calving season (summer), dry period length, body condition score at drying off, natural logarithm of the first somatic cells count (SCC) after calving, occurrence of retained placenta and displacement of abomasum affected negatively milk production at peak in the current lactation, with different effects in function of lactation order. The same events, including the occurrence of clinical mastitis until 60 days post-calving, affected negatively milk production during the current lactation (305 days). Relating to conception at first service in the current lactation, results showed that lactation order, calving season (summer) and body condition score at calving affected negatively the conception, with different effects due to lactation order. Regarding the subsequent lactation, the main events that affected milk production at peak were: calving season (summer), body condition score at drying off, natural logarithm of the first SCC, occurrence of clinical mastitis, number of cases of sub-clinical mastitis during lactation and ketosis. The main factors that affected milk production of the subsequent lactation (305 days) were: body condition score at drying off, occurrence of ketosis and clinical mastitis. In relation to conception at first service in the subsequent lactation, the events that influenced it were: body condition score at drying off, number of cases of sub-clinical mastitis during lactation, occurrence of pneumonia and displacement of abomasum. However, determination coefficients (R2) of the events responsible for impacts on milk production at peak (R2=0.08), milk production during lactation (305 days) (R2=0.06) and conception at first service (R2=0.008) of the subsequent lactation were low.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a associação entre o polimorfismo da β-lactoglobulina e as características físico-químicas (pH, acidez e crioscopia), de composição (gordura, sólidos totais, uréia, proteína bruta, proteína verdadeira, nitrogênio não-protéico e caseína), e de estabilidade do leite. Para tanto, 11 rebanhos leiteiros foram selecionados, 5 da raça Holandesa e 6 da raça Girolanda, dos quais foram coletadas 4 amostras de leite de 164 vacas da raça Holandesa e 74 da raça Girolanda, sendo duas coletas realizadas na estação das secas e 2 na estação das chuvas. Cada amostra foi submetida à análise de composição e de características físico-químicas. Para a identificação do genótipo para β-lactoglobulina, foram coletadas amostras de sangue de cada vaca, as quais foram submetidas à reação de polimerase em cadeia (PCR), determinando-se as freqüências alélicas e genotípicas dos animais. A estabilidade do leite foi avaliada pelo teste de estabilidade ao etanol, nas seguintes concentrações alcoólicas: 70, 76, 80 e 84ºGL. As freqüências genotípicas foram 0,28, 0,30 e 0,41 para os genótipos AA, AB e BB, respectivamente. A freqüência do alelo B foi maior que do alelo A, 0,52 e 0,47, para a raça Holandesa, e 0,58 e 0,41, para a raça Girolanda, respectivamente. Não houve efeito do polimorfismo da β-lactoglobulina (AA, AB e BB), entre os animais das raças, avaliadas sobre as propriedades físico-químicas e a composição do leite. Observou-se efeito de raça (Holandesa e Girolanda, respectivamente) sobre a acidez titulável (16,16 e 17,07°D) e pH (6,78 e 6,75), e de composição do leite quanto as variáveis gordura (3,31 e 3,20%), NUL (16,62 e 14,45mg/dL) e PB (3,13 e 3,04%). Houve efeito da estação (chuvosa e seca, respectivamente) sobre as características físico-químicas de acidez titulável (16,62 e 16,34°D), pH (6,76 e 6,79) e crioscopia (-0,5411 e -0,5376°H), e de composição do leite quanto as variáveis lactose (4,34 e 4,50%), sólidos totais (11,65 e 11,90%), LogCCS (2,44 e 2,34), PB (3,08 e 3,14%), PV (2,84 e 2,91%), caseína (2,01 e 2,13%) e relação caseína:proteína verdadeira (0,70 e 0,72). Verificou-se também efeito da raça e estação do ano sobre a estabilidade do leite, sendo que o leite foi mais instável para raça Girolanda e durante a estação seca, mas não se observou efeito do polimorfismo da β-lactoglobulina sobre esta característica. / The objective of this study was to evaluate the association between beta-lactogobulin polymorphism and physico-chemical characteristics, composition (fat, total solids, urea, crude protein, true protein, non protein nitrogen and casein), and stability of milk. For this aim, 11 dairy herds were selected, six of them composed of crossbred Holstein-Zebu (H-Z) cows and five from Holstein cows. Milk samples were taken four times (twice in dry season and twice in rainy season), from 278 Holstein and 156 crossbred Holstein-Zebu cows. Individual milk samples were analyzed for milk composition and physico-chemical properties. For β-lactoglobulin polymorphism analysis, 10 mL of blood samples were ollected from each cow and then submitted to polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Following β-lactoglobulin protein variants detection, genotype and allele frequencies for the 11 herds were analyzed. Heat stability of milk was determined by the alcohol-induced precipitation test, using the following ethanol concentrations 70, 76, 80 and 84ºGL. The genotype frequencies were 0.28, 0.30 and 0.41 for AA, AB and BB, respectively. Allele B frequency was higher than A, 0.52 and 0.47, for Holstein cows, 0.58 and 0.41, for Holstein-Zebu, respectively. Genetic variants of β-lactoglobulin (AA, AB and BB) had no effect on physico-chemical (acidity, pH and crioscopy), and compositional characteristics (fat, total solids, urea, crude protein, non-protein nitrogen, true protein and casein percentages), either among milk from Holstein cows, or from crossbred Holstein-Zebu. Breed effect for Holstein and H-Z on titrable acidity (16,16 and 17,07°D, respectively), pH (6,78 and 6,75, respectively), fat (3,31e 3,20%, respectively), milk urea nitrogen (16,62 e 14,45mg/dL, respectively) and crude protein (3,13 e 3,04%, respectively) could be observed. Effect of seasonality between rainy and dry seasons was also observed on physico-chemical variables of titrable acidity (16,62 and 16,34°D, respectively), pH (6,76 and 6,79, respectively) and freezing point (-0,5411and -0,5376°H, respectively), and on composition characteristics of lactose (4,34 and 4,50%, respectively), total solids (11,65 and 11,90%, respectively), LogCCS (2,44 and 2,34, respectively), crude protein (3,08 and 3,14%, respectively), true protein (2,84 and 2,91%, respectively), casein content (2,01 and 2,13%, respectively) and casein:true protein ratio (0,70 and 0,72, respectively). Effect of breed and seasonality on milk ethanol stability test was observed. Holstein-Zebu milk was ethanol-unstable on dry season. No effect of β-lactoglobulin on milk stability was observed.

La graine de lin extrudée (GLE), riche en acide α-linolénique, est un aliment utilisé en élevage bovin laitier pour modifier la composition en acides gras du lait vers un profil nutritionnel favorable à la santé humaine. Cependant, l’effet de la graine de lin sur les animaux est peu documenté. L’objectif était d’évaluer les effets de l’utilisation de la GLE sur les performances animales en élevage bovin laitier, puis d’en estimer les conséquences économiques au niveau de l’exploitation bovine laitière. Une méta-analyse (21 essais expérimentaux) a permis de caractériser la variabilité des performances laitières en conditions expérimentales selon la quantité de GLE et la ration associée. Une étude épidémiologique exposé/non exposé menée dans 1204 élevages sur 194056 vaches a montré une association entre la quantité de GLE et la production laitière (+ 0.4 à +1,3 kg/j) et les taux de matières utiles (-0,03 à -0,20 g/kg de TP et -0,1 à -0,9 g/kg de TB). D’autres associations ont été mises en évidence : amélioration de la fécondité et de la guérison des infections intra-mammaires. Enfin, par simulation, nous avons montré qu’un éleveur produisant un lait de meilleure qualité nutritionnelle via l’utilisation de la GLE dans les conditions d’utilisation de terrain était récompensé par un gain de marge de son atelier laitier via des effets zootechniques positifs malgré le surcoût alimentaire engendré. / Extruded linseed (EL), rich in α-linolenic acid, is a feed used in dairy cattle nutrition in order to modify milk fatty acid profile in a way to potentially improve human health. However, effects of EL on dairy cow performance are little documented. The objective was to assess the effects of EL supplementation on animal performance, then to estimate the economic consequences at a farm level. A meta-analysis (21 experimental trials) allowed us to characterize the variability of animal responses related to the quantity of EL and the basal diet composition. A cohort study performed on 1204 herds and 194056 cows displayed an association between quantity of EL and milk yield (+ 0.4 à +1,3 kg/d), and milk contents (-0,03 to -0,20 g/kg MPC and -0,1 to -0,9 g/kg MFC). Other beneficial associations were highlighted: a decrease in number of days open and a better probability to cure of intramammary infections. Finally, we demonstrated that a farmer willing to modify the fatty acid composition of the milk to improve human health face higher feed costs but can be rewarded by better animal performance that increase profitability of the farm.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2018-10-02T17:59:10Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Janne Paula Neres de Barros.pdf: 1470590 bytes, checksum: 26bc151026960dcebea410aabf092779 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-02T17:59:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2013 - Janne Paula Neres de Barros.pdf: 1470590 bytes, checksum: 26bc151026960dcebea410aabf092779 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-03-04 / CAPES / The use of oxytocin (OT) during milking crossbred cows, replacing the calf became common and many properties in the OT is used in virtually all cows "to facilitate milk letdown and increase production" without any criteria technician. Thus, it was evaluated in Experiment 1: behavior, production and metabolic indicators and stress in cows milked twice daily without the presence of the calf, in properties where OT is applied at the beginning and middle of milking all animals. We assessed eight cows in four treatments and eight replications. The treatments were established based on the form of application of the OT in the property (3 mL or 0.3 IU intravenously at the beginning and middle of each milking) and how to control the physiological solution (PS). The milk yield (L) and the residual milk were evaluated every three days. The animals were subjected to visual observation beginning and end of milking to evaluate performance. Blood samples were collected at the beginning and end of each treatment to determine the levels of cortisol, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, albumin and urea, and serum activity of AST. As the volume of milk collected using two doses of OT (beginning and middle of milking) was equivalent to OT at the middle of milking. The application of SF in the two periods resulted in lower volume of milk collected. It can be shown that milk production is influenced by exogenous OT with the possibility of addiction. The residual milk was lower in the treatment OT / OT with a significant difference (p ? 0.01) compared to SF / SF and OT / SF. Reactivity was observed in the treatment OT / OT and more frequent at the time of application of OT and / or SF, which suggests discomfort and stress associated with this process. Cortisol was elevated in all treatments and no significant difference (p ? 0.05), being higher in the treatment with OT / SF and OT / OT. In Experiment 2 we sought to assess weight gain, behavior through the levels of cortisol and metabolic indicators of 12 heifers (? to ? Red Angus x Zebu) in two daily treatments: 20 IU / day, intramuscular (n = 6 ) dosage used for the residual milk, and 2 ml of 0.85% SF intramuscular. The weight gain was low in both groups with no significant difference with or without use of OT. Serum cortisol in both treatments and at all times has been high, however, there was a significant difference between groups at week 4 indicating the modulating effect of OT in the neuroendocrine response to stress Of the biochemical parameters in both experiments, aside from heifers treated with OT that where significant difference from week 3 compared with other levels of cholesterol, other parameters showed no significant difference between treatments. Further studies should be conducted to gain a better understanding of how the OT works on the metabolism of ruminants. / O uso de ocitocina (OT) durante a ordenha de vacas mesti?as, em substitui??o ao bezerro tornou-se comum e em muitas propriedades a OT ? utilizada praticamente em todas as vacas ?para facilitar a descida do leite e aumentar a produ??o? sem nenhum crit?rio t?cnico. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar no Experimento 1: o comportamento, a produ??o e os indicadores metab?licos e de estresse em vacas com duas ordenhas di?rias, sem a presen?a do bezerro, em propriedades nas quais a OT ? aplicada no in?cio e no meio da ordenha de todos os animais. Foram avaliadas oito vacas em quatro tratamentos e oito repeti??es. Os tratamentos foram institu?dos com base na forma de aplica??o da OT na propriedade (0,3 mL ou 3 UI, intravenosa no in?cio e no meio de cada ordenha) e como controle a solu??o fisiologia (SF). A produ??o de leite (litros) e o leite residual foram avaliados em intervalos de tr?s dias. Os animais foram submetidos ? observa??o visual in?cio e fim da ordenha para a avalia??o do comportamento. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas no in?cio e final de cada tratamento para determina??o dos n?veis de cortisol, glicose, colesterol, triglic?rides, albumina e ureia, al?m da atividade s?rica da AST. Quanto ao volume de leite coletado a utiliza??o de duas doses de OT (in?cio e meio da ordenha) foi equivalente ? OT somente no meio da ordenha. A aplica??o de SF nos dois momentos resultou em menor volume de leite coletado. Isso pode demonstrar que a produ??o de leite ? influenciada pela OT ex?gena com possibilidade de depend?ncia. O leite residual foi menor no tratamento OT/OT com diferen?a significativa (p?0,01) em rela??o ao SF/SF e OT/SF. Reatividade foi mais observada no tratamento OT/OT e mais frequente no momento da aplica??o da OT e/ou SF, o que sugere desconforto e estresse associado a este processo. O cortisol foi elevado em todos os tratamentos e sem diferen?a significativa (p?0,05), sendo mais elevados nos tratamento com OT/SF e OT/OT. No Experimento 2 buscou-se avaliar o ganho de peso, o comportamento atrav?s dos n?veis de cortisol e os indicadores metab?licos de 12 novilhas (? a ? Zebu x Red Angus) em dois tratamentos di?rios: 20 UI/dia, intramuscular (n=6), dosagem utilizada para obter o leite residual, e 2 mL de SF 0,85%, intramuscular. O ganho de peso foi baixo em ambos os grupos sem diferen?a significativa com o uso ou n?o de OT. O cortisol s?rico em ambos os tratamentos e em todos os momentos foi elevado, no entanto, observou-se uma diferen?a significativa entre os grupos na semana 4 indicando o efeito modulador da OT na resposta neuroend?crina ao estresse Dos par?metros bioqu?micos avaliados em ambos os experimentos, com exce??o das novilhas tratadas com OT que onde houve diferen?a significativa da semana 3 em rela??o as demais nos n?veis de colesterol, os demais par?metros n?o apresentaram diferen?a significativa entre tratamentos. Novos estudos devem ser conduzidos para obter uma melhor compreens?o de como a OT atua no metabolismo de ruminantes

<p>Cilj istraživanja bio je da se ustanovi povezanost energetskog statusa krava u postpartalnom periodu, iskazanog<br />kroz vrijednost odnosa mliječna mast: proteini, i parametara reproduktivne efikasnosti. Istraživanje je sprovedeno<br />na ukupno 350 oteljenih krava hol&scaron;tajn rase (121 prvotelka, 115 drugotelki i 114 krava koje su se telile tri i vi&scaron;e<br />puta), smje&scaron;tenih na farmi mliječnih krava industrijskog tipa, u slobodnom sistemu držanja i hranjenih uobičajenim<br />obrocima za datu rasu goveda, proizvodnu kategoriju, stadijum laktacije i period godine. Sve ispitane krave, bez<br />obzira na paritet, podijeljene su u odnosu na stadijum laktacije (15-45 dana, 46-75 dana, 76-105 dana i 106-135<br />dana), a u okviru svakog njih formirane su podgrupe u odnosu na vrijednost odnosa mliječna mast : proteini (OMP<br />&lt; 1,0 , OMP 1,0-1,3 i OMP &gt; 1,3). Podjela krava unutar svakog pariteta (prvotelke, drugotelke, krave sa tri i vi&scaron;e<br />teljenja), izvr&scaron;ena je na osnovu trajanja servis perioda (SP do 60 dana, SP 61-90 dana, SP 91-135 dana). Praćeni su<br />sljedeći reproduktivni parametri: period do prvog vje&scaron;tačkog osjemenjavanja (dani), trajanje servis perioda (dani),<br />trajanje perioda od prvog vje&scaron;tačkog osjemenjavanja do uspostavljanja steonosti (dani), indeks osjemenjavanja,<br />trajanje graviditeta (dani) i trajanje međutelidbenog intervala (dani). Uzorci mlijeka uzimani su u okviru<br />uzorkovanja za potrebe selekcijske službe. U uzorcima mlijeka su određene koncentracije mliječne masti i proteina,<br />te je izračunat njihov međusobni odnos (OMP). Podaci su statistički obrađeni metodama deskriptivne statistike, a<br />značajnost razlika između grupa testirana je t-testom. Pored numeričkih vrijednosti za ispitane parametre, za sve<br />ispitane grupe krava u radu je dat i grafički prikaz odnosa mliječne masti i proteina. U prilogu je dat pregled<br />vrijednosti parametara deskriptivne statistike za ispitane parametre za sve ispitane grupe krava. U svakoj od<br />ispitanih grupa krava, bez obzira na način podjele, ustanovljen je veliki procenat krava sa vrijednostima OMP izvan<br />fiziolo&scaron;kih okvira, bilo da se radi o povi&scaron;enim ili sniženim vrijednostima. Zbirni podaci za svaku od ispitanih grupa<br />krava, prikazani na grafikonima, ukazuju na generalno nepovoljan metabolički status krava na ispitanoj farmi i<br />visok procenat subkliničkih poremećaja zdravlja, prije svega subkliničke forme ketoze, udružene sa različitim<br />stepenom zama&scaron;ćenja jetre, &scaron;to se odražava i na vrijednosti reproduktivnih parametara. Podaci o trajanju perioda do<br />prvog vje&scaron;tačkog osjemenjavanja u svim ispitanim grupama krava, bez obzira na način grupisanja, ukazuju na visok<br />stepen varijacija, kao rezultat različite sposobnosti krava prilagode nepovoljnom bilansu energije,. Energetski status<br />grla je, preko različitih mehanizama opisanih u radu, uticao i na trajanje perioda od prvog do uspje&scaron;nog vje&scaron;tačkog<br />osjemenjavanja i servis perioda, kao i na vrijednost indeksa osjemenjavanja u svim ispitanim grupama krava, pri<br />čemu su grla sa povoljnijim energetskim statusom generalno imala povoljnije vrijednosti ovih parametara. Pored<br />energetskog statusa, podaci prikazani u radu govore i o neadekvatnoj organizaciji otkrivanja estrusa, kao<br />značajnom ograničavajućem faktoru za postizanje optimalnih reproduktivnih rezultata na ispitanoj farmi. Prosječno<br />trajanje graviditeta u svim ispitanim grupama krava kretalo se u okvirima za datu vrstu i rasu, te je stoga trajanje<br />međutelidbenog intervala bilo primarno uslovljeno trajanjem servis perioda.<br />Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju da postoji pozitivna veza između energetskog statusa krava, iskazanog kroz<br />vrijednosti odnosa mliječna mast : proteini, i reproduktivnih parametara, pri čemu prilikom tumačenja dobijenih<br />rezultata treba imati u vidu i niz dodatnih faktora, kao &scaron;to su rasa, visina dnevne proizvodnje mlijeka, sastav i<br />konzumacija obroka, ambijentalni uslovi i slično. Odabir grla na kojima je istraživanje sprovedeno uslovio je da se reproduktivni rezultati svih ispitanih grupa krava kreću u okvirima koji se u literaturi navode kao zadovoljavajući,<br />iako su njihove vrijednosti na nivou cijele farme značajno nepovoljnije. Rezultati ovog istraživanja ukazuju na<br />značajan potencijal primijenjene metode za rano otkrivanje grla sa predispozicijom za nastanak poremećaja<br />zdravlja i reprodukcije, te pravovremeno preduzimanje dijagnostičkih i terapijskih procedura sa ciljem da se<br />posljedice negativnog bilansa energije tokom perioda rane laktacije ublaže, i time omogući postizanje adekvatnih<br />reproduktivnih rezultata.</p>

Per studiare le ripercussioni metaboliche e produttive di alterazioni della funzionalità del digerente sono state condotte tre sperimentazioni. Nella prima sono state controllate le condizioni di acidosi ruminale in bovine di allevamenti commerciali: in essi non si sono riscontrati valori di ph capaci di indurre seri effetti negativi a livello digestivo-metabolico, ma certamente a rischio. In tali condizioni, i più bassi valori di ph ruminali sarebbero soprattutto indice di una maggiore ingestione di alimenti, favorita anche da migliori condizioni generali di salute delle bovine. Nella seconda sperimentazione, l'applicazione di stress acuti a bovine in lattazione ha prodotto un rallentamento nel transito ruminale, soprattutto in animali in lattazione avanzata, confermando la possibilità che lo stress acuto rappresenti un fattore di rischio per anomalie digestivo/fermentative. Nella terza prova, relativa alla funzionalità del grosso intestino di conigli esposti a diete con diversi livelli di amido, performance produttive leggermente più favorevoli si sono registrate con la dieta più alta in fibra digeribile. A fronte di analoghe caratteristiche del digerente tra le tesi, alcuni parametri ematici ,soprattutto con riferimento allo status ossidativo, hanno permesso di porre in evidenza un quadro metabolico più favorevole associato all'uso di diete meno amidacee. Quindi, alterazioni dei processi fermentativi, possono avere conseguenze sul livello produttivo e sullo stato di salute dell'animale. Per una migliore interpretazione dei dati della funzionalità del digerente appare utile il supporto di taluni parametri ematici. / Three experiments were carried out to study the metabolic and productive effects of some changes of the digestive functionality. In the first experiment, the degree of ruminal acidosis was controlled on dairy cows from commercial farms: the low observed ph values were indices of risks but not so low to have serious adverse effects at digestive-metabolic level. However in these circumstances, the lower ph would be especially indices of a greater feed intake, in turn favoured by a better general animal health. In the second experiment, the application of acute stress to lactating cows showed digesta rumen passage rate of digesta, especially in late lactation, confirming the possibility that the acute stress could be a risk factor for digestive abnormalities. In the third one, on the large intestine functionality of rabbits exposed to diets with different levels of starch, some slightly better performances were obtained with the diet richer in digestible fibre. Though main digestive traits were unaffected by treatments, some blood parameters, particularly those linked to the oxidative status, revealed a more favourable metabolic situation associated with the use of less starchy diets. Hence, alteration of the fermentative processes may impair animal production and/or the animal health conditions. For a better interpretation of the parameters of the digestive system functionality the support of some specific blood parameters appears useful.

Die hypocalcämische Gebärparese, insbesondere die subklinische Hypocalcämie, die oft nicht erkannt wird und Ursache vieler sekundär auftretender Folgeerkrankungen ist, stellt in der intensiven Milchviehhaltung ein bedeutendes Problem dar. Inzwischen gibt es eine Reihe verschiedener Vorbeugungsstrategien, wobei der Einsatz von Zeolith A als Ca-Binder in der Ration gegen Ende der Trächtigkeit eine relativ neue Präventionsmöglichkeit darstellt. Da zu diesem Futterzusatzstoff noch wenige Untersuchungen, insbesondere auf Nebeneffekte vorliegen, war das Ziel dieser Studien, den Einfluss von Zeolith A in verschiedenen Dosierungen auf die Futteraufnahme, den Energiestoffwechsel, die Futterverdaulichkeit und den Ca-, Mg- und P-Stoffwechsel sowie in hohen Dosierungen auch auf den Spurenelement-stoffwechsel zu untersuchen. Des Weiteren sollte untersucht werden, wie sich Zeolith A im Verdauungstrakt hinsichtlich der Freisetzung von Al verhält. In einer ersten Studie an 46 Kühen (≥ 3. Laktation), die in zwei Gruppen unterteilt wurden, wurde Zeolith A in einer Dosierung von 90 g/kg Trockensubstanz (T) in den letzten 2 Wochen der Trächtigkeit bis zum Kalbetag in eine totale Mischration (TMR), welche zur freien Aufnahme vorgelegt wurde, eingemischt. Die Zeolith A-Zulage ante partum zeigte peripartal eine stabilisierende Wirkung auf die Ca-Konzentration im Serum (> 2 mmol/l). Der Rückgang der Häufigkeit der Hypocalcämie (< 2 mmol/l) am Tag der Kalbung lag bei 76 %. Die mittlere Mg-Konzentration im Serum war bei den Kontrolltieren am Tag der Kalbung und 1 Tag post partum signifikant höher im Vergleich zu den Tieren der Versuchsgruppe, lag aber in beiden Gruppen im physiologischen Bereich (0,75-1,30 mmol/l). Auf die Spurenelement-konzentrationen (Cu, Zn, Mn und Fe) im Plasma wurde kein Zeolith A-Effekt festgestellt. Allerdings zeigten die Zeolith A-supplementierten Kühe ante partum einen signifikanten Rückgang in der Futteraufnahme, welche in einer negativen Energiebilanz mit einem signifi-kanten Anstieg der freien Fettsäuren und des Beta-Hydroxybutyrats im Serum resultierte. Dieser Effekt hatte allerdings keine Auswirkung auf die Futteraufnahme post partum und auf die Milchleistung in den ersten 105 Tagen der Folgelaktation. Des weiteren war die mittlere Konzentration des anorganischen Phosphats (Pi) bereits 7 Tage nach Beginn der Zeolith A-Zulage signifikant niedriger im Vergleich zu den Tieren der Kontrollgruppe und lag bis zum Tag der Kalbung deutlich unter der unteren physiologischen Grenze von 1,25 mmol/l. Die zweite Studie war ein Dosis-Wirkungsversuch an 80 Milchkühen (1.-7. Laktation) mit verschiedenen Zeolith A-Dosierungen (0, 12, 23 bzw. 43 g Zeolith A/kg T TMR). Dazu wurden die Tiere ca. 4 Wochen ante partum in 4 Gruppen und für die Untersuchung des Mineralstoffwechsel noch in zwei Untergruppen (1. + 2. Laktation bzw. ≥ 3. Laktation) unterteilt. Die Tiere erhielten eine TMR ad libitum vorgelegt. In den letzten zwei Wochen erhielten die Tiere Zeolith A in die Ration eingemischt. Eine Einmischung von 43 g Zeolith A/kg T TMR zeigte auf den Ca-, Mg- und Pi-Stoffwechsel sowie auf die Futteraufnahme und den Energiestoffwechsel vergleichbare Effekte wie in der ersten Studie bei einer Zulage von 90 g/kg T TMR. Eine Zeolith A-Zulage von 23 g/kg T TMR bei einem Zeolith A/Ca-Verhältnis von 5,6:1 hatte ebenfalls noch einen stabilisierenden Effekt auf den peripartalen Ca-Stoffwechsel (> 2 mmol/l) bei Kühen ≥ 3. Laktation, jedoch ohne markanten Rückgang in der Futteraufnahme. In dieser Tiergruppe war ein Rückgang der Häufigkeit der Hypocalcämie um 71 % zu verzeichnen. Diese Tiere zeigten auch nur eine moderate Hypophosphatämie. Eine Zeolith A-Zulage von 12 g/kg T TMR zeigte dagegen keine Effekte. In einem Stoffwechselversuch an 8 doppelt fistulierten Milchkühen (Pansen und proximales Duodenum) wurde schließlich der Einfluss von Zeolith A auf verdauungsphysiologische Para-meter und den Mineralstoffwechsel, insbesondere des Phosphors im Verdauungstrakt, sowie auf die Freisetzung von Al aus dem Zeolithverband untersucht. Die Tiere erhielten Mais- und Grassilage und Kraftfutter. Es wurde 0, 10 bzw. 20 g Zeolith A/kg T über einen Zeitraum von 3 Wochen mit dem Kraftfutter verabreicht. Eine Zeolith A-Zulage führte zu einer signifikant reduzierten scheinbaren ruminalen Verdaulichkeit der T sowie der ruminal fermentierten organischen Substanz. Allerdings waren in der fäkalen Ausscheidung der Nährstoffe keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen den Fütterungsgruppen festzustellen. Es zeigte sich kein Effekt auf die Ca- und Mg-Verdauung. Dagegen korrelierte die Konzentration des löslichen P im Pansen signifikant negativ mit der mittleren Zeolith A-Aufnahme. Des Weiteren hatten die Kühe mit einer Zeolith A-Zulage von 20 g/kg T eine signifikant höhere fäkale Ausscheidung des Gesamtphosphors im Vergleich zu den Tieren der Kontrollgruppe. Die herabgesetzte Bio-verfügbarkeit von P resultierte in einer signifikant erniedrigten Pi-Konzentration im Serum. Gleichzeitig war eine signifikant erhöhte Konzentration des gelösten Al im Pansen und ein signifikant höherer Fluss des gelösten Al im Duodenum festgestellt worden was auf eine Instabilität des Zeolithverbands beruht. Da eine Zeolith A-Dosierung von 12 g/kg T keinen Effekt auf den Ca-Stoffwechsel und eine Dosierung 43 g/kg T unerwünschte Effekte zeigte kann anhand dieser Untersuchungen geschlussfolgert werden, dass eine Einmischung in einem Bereich von 20 bis 30 g Zeolith A/kg T TMR, was bei einer mittleren täglichen T-Aufnahme von 10 kg ca. 200 bis 300 g Zeolith A/Tier/Tag entspricht, bei einem Zeolith A/Ca-Verhältnis von 6 bis 10:1 in der Ration in den letzten 2 Wochen der Trächtigkeit zur Vorbeugung der peripartalen Hypocalcämie zu empfehlen ist, ohne dass negative Effekte auf die Tiergesundheit zu erwarten sind. / Parturient paresis is known to be a frequent problem in high-yielding dairy cows. Subclinical hypocalcemia around calving is especially of particular importance, because it often remains undetected and may cause secondary diseases. In practice different preventive methods have been established, whereas feeding of zeolite A (synthetic sodium-aluminium-silikate) as a calcium binder in the last two weeks of pregnancy is a new strategy to prevent parturient hypocalcemia. However, there exists only little information about side effects of zeolite addition. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of zeolite A, in several doses, on feed intake, energy metabolism, nutrient digestibility, as well as on calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg) and phosphorus (P) metabolism, and in high doses on trace element metabolism. Further, it was to investigate the mechanism of zeolite A in the gastrointestinal tract, focused on releasing aluminium (Al). In a first study with 46 cows (≥ 3rd lactation) zeolite A was tested in a dose of 90 g/kg dry matter (DM) in the last two weeks of pregnancy. Therefore the cows were divided in two groups (control and zeolite supplemented group). All cows were fed a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum. The supplementation of zeolite A had a stabilising effect on Ca concentration in serum (> 2 mmol/l) around calving. The reduction of the hypocalcemia incidence (< 2 mmol/l) was 76 % on the day of calving. The Mg-concentration in serum was significantly higher for the cows without zeolite A supplementation compared to the cows of the experimental group on the day of calving and on the day after calving. However, the mean serum Mg concentration stayed in the physiological range (0.75-1.30 mmol/l) for both groups. No significant effect of the zeolite A supplementation was observed on the mean plasma concentration of trace elements (copper, zinc, manganese, iron). However, the zeolite A supplementation led to a significantly reduced feed intake ante partum, which resulted in a negative energy balance. Furthermore, non esterified fatty acid and beta-hydroxybutyrate in serum were increased significantly. However, no significant differences were observed in feed intake post partum as well as in milk yield in the first 105 days in the subsequent lactation between the two groups. Furthermore, zeolite A supplementation decreased significantly the concentration of inorganic phosphate (Pi) in serum. Seven days after beginning zeolite A supplementation, on the day of calving, the mean Pi-concentration was considerably below the physiological limit of 1.25 mmol/l. In the second study, zeolite A was tested in several lower doses. Therefore 80 dairy cows (1st – 7th lactation) were divided into four groups in the last 4 weeks of pregnancy. Additionally, the cows of each group were divided in two subgroups (1st + 2nd lactation and ≥ 3rd lactation) to determine the influence of zeolite A on mineral metabolism. All animals were fed a TMR ad libitum. In the last two weeks the cows received a daily dose of 0, 12, 23 and 43 g zeolite A/kg DM. Zeolite A supplementation of 43 g/kg DM showed comparable effects on Ca, Mg, and Pi metabolism, as well as on feed intake and energy metabolism as in the first study. For older cows (> 3rd lactation), supplementation of 23 g zeolite A/kg DM, and a zeolite A-Ca ratio of 5.6:1 resulted also in a stabilising effect on Ca metabolism (> 2 mmol/l) around calving without significant reduction of feed intake. The incidence of hypocalcemia was reduced by 71 %. The cows showed only a moderate hypophosphatemia. A zeolite A supplementation of 12 g did not have any preventive effects. In a metabolic-study with eight double fistulated dairy cows (rumen and proximal duodenum), the influence of zeolite A supplementation on several physiological parameters of digestion and on mineral metabolism, especially P in the rumino-intestinal-tract, was determined. Further releasing of Al from the zeolite structure was investigated. The cows were fed a maize/grass-silage (60:40 % based on DM) and concentrate. Several doses of zeolite A (0, 10 and 20 g/kg DM) were added to the concentrate over a period of three weeks. Zeolite A supplementation resulted in a significantly reduced ruminal digestibility of dry matter (DM) and fermentation of organic matter. No effect was observed on faecal digestion of DM and OM. Digestion of Ca and Mg in the rumino-intestinal tract was not influenced by zeolite A supplementation. However, the concentration of soluble P in rumen fluid correlated negatively with the mean zeolite A intake. The faecal excretion of total P increased significantly for cows with a zeolite A dose of 20 g/kg DM compared to the control group. The reduced bioavailability of P resulted in a significantly decreased concentration of Pi in serum. The zeolite A supplemented cows further showed a significantly higher concentration of soluble Al in rumen fluid as well as a significantly higher flow of soluble Al at the duodenum, which is a consequence of an instability of the zeolite structure. According to these results it can be concluded that a daily amount of 20 to 30 g zeolite A/kg DM, which complies a daily amount of 200 to 300 g zeolite A/cow at a daily DM intake of 10 kg, with a zeolite-Ca ratio of 6–10 to 1, for two weeks ante partum seems to be an adequate dose for reducing subclinical hypocalcemia in older cows without negative side effects on animal health. At an expected daily mean DM intake of 10 kg it is a daily amount of 200 to 300 g zeolite A/cow. A zeolite dose of 12 g/kg DM did not have any effect on Ca metabolism, and a dose of 43g/kg DM showed negative side effects.

Feeding behaviour is controlled by the integration of both perceived cues from the plant and postingestive signals received by the animal. In general practice, dairy cattle are presented with a variety of feedstuffs throughout each day, in addition to changing feedstuffs over time. In the Australian context, the feeds generally include fodder (usually hay) and pasture whilst grazing, as well as various concentrates. For horses that are stabled for prolonged periods, their diet consists of fodder (again usually hay or chaff) and concentrates, in addition to the pasture consumed whilst allowed access to graze. In such situations, where animals are presented with a range of feedstuffs, some of them novel and for discrete periods of time, it is important that they readily accept the feeds when they are first presented to them. For both lactating dairy cows and performance horses, for example, it is important to avoid periods of low intake, as this can have immediate and sometimes longer-term consequences to animal performance. The daily rate of food intake is the single most important factor affecting animal performance and productivity (Illius et al. 2000) and an animal‟s responses to a feedstuff can be considered the ultimate measure of its quality. The animal‟s first response to the presentation of a new feed, which in this particular study was oaten or lucerne hay, is its level of voluntary intake, which depends in part on palatability. Palatability is an integrative term (Provenza 1995); to provide a quantitative measure of the acceptability of a feedstuff, a „preference value’ can be obtained by describing the preference of one hay relative to an alternate hay also on offer. The Australian fodder industry is increasingly adopting more objective measures of hay quality to improve marketing opportunities, especially in the export industry, and to meet the demands and expectations of local and overseas purchasers of hay. Being able to efficiently and reliably predict the preference value of any particular hay would be beneficial to processors, exporters, users (purchasers) of hay, and possibly plant breeders, to make more informed decisions. This thesis describes a comprehensive analysis of the chemical and physical characteristics of a selected number of oaten and lucerne hays and their relationship to the acceptability or „preference value‟ of the hays for lactating Holstein Friesian cows and Thoroughbred horses. The project aimed to (i) quantify preference values for a large number of oaten hays with dairy cows and horses and a similarly large number of lucerne hays with horses only, and (ii) develop predictive equations for animal preferences based on the chemical and physical properties of the hays and the animal‟s short-term rate of consuming the hays. A total of approximately 8,500 preference tests were conducted with 85 oaten hays offered to lactating Holstein Friesian cows and Thoroughbred horses, and 70 lucerne hays offered to Thoroughbred horses. The hays were selected to cover a range of nutritive values. The intake rate and preferences for all the hays were quantified in a series of tests replicated over time and with different animals. Each „trial‟ hay was offered with four „standard‟ hays (in separate tests). A suite of chemical (nutritive value) traits and physical traits were quantified for the hays. An assessment of the „odour profile‟ was also included in the characterisation of the hays. The nutritive, physical and volatile traits were then related to hay preference values in multiple and simple linear regression models and equations generated to predict hay preference values. A prediction of hay preference made directly from the spectra obtained by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) was also developed. Overall, the average preference value of an oaten hay (i.e., that obtained using the comparisons with all four standard hays) could be predicted from a range of nutritive value traits, typically the contents of acid detergent fibre (ADF), hemicellulose, crude protein (CP) and water soluble carbohydrates (WSC) - with a correlation co-efficient of about 79% with cows and 61% for horses. Acid detergent fibre and CP contents tended to have the biggest influence on preference value for both cows and horses, followed by WSC and hemicellulose content. Examination of lucerne hays offered to horses increased the correlation co-efficient to 74%, with ADF, hemicellulose and CP each having a similar magnitude of effect. This means that these traits, with an appropriate weighting for each, could account for up to about three-quarters of the variation in hay preference values for cows and horses. The in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVD) of oaten and lucerne hay was nearly as accurate in predicting preference values as using the four nutritive value traits of ADF, hemicellulose, CP and WSC, which was anticipated as digestibility is a function of these chemical traits. Hay physical traits could also be used to predict preference values, although not as accurately as the nutritive value traits or IVD. Of the physical traits, shear energy had the largest effect (co-efficient approximately -1.15 compared to an average of -0.35 for the other traits in the equation). The use of NIRS to directly predict preference values was also encouraging, with the best calibration model yielding a correlation co-efficient of 61 to 81%, depending on the hay (oaten or lucerne) and the animal (cows or horses). Of the total 120 volatile compounds isolated from the oaten hays, six had some relationship with cow preferences and there were also six oaten hay volatiles related to horse preferences. Of the oaten hay volatiles significantly related to preference, four were positively related to cow preference whilst two were negatively related to cow preference. Similarly there were four volatiles positively related to horse preference and two consistently negatively related. Of the six oaten hay volatiles found to influence the preferences of dairy cows and horses, four were common to both species. Of the total of 147 volatile compounds isolated from the lucerne hays, 15 had some relationship with horse preference, with nine positively related to horse preference and six negatively related. The data reported here suggest that a predicted preference value for a hay can be generated using commonly measured quality traits, which would improve a buyer‟s confidence of animals responding favourably when first offered the hay. More specifically, for an average preference value, the most reliable prediction equation was based on nutritive value traits: ADF, hemicellulose, crude protein and water soluble carbohydrates solely. Alternatively a combination of nutritive and physical traits can be used to predict preference: in vitro digestibility, crude protein, water soluble carbohydrates and shear energy. The visible and near infrared spectra obtained by NIRS was also a promising method of prediction, and given the speed and affordability of NIRS, this technology could be further refined and used for routine measurement of predicted hay preference values. The volatile compounds shown to influence preference value of the hay should be identified and further research undertaken to investigate novel approaches to manipulate the preference of hays. Caution should be taken when attempting to use these prediction equations on a single specific hay in a single specific situation. The predictions and relationships investigated in this thesis are based on populations of hays and preferences of a group of animals and therefore some care should be taken when applying them to a particular situation with difference circumstances. Other factors that can influence feed preferences include an animal‟s feeding experiences, basal diet and diet history and various environmental factors unaccounted for here. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1349258 / Thesis (Ph.D.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2008