Affecting approximately 5-6% of the primary school population, developmental coordination disorder (DCD) is a condition characterized by poor motor proficiency that interferes with a child’s activities of daily living. The cause of DCD is not yet understood; however, it is known that children with DCD are more likely to have other co-occurring developmental disorders such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). While there is a growing body of evidence linking ADHD to smoke exposure in utero, there is limited research investigating a similar link between smoke exposure in utero and DCD. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of SHS exposure in utero in children with DCD and a group of typically developing (TD) children. Methods – A case-control study was conducted to compare children with DCD to TD children on their exposure to SHS in utero and other demographic variables. At baseline, participants included 63 DCD children and 63 healthy controls. All children were assessed for motor proficiency, intelligence, and ADHD. Mother’s SHS exposure during pregnancy and other demographic variables were obtained from a parent completed survey. Results – Multinomial logistic regression analyses revealed that children exposed to SHS in utero were significantly more likely to be at high risk for DCD than children who were not exposed to SHS in utero, even after adjusting for associated demographic variables. Furthermore, children exposed to SHS in utero were significantly more likely to be at moderate-high risk for DCD, whether or not ADHD was co-occurring. Conclusion – Results from this study suggest that exposure to SHS during pregnancy has negative effects on fetal development and appears to be a contributor for DCD. Further study is needed to examine the specific mechanisms linking SHS exposure in utero to motor coordination problems in children. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

The greenhouse gases (GHG) emission in annual crops depends on soil conditions, climate and management of each site. Even the importance of no-till system in the grain production in the southern region of the country, the agricultural practices effect in the emission of the main greenhouse gases (CO2, N¬O and CH4) it is still little known, especially in Latossolos. Even more scarce are the works involving the use of pig slurry (PS) as fertilizer, the injection of PS or the use of nitrification inhibitors on GHG emissions under these conditions. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the GHG emissions in a Latossolo that is representative of Planalto of Rio Grande do Sul, in response to PS application method (injection x surface application) with or without the use of nitrification inhibitor Dicyandiamide (DCD). A field experiment was conducted in a Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico típico, near UFSM Campus in Frederico Westphalen, RS, from June 2014 to April 2015 with the wheat/corn no-till cropping system. The experimental was a randomized block design with four replicates with the following treatments: control (TEST), Mineral fertilizer (NPK), liquid pig slurry (PS) applied to surface (SUP), PS applied on surface with nitrification inhibitor DCD (SUP + IN), DLS injected into the soil (INJ) and PS injected with DCD (INJ + IN). GHG emissions were evaluated by static cameras, with GHG concentrations determined by gas chromatography . Most of the emissions of CO2 and N2O occurred in the summer during maize crop. The PS application increased N2O emission five times compared with TEST, regardless of PS application method. When DCD is used with manure N2O emissions were reduced by 50% with PS surface application and 32% when it was injected into the soil. The N2O emission factor ranged from 0,08 to 0.66% and it is lower than the average of 1 % of N applied established by IPCC. The CO2 emission was not affected by manure application during wheat crop season while increase until 69% in maize crop season. The higher emission was in SUP treatment and we realize that occurred additive effect of reapplication treatments. The soil is a CH4 sink independent treatment, with an average uptake of 277 g C-CH4 ha-1 in wheat crop and 266 g C-CH4 ha-1 in maize crop. The results of this study indicate that PS injection in Latossolo at a wheat/corn no-till cropping system does not increases the emission of CO2, N2O and CH4 in relation to surface application. Also, the addition of nitrification inhibitor DCD to PS helps to mitigate N2O emissions, regardless of the PS application method. / A emissão de gases de efeito estufa (GEE) em cultivos anuais depende das condições do solo, clima e do manejo de cada local. Apesar da importância na produção de grãos e do sistema de plantio direto (SPD) na região Sul do País, o efeito de práticas agrícolas sobre a emissão dos principais gases de efeito estufa (CO2, N2O e CH4) ainda é pouco conhecido, sobretudo em Latossolos. Ainda mais escassos são os trabalhos envolvendo o uso de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) como fertilizante, a injeção dos DLS ou o uso de inibidores de nitrificação sobre a emissão de GEE nessas condições. Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de avaliar a emissão de GEE em um Latossolo representativo do Planaltodo Rio Grande do Sul, em resposta ao modo de aplicação dos DLS (injeção x aplicação superficial) associado ou não ao uso do inibidor de nitrificação dicianodiamida (DCD). Um experimento de campo foi conduzido em um Latossolo Vermelho aluminoférrico típico, junto ao campus da UFSM em Frederico Westphalen, RS, de junho de 2014 a abril de 2015 com a sucessão trigo/milho em SPD. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições dos seguintes tratamentos: Testemunha (TEST), Adubação Mineral (NPK),Dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) aplicados em superfície (SUP), DLS aplicados em superfície, com inibidor de nitrificação DCD (SUP+IN),DLS injetados no solo (INJ) e DLS injetados, com DCD (INJ+IN). As emissões de GEE foram avaliadas através de câmaras estáticas, com as concentrações de GEE determinadas por cromatografia gasosa. A maior parte das emissões de CO2 e N2O ocorreu no verão, durante o cultivo de milho. A aplicação dos DLS aumentou a emissão de N2O em relação tratamento TEST em cinco vezes, independente do modo de aplicação. Com o uso da DCD as emissões de N2O foram reduzidas em 50% com a aplicação superficial dos DLS e em 32% com a sua injeção no solo. O fator de emissão de N2O variou de 0,08 a 0,66%, sendo inferior ao estabelecido pelo IPCC, de 1% do N aplicado. A emissão de CO2 não foi afetada pela adição de dejetos no primeiro cultivo e sofreu incremento de até 69% no cultivo de milho, com a maior emissão no tratamento SUP, indicando efeito aditivo da reaplicação dos tratamentos. O solo atuou como dreno de CH4 independente do tratamento, com influxo médio de C-CH4 de 277 g ha- 1 no cultivo de trigo e 266 g ha-1 no milho. Os resultados deste trabalho indicam que a injeção dos DLS em Latossolo, na sucessão trigo/milho em SPD, não aumenta a emissão de CO2, N2O e CH4 em relação à aplicação superficial e que a adição do inibidor de nitrificação DCD aos DLS contribui para mitigar as emissões de N2O, independentemente do modo de aplicação dos DLS no solo.

Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária / Automated pig slurry (PS) composting has been praised in Brazil by environmental agencies, pig farmers and agribusinesses as a promising strategy for the proper disposal of these residues. Nevertheless, one of the problems from composting is the ammonia (NH3) volatilization. Acidification of PS during composting is a possibility to circumvent this problem. However, is lake known about the agronomic value and the environmental impacts of materials generated in this process. The aim of this study was to evaluate the agronomic value and environmental impact on the NH3, N2O emissions and leaching of NO3-, of the organic compost obtained through automated pig slurry composting with and without acidification on lettuce. The study was conducted at the Federal University of Santa Maria, in the years 2011 to 2013, consisting of laboratory incubation experiments and field crops. In the study were assessed C and N mineralization of the compost in soil for 90 days in laboratory incubation. The treatments were: T1- Witness without application of compost; T2-Compost without acidification; T3-Compost acidification. In the field study, we evaluated the production and accumulation of N in lettuce fertilized with compounds in two successive crops in a total of 121 days. Urease (N-thiophosphate butiltriamida - NBPT) - In addition, the combination of the compost of nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide - DCD) and the compost without acidification with urea was evaluated, resulting in the following treatments: T1- control (Witness) without compost application or urea; T2- Witness associated with DCD and NBPT; T3-Compost without acidification; T4-Compost without acidification associated with NBPT and DCD; T5- Acidified compost; T6- Acidified compost associated with NBPT and DCD; T7-Organomineral consisting of the mixture of the compost non-acidified and urea; T8- Organomineral associated with NBPT and DCD; T9- Urea and T10- Urea associated with DCD and NBPT. The compost dosage used in both experiments was equivalent to 500 kg N ha-1. The C mineralization of the compost mixed with the soil was low (6.27% on average at 25oC) and was not affected by acidification, but this strategy reduced the N mineralization, causing immobilization. Even so, the compost acidification did not affect the production and N accumulation in lettuce or its environmental impact in crop. The compost provided an N accumulation increase of 30 kg ha-1 by lettuce and 1340 kg ha-1 in dry matter production in relation to control in crop field. Furthermore, emitted on average, 4.12 times less N2O that urea and had lower concentration of NO3-N in soil solution below the roots. Thus the use of the PS compost can be an interesting way of fertilization of crops, it provides the N accumulation, production increased, reduces the impacts to the environment and soil organic matter increases. The DCD and NBPT did not affect the lettuce production, however reduced the N2O and NH3emission and NO3-N concentration in the soil solution below the roots, when combined with urea and reduced the NO3-N levels in lettuce leaves when associated with the organic-fertilizer and urea. / A compostagem automatizada de dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) vem sendo preconizada no Brasil por órgãos ambientais, agroindústrias e suinocultores como uma estratégia promissora para o tratamento adequado desses resíduos. Porém, um dos problemas decorrentes da compostagem é a volatilização de amônia (NH3). A acidificação dos DLS durante a compostagem é uma possibilidade para contornar esse problema. Todavia, pouco se conhece sobre o valor agronômico e os impactos ambientais dos materiais gerados nesse processo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o valor agronômico e o impacto ambiental, relativo às emissões de NH3, N2O e lixiviação de NO3-, dos compostos orgânicos obtidos através da compostagem automatizada dos DLS, com e sem acidificação, na cultura da alface. Os trabalhos foram conduzidos na Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, RS, nos anos de 2011 a 2013, constando de um experimento de incubação e cultivos no campo.Na incubação foram avaliados a mineralização do C e do N dos compostos no solo, durante 90 dias. Os tratamentos foram: T1- Testemunha sem aplicação de composto; T2- Composto sem acidificação; T3- Composto com acidificação. No estudo de campo, foram avaliados a produção e acúmulo de N na alface, fertilizada com os compostos, em dois cultivos sucessivos, em um total de 121 dias. Além disso,foi avaliada a associação dos compostos com inibidores de nitrificação (dicianodiamida - DCD) e urease (tiofosfato de N-butiltriamida - NBPT) e do composto sem acidificação com a ureia, resultandonos seguintes tratamentos:T1- Testemunha sem aplicação de composto ou ureia; T2 T1 associada à DCD e o NBPT; T3- Composto sem acidificação; T4- T3 associado à DCD e o NBPT; T5- Composto com acidificação; T6- T5 associado à DCD e o NBPT; T7- Organomineral, (mistura do composto não acidificado e ureia); T8- T7 associado à DCD e o NBPT; T9- Ureia e T10- T9 associada à DCD e o NBPT.No cultivo do campo foram avaliadas a emissão de N2O, NH3 e lixiviação de NO3-, comparando os compostos com a ureia associada e não aos inibidores. A dose dos compostos utilizada em ambos os experimentos foi de 500 kg de N ha-1.A mineralização do C dos compostos misturados ao solo foi baixa (6,27 % em média, a 25oC) e não foi afetada pela acidificação, porém essa estratégia reduziu a mineralização do N.Mesmo assim, a acidificação do composto não afetou a produção e o acúmulo de N na alface,na média dos cultivos, devido aos maiores teores iniciais de N mineral desse material. Os compostos proporcionaram incremento de 30 kg ha-1 no acúmulo de N pela alface e 1.340 kg ha-1 na produção de matéria seca em relação à testemunha, na média dos cultivos.Além disso,emitiram em média, 4,12 vezes menos N2O que a ureia e apresentaram menor teor de N-NO3- na solução do solo abaixo das raízes. Desta maneira, o uso do composto de DLS acidificado ou não pode ser interessante na fertilização dos cultivos, pois aumenta a produção das plantas, reduz os impactos ao ambiente e incrementa a matéria orgânica do solo. A DCD e o NBPT não interferiram na produção da alface, entretanto reduziram a emissão de N2O e NH3 e o teor de N-NO3- na solução de solo abaixo das raízes, quando associados a ureia e reduziram os teores de N-NO3- nas folhas da alface quando associados a ureia e a adubação organomineral.

Diploma thesis "The possibilites of diagnostics and treatment of children with developmental dyspraxia / developmental coordination disorder" deals in it's theoretical part with the explanation of the terms "developmental dyspraxia" and "developmental coordination disorder" and summarizes the newest findings about the classification of children's motional disorders and possibilities of their treatment. In it's practical part, the thesis deals with certain possibilities of the DCD diagnostics. It uses Movement Assessment Battery for Children 2, which is instrumental to identify children movement difficulties. It is also engaged in praxis clinical examination of the chosen children and uses the DSDQ ‚07 questionary. The thesis proves the existence of movement difficulties on certain children with ADHD, learning disabilities or autism spectrum disorder, as well as it proves the significant difference between standard scores of single components on children with learning disabilities. There has been discovered a worse quality of certain practical functions on chosen children and the result matches DCD in DCDQ ‚07.

Bakgrund: Över hela världen råder det brist på organ. 1 januari 2019 stod 807 personer på väntelistan för att få ett nytt organ i Sverige. Efterfrågan på organ är större än tillgången. Efterfrågan skulle kunna tillmötesgå bättre om DCD (eng. Donation after Circulatory Death) kan implementeras som ett komplement till DBD (eng. Donation after Brain Death). Det har pågått ett pilotprojekt på sex olika sjukhus i Sverige.Måletmed projektet var att utreda om DCD i framtiden kan vara ett komplement till den idag etablerade donationsprocessen DBD vilket leder till att sjukvården kan möta allmänhetens donationsvilja samt öka antalet organ för transplantation. Då DCD inte är nationellt implementerat och genom att intensivvårdssjuksköterskor har ansvaret för att vårda potentiella organdonatorer är det viktigt med forskning som belyser intensivvårdssjuksköterskorsresonemang och föreställningar kring DCD.Syfte:Syftet var att beskriva intensivvårdssjuksköterskors resonemang och föreställningar om donation vid kontrollerad DCD.Metod:Kvalitativ intervjustudie med ändamålsenligt urval genomfördes. Data analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys.Resultat:Analysen resulterade i fyra kategorier; Att påbörja något nytt inom området donation, Att erhålla kunskap minskar farhågor och oro, Att införa donation efter cirkulationsstillestånd ger möjlighet att möta en hög donationsvilja och att informera och ge tröst till anhöriga.Slutsats: Denna studie visar att engagemanget är stort hos intensivvårdssjuksköterskor och att tilltron tillett införande av DCD är hög. Genom att införa DCD som ett komplement till DBD så skulle fler donationer kunna genomföras och på sikt kunna matcha efterfrågan på organ. Mer forskning samt utbildning behövs för att öka kunskapen utifrån de krav som kommer att ställas på intensivvårdssjuksköterskor vid en eventuell implementering av DCD.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION Name and surname of the author: Mgr. Pavel Tichý Name of the dissertation: Re-education of children with motor difficulties of primary school age Workplace: FTVS UK, Department of Sport Games Supervisor of the work: Doc. PhDr. Vladimír Süss, Ph.D. Year of presentation: 2016 ABSTRACT Objective: The aim was to find out the possibility of the re-education of motor difficulties in children of primary school age and create a re-education intervention program, the aim of which is to reduce these difficulties. Subsequently, to verify whether the intervention program had an effect on the motor difficulties of the children. Method: The research was designed as a prospective intervention study where there were two combined orientations ofeducational research: quantative and qualitative. To solve the problem a research design was used, called Crossover Design (Wilmore et al., 2008, Thomas et al., 2005), which was conceived as an experiment with an intervention re-education program aimed at improving the motor difficulties of children. The quantative part of the research was focused on the assessment of motor skills and to detect motor problems in children of primary school age. MABC-2 (Henderson et al., 2007) battery of motor tests were used for this purpose. The qualitative part of the...

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pig Slurry (PS) is used mainly as a fertilizer for crops in southern Brazil where the predominant soil management is in no-tillage. Thus, the application of manure on the soil surface can increase losses of nitrogen (N) for volatilization of ammonia (NH3), leading to reduction in the fertilizing potential of waste and increased environmental pollution. Moreover, as the PS are rich in ammonium N, nitrification can occur quickly and easily and the generated nitrate can also be lost by leaching and denitrification. Then, it is necessary to look for alternatives to mitigate these losses of N fertilizer and maximize the potential of the PS. One of the possibilities to enable greater efficiency and lower pig slurry pollution potential is to perform the application in the soil in split doses, while other strategy is the use of nitrification inhibitors (NI). Thus, the amount of ammonium N applied to the soil surface would be divided into smaller fractions rather than a single application, minimizing the losses by NH3 volatilization and with the delay in the appearance of nitrate (NO3 -) the transfer of this anion to lower soil layers. To evaluate these aspects, experiments were conducted in an Ultisol in no-tillage handled in the agricultural year of 2010/2011, on the campus of Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). The treatments were arranged in randomized blocks and evaluated in maize, summer of 2010/2011, and wheat, winter of 2011, consisting the application of PS in a single dose (pre-sowing) and split doses (1/3 in pre-sowing and 2/3 in coverage), with and without the use of nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), present in the product Agrotain® Plus (81 % of DCD) and applied at 7.0 kg ha-1. Besides, a treatment with recommended dose of urea N for both cultures and a control treatment without the use of fertilizer were evaluated. Volatilized NH3 was captured inside the semi-open static chambers containing sponge soaked with a mixture of phosphoric acid and glycerin. Soil samples were collected one day after experiments were set up, and on subsequent days to allow the detection of the changes of inorganic N in soil during the development of both cultures. These samples were analyzed for ammonium N and nitrate N according to Tedesco et al. (1995). The nitrification inhibitor (DCD) maintained N of manure applied to the soil in ammonium form without increasing the emission of NH3 to atmosphere, while the application of PS in parts or not did not differ in the amount of volatilized NH3 and in the percolation of nitrate in the soil. / Os dejetos líquidos de suínos (DLS) são utilizados, principalmente, como fertilizante de culturas comerciais na região Sul do Brasil, onde predomina o manejo do solo em sistema de plantio direto (SPD). Assim, a aplicação desses dejetos na superfície do solo pode potencializar as perdas de nitrogênio (N) por volatilização de amônia (NH3), levando a redução no potencial fertilizante dos dejetos e ao aumento da poluição ambiental. Além disso, como os DLS são ricos em N amoniacal fácil e rapidamente pode ocorrer nitrificação e o nitrato gerado vir a ser perdido também por lixiviação ou desnitrificação. Faz-se necessário então buscar alternativas para mitigar essas perdas de N e maximizar o potencial fertilizante dos DLS. Uma possibilidade de viabilizar maior eficiência fertilizante e menor potencial poluente dos dejetos de suínos é realizar a aplicação de forma parcelada no solo, enquanto outra estratégia é a inibição do processo de nitrificação, por meio do uso de um produto inibidor de nitrificação (IN). Dessa forma, a quantidade de N amoniacal aplicada na superfície do solo seria dividida em frações menores do que com aplicação única dos dejetos, minimizando as perdas por volatilização de NH3 e com o retardamento no aparecimento de nitrato (NO3 -) a transferência desse ânion para camadas inferiores do solo. Para avaliar esses aspectos, os experimentos foram conduzidos em um Argissolo manejado em SPD, no ano agrícola 2010/2011, no campus da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). Os tratamentos foram dispostos em blocos ao acaso e avaliados na cultura do milho, verão 2010/2011, e do trigo, inverno 2011, constando da aplicação de DLS em dose única (pré-semeadura) e parcelada (1/3 em pré-semeadura e 2/3 em cobertura), com e sem o uso do inibidor de nitrificação dicianodiamida (DCD), presente no produto Agrotain® Plus (81 % de DCD) e aplicado em 7,0 kg ha-1. Além destes, foram avaliados um tratamento com a dose recomendada de N ureia para as duas culturas e um tratamento testemunha, sem o uso de fertilizante. A NH3 volatilizada foi captada no interior de câmaras estáticas semiabertas, contendo esponja embebida com a mistura de ácido fosfórico e glicerina. Amostras de solo foram coletadas um dia após a instalação dos experimentos e em dias subsequentes para possibilitar a detecção das transformações de N inorgânico no solo durante o cultivo de ambas as culturas. Essas amostras foram analisadas para N amoniacal e nítrico, conforme Tedesco et al. (1995). O inibidor de nitrificação (DCD) preservou o N dos dejetos aplicados ao solo na forma amoniacal sem aumentar a emissão de NH3 para a atmosfera, enquanto o parcelamento ou não da dose de dejetos não diferiu na quantidade de NH3 volatilizada e na percolação de nitrato no solo.

Inhibition of nitrification of ammonia nitrogen (N) from pig slurry in soil after application can mitigate N losses by denitrification and leaching of nitrate (NO3-), with economic and environmental benefits. However, this strategy has not yet been evaluated by Brazilian research, which motivated the present work. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency of the product AGROTAIN Plus, which contains 81% of the inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD), in slowing the nitrification of ammonium N applied to soil with pig slurry. For this, two incubations were performed under controlled humidity (80% cc) and temperature (25ºC), where nitrification was assessed by the accumulation of NO3 - in soil. In the first incubation conducted for 72 days, doses of 3.5, 7.0 and 14 kg ha-1 of AGROTAIN Plus were compared, applied to the soil at the time of the manure addition (29.4 m3 ha-1). The dicyandiamide (DCD) inhibited the nitrification of N ammonia from manure, and the size and duration of this inhibition was dependent on the dose of AGROTAIN Plus applied. At a dose of 14 kg ha-1 (11.3 kg DCD ha-1) nitrification was completely inhibited in the first 12 days. During the first month after the manure application, where nitrification was more intense, increasing the dose of AGROTAIN Plus in 1 kg ha-1 (0.81 kg DCD ha-1) reduced the N-NO3 - accumulation in 3,8 kg ha-1. In the second incubation, evaluated for 60 days, was studied the effect of these same three doses of AGROTAIN Plus on soil microbial activity. Besides that, was evaluated the effect of the 7.0 kg ha-1 dose of product in inhibiting nitrification of N ammonia from pig slurry (34 m3 ha-1) and the mineralization of pig slurry C and N. The effect of the nitrification inhibitor was similar to that observed in the first incubation, while the manure N mineralization and soil microbial activity were not affected by the AGROTAIN Plus addition. The findings suggest that dicianodiamida (DCD), by delaying the onset of N-NO3 - in soil after application of pig slurry, reduces the N losses and the polluting potential of slurry. / A inibição da nitrificação do nitrogênio (N) amoniacal dos dejetos de suínos, após sua aplicação no solo, poderá mitigar as perdas de N por desnitrificação e lixiviação de nitrato (NO3 -), com benefícios econômicos e ambientais. Todavia, essa estratégia ainda não foi avaliada pela pesquisa brasileira, o que motivou a realização do presente trabalho. O objetivo foi o de avaliar a eficiência do produto Agrotain Plus, que contém 81% do inibidor dicianodiamida (DCD), em retardar a nitrificação do N amoniacal aplicado ao solo com dejetos líquidos de suínos. Para isso, foram realizadas duas incubações sob condições controladas de umidade (80% cc) e de temperatura (25ºC), onde a nitrificação foi avaliada através do acúmulo de NO3 - no solo. Na primeira incubação, conduzida durante 72 dias, foram comparadas as doses de 3,5, 7,0 e 14 kg de Agrotain Plus ha-1, aplicadas ao solo no momento da adição dos dejetos (29,4 m3 ha-1). A dicianodiamida (DCD) inibiu a nitrificação do N amoniacal dos dejetos, sendo que a magnitude e a duração da inibição foram dependentes da dose de Agrotain Plus aplicada. Na dose de 14 kg ha-1 (11,3 kg de DCD ha-1) a nitrificação foi completamente inibida nos primeiros 12 dias. Durante o primeiro mês após a aplicação dos dejetos, onde a nitrificação foi mais intensa, o aumento na dose de Agrotain Plus em 1 kg ha-1 (0,81 kg de DCD ha-1) reduziu o acúmulo de N-NO3 - em 3,8 kg ha-1. Na segunda incubação foi avaliado, durante 60 dias, o efeito dessas mesmas três doses de Agrotain Plus sobre a atividade microbiana do solo. Além disso, avaliou-se o efeito da dose de 7,0 kg ha-1 do produto na inibição da nitrificação do N amoniacal dos dejetos (34 m3 ha-1) e na mineralização do C e do N dos mesmos. O efeito do inibidor de nitrificação foi semelhante ao observado na primeira incubação, enquanto a mineralização do N dos dejetos e a atividade microbiana do solo não foram afetadas pela adição do produto Agrotain Plus. Os resultados desse trabalho sugerem que a diacianodiamida (DCD), ao retardar o aparecimento de N-NO3 - no solo após a aplicação dos dejetos de suínos, reduz as perdas de N e o potencial poluidor dos dejetos.

BIBLIOGRAPHIC IDENTIFICATION Name and surname of the author: Mgr. Pavel Tichý Name of the dissertation: Re-education of children with motor difficulties of primary school age Workplace: FTVS UK, Department of Sport Games Supervisor of the work: Doc. PhDr. Vladimír Süss, Ph.D. Year of presentation: 2016 ABSTRACT Objective: The aim was to find out the possibility of the re-education of motor difficulties in children of primary school age and create a re-education intervention program, the aim of which is to reduce these difficulties. Subsequently, to verify whether the intervention program had an effect on the motor difficulties of the children. Method: The research was designed as a prospective intervention study where there were two combined orientations ofeducational research: quantative and qualitative. To solve the problem a research design was used, called Crossover Design (Wilmore et al., 2008, Thomas et al., 2005), which was conceived as an experiment with an intervention re-education program aimed at improving the motor difficulties of children. The quantative part of the research was focused on the assessment of motor skills and to detect motor problems in children of primary school age. MABC-2 (Henderson et al., 2007) battery of motor tests were used for this purpose. The qualitative part of the...

Verskeie navorsers het bevind dat motoriese agterstande by drie- tot vyfjarige kinders voorkom en dat daar 'n beperkte hoeveelheid siftingsmeetinstrumente beskikbaar is om die moontlikheid van motoriese agterstande by die kind jonger as vyf jaar te identifiseer. Sommige faktore wat navorsers meen ‘n invloed op die motoriese agterstande van kinders het, is ouderdom, ras, geslag en sosio-ekonomiese status. Hierdie motoriese agterstande kan tot ontwikkelingskoördinasieversteuring (DCD) aanleiding gee wat op 'n vroeë ouderdom geïdentifiseer moet word ten einde effektiewe hulp te verleen. Hierdie studie se doel was tweedoelig. Dit was eerstens daarop gemik om die aard en omvang van motoriese uitvalle gegrond op sosio-ekonomiese klas, geslag, ras en ouderdom by 'n geselekteerde groep drie- tot vyfjarige Suid-Afrikaanse kinders te bepaal. Die tweede doel was om die geskiktheid van die “Little DCDQ” vraelys vir die identifisering van DCD by 'n geselekteerde groep drie- tot vyfjarige kinders te bepaal. Vir die eerste doel is 53 kleuters (N=53) by die studie betrek. Die proefpersone is volgens hulle chronologiese ouderdom in twee oudersdomsgroepe verdeel, naamlik 3.0-3.11 jaar (n=24) en 4.0-4.11 jaar (n=29). Een en twintig seuns (n=21) en twee en dertig dogters (n=32) is ingesluit. Twee rasgroepe, blankes (n=20) en swartes (n=33), is in die ondersoekgroep verteenwoordig. Die groep is ook verdeel in twee sosio-ekonomiese klasse, gebaseer op inkomste van die gesin, naamlik laag (n=31) en hoog (n=22). Die proefpersone is met die “Movement Assessment Battery for Children-2 (MABC-2)” getoets om die aard van hulle motoriese agterstande te bepaal. Die “Statistica for Windows 2013” Statsoftrekenaarprogrampakket is gebruik vir data-ontleding. Vir doelstelling 1 is data eerstens vir beskrywende doeleindes deur middel van rekenkundige gemiddeldes ( X ), standaardafwykings (sa) en minimum en maksimum waardes ontleed. Frekwensieverdelings is verder gebruik om die DCD status van die groep te ontleed. Verskille met betrekking tot sosio-ekonomiese klas, geslag, ras en ouderdom is vergelyk deur van onafhanklike t-toetsing gebruik te maak, waar p≤0.05 as betekenisvol aanvaar is. Uit die resultate wat bestudeer is, blyk dit wel die geval te wees dat motoriese uitvalle by drie- tot vyfjarige kinders voorkom en dat sosio-ekonomiese klas, geslag, ras en ouderdom 'n rol speel. Resultate toon dat 11.3% van die groep met ernstige DCD geïdentifiseer is. Die hoë sosio-ekonomiese klas (22.7%), meisies (15.6%), swart kinders (18.2%) en die drie jaar ouderdomsgroep (12.5%) het die meeste kinders in die ernstige DCD klassifikasie gehad. Geen betekenisvolle ouderdomsverskille het tussen die twee ouderdomsgroepe voorgekom nie, buiten vir die gooi- en vangvaardighede waar die driejarige groep betekenisvol beter (p≤0.05) as die vierjarige groep gevaar het. Wit kinders het beter as swart kinders in die fynmotoriese vaardighede presteer en seuns het betekenisvol beter (p≤0.05) as dogters in die gooi- en vangvaardigheid presteer. Geen statistiese verskille met betrekking tot die veranderlikes wat getoets is, is tussen die verskillende sosioekonomiese klasse gevind nie. Vir doelstelling 2 het 110 kleuters se ouers die “Little Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (Little DCDQ)” voltooi. Volgens die toetstotaal is die kleuters in ‘n rangorde geplaas, waarna elke tweede kleuter op die rangorde met die MABC-2 getoets is om die vlak van ooreenstemming tussen die twee meetinstrumente te bepaal (N=53). Betroubaarheid is ontleed deur Chronbach Alpha-waardes vir die twee toetsbatterye te bepaal. Geldigheid van die “Little DCDQ” is ontleed deur eerstens van Spearman korrelasiekoëffisiënte gebruik te maak waarna kruistabulering gebruik is om vas te stel hoeveel kinders in die onderskeie DCD kategorieë ooreenstemmend deur die vraelys en toetsbattery geklassifiseer is om sodoende die sensitiwiteit en die spesifisiteit van die vraelys te bepaal. Die “Little DCDQ” en die MABC-2 toon goeie betroubaarheid vir al die veranderlikes wat 'n Cronbach Alpha van hoër as r=0.8 getoon het. Die “Little DCDQ” het matige korrelasie getoon met twee van die vier veranderlikes van die MABC-2, waar die vang- en gooi afdeling van die MABC-2 korrelasie van r=0.3 met die algehele koördinasie afdeling van die “Little DCDQ” en die totaal van die MABC-2 'n korrelasie van r=0.29 met die totaal van die “Little DCDQ” getoon het. Die “Little DCDQ” se sensitiwiteit en spesifisiteit het egter nie aanvaarbare resultate getoon nie (r=57,1% en r=81,2%) in vergelyking met die MABC-2 vir die totale van die “Little DCDQ”. Samevattend kan uit die resultate gerapporteer word dat ras en geslag wel 'n rol speel in die aard en omvang van motoriese uitvalle by drie- tot vyfjarige kinders. Uit die huidige studie het dit egter geblyk dat sosio-ekonomiese omstandighede nie so 'n groot rol speel nie. Dit het ook duidelik geword dat die “Little DCDQ” as 'n moontlike siftingsmeetinstrument vir die identifikasie van DCD by kinders jonger as vyf jaar woonagtig in Suid-Afrika oorweeg kan word, maar met aanpassings. Die “Little DCDQ” moet in meer diepte ondersoek word vir gebruiksmoontlikhede om DCD by kinders jonger as vyf jaar te identifiseer ten opsigte van die uitdagings wat die Suid-Afrikaanse kultuur en grootword omstandighede vir kinders se ontwikkeling inhou. / MSc (Kinderkinetics), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015