Drape simulation of textiles is a field of research, which is known in the clothing sector for a long time. The ongoing development of high-performance composites made of textile reinforcements and matrix materials focus the interests on a serial production in many industrial sectors, such as aviation and automotive industries. Challenges occur mainly in the serial production technologies and in supplying concepts for the preform architecture and shape. Research aims on the acceleration of preform manufacturing and the reduction of expensive pretests. Numerical simulation models can help to improve the composite development chain with structure and process simulation. A special challenge in drape modeling is the bending behavior of textiles. This study introduces a novel approach for modeling single textile layers as laminates to gain a correct mechanical behavior, where all deformation mechanisms are uncoupled. The implementation in the finite element software LS-DYNA® is described. An algorithm is introduced which provides the membrane stiffness for each layer of a laminate to fit the measured cantilever bending stiffness of textiles in every bending direction and bending side. The calculated parameters for the laminate formulation result in the requested bending stiffness for the textile layer. The cantilever bending stiffness can be used directly for dimensioning the model.

Aluminium matrix composites are among the most promising candidate materials for light weight and high strength applications such as transportation and armour. In a previous study 6061 aluminum matrix composites reinforced with plain weave carbon fiber preform (AS4 Hexcel) were successfully fabricated by squeeze casting using the laminate fabrication technique. This research aims at optimizing the fabrication process in order to achieve improved strength and mechanical properties. It focuses on the liquid infiltration squeeze casting method. Good mechanical bonding between fiber and aluminium is achieved thanks to improved infiltration and impregnation of the fabric by liquid aluminium. Oxidation products at fiber/aluminium interface and porosity are reduced. As a result, composites are produced with overall improved mechanical properties. The flexural strength is increased by up to 19.9% and 15.4% compared to the laminate approach and the reference 6061 aluminium alloy squeeze cast under identical conditions, respectively. Similarly, overall hardness is improved. However, the impact strength is reduced by 7.76% and 25.78% when compared to casts fabricated by the laminate method and the reference aluminium alloy, respectively. The thesis constitutes a good basis for further research on fiber and particle reinforced aluminium matrix composites with the goal of further improving fracture toughness, particularly for gradient materials used in armour applications.

Over the last few decades, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries have been extensively used in portable instruments due to their high energy density and low self-discharge rate. Recently, lithium-ion batteries have emerged as the most promising candidate for electric vehicles and stationary energy storage. However, the maximum energy that lithium-ion batteries can store decreases as they are used because of various irreversible degradation mechanisms. Lithium-ion batteries are complex systems to understand, and various processes and their interactions are responsible for the degradation over time. The mechanical integrity and stability of the electrode layers inside the battery highly influence the battery performance, which makes it a necessity to characterize the mechanical behavior of electrode active layers for mesoscopic and macroscopic level modeling. In papers 1 and 2, the macroscopic mechanical behavior of active layers in the electrodes is investigated using U-shape bending tests. The active layers are porous and a different tensile and compressive behavior is captured by performing tests on single side coated dry specimens. The experiments reveal that the active layer is stiffer in compression as compared to tension. The compressive stiffness increases with bending strain whereas the tensile stiffness is almost independent of the bending strain. A very low value of modulus of the active layer (1-5 GPa) is measured in comparison to the metal foils (70-110 GPa) and the active particles (50-200 GPa) which shows that the electrode properties are governed majorly by the binders present in the active layers.  The time-dependent and hysteresis effects are also captured by the method which circumvents the flaws of many other test methods presented in the literature.   In paper 3, we present a multiscale homogenization method that couples mechanics and electrochemistry at the particle, electrode, and battery scales. The active materials of lithium-ion battery electrodes exhibit volume change during lithium intercalation or deintercalation. A lithium concentration gradient develops inside particles, as well as inside the active layer. The developed stress due to deformations further affects solid diffusion.  We utilized models that have already been developed to couple particle and electrode layer levels. The mechanical coupling between the electrode and the battery level is achieved by homogenization of the layered battery using three-dimensional laminate theory.  By application of the model, we demonstrate that the stresses on all considered scales can be predicted from the homogenized model. It is furthermore demonstrated that the effects of external battery loadings like battery stacks, casings, and external pressure can be captured by the model. The model can also capture the effect of various electrochemical cycling rates and mechanical parameters like layer thicknesses, stiffnesses, and swelling properties. The presented multi-scale model is fast, accurate and the efficiency of the method is demonstrated by comparisons to detailed finite element computations where each layer is individually modeled.

When laying up dry composite materials and aligning the fibers in the appropriate directions it can be a challenge due to the dryness of the fiber and mold design. Several commercial products are available to help fix plies to molds keeping the proper fiber orientation depending upon mold geometry. Prepreg and wet layups do not have this problem due to the inherent inclusion of a matrix in their manufacturing, dry materials have no added epoxy at the time of layup and are therefore in need of assistance maintain position. The purpose of this research is to determine if Super 77™ or EPON™ 2002 increases or decreases mechanical properties of the neat resin and composite laminates; if the increase or decrease is dependent upon the type of epoxy, and if the amount of applied tackifier can be optimized towards a high or low application quantity to minimize any detrimental effects to mechanical properties. Each tackification agent was applied in high and low concentrations to eight composite panels, with two control panels. The EPON™ was applied manually and set with heat exposure while the Super 77™ was sprayed from an aerosol can. The Super 77™ plies were stacked and pressed by hand while the EPON™ plies were stacked and ironed together to create panels, which were then infused with one of two room temperature infusion epoxies, MVS 610 or INF 114. The panels were then cut to specimen size for testing. Neat resin specimens were cast in silicone molds with high and low concentrations of tackifiers and allowed to cure for 12 hours at room temp, then heated to 60° C for 8 Both Super 77™ and EPON™ 2002 reduced the SBS for both epoxies, but Super 77™ reduced the short beam shear more than EPON™ 2002. The modulus of the neat resin cast specimens with high concentration were between 0 to 20% lower than neat resin with no tackifier; the tensile strength was increased for those specimens with Super 77™ and lower for those with EPON™ 2002. Similarly, the Charpy test resulted in higher values for Super 77™ than for EPON™ 2002. The effects of Super 77™ and EPON™ 2002 are complex and varied depending on application concentration, resin, and tackifier type; but the addition of any tackifier reduces mechanical properties from non-tackified laminates.

<p>  </p> <p>This thesis is motivated by the author’s observation that no systematic methodology is available to characterize and model mechanical behaviors of 3D printed parts in terms of their elastic modulus and critical loading capacities. Note that the more controlled and steadier printing process is, the easier the mechanical properties parts can be predicted. This research focuses on the methods for the prediction and validation of mechanical properties of 3D printed parts, and the focus is the responses of the printed parts subjected to tensile loads. The mathematic models are derived to characterize the mechanical properties of a part along three principal directions, and the models are validated experimentally by following the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D638 testing standards. It is assumed that a unidirectional plane stress occurs to each lamina to (1) simplify a compliance matrix with a size 3 by 3 and (2) characterize the mechanical properties by the elastic modules and strengths in three principal directions. Two mathematical models are developed using the experimental data from the classical laminate theory and finite element analysis (FEA) by the SolidWorks. Both of the developed models are used to predict the ultimate tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the specimens that are printed by setting different raster angles on different layers. This thesis work aims to (1) gain a better understanding of the impact of printing parameters on the strengths of printed parts and (2) explore the feasibility of using the classical laminate theory to predict the mechanical properties of the parts printed with different raster angles and patterns. To validate the proposed mathematic models, parts by FDM are tested by following the ASTM testing standards; moreover, it testifies if the selected ASTM-D638 is suitable to test 3D printed parts by FDM. </p>

Composite monocoque frames are becoming increasingly more popular inperformance cars. Compared to their steel and aluminum counterparts theyprovide additional torsional stiffness at the cost of less weight. This thesiscovers the complex optimization process of a monocoque applied within theregulations of a Formula Student competition. It aims to give the reader a goodunderstanding of the rules and how they affect the optimization process whilegenerating an optimized design used in the competition of Formula StudentGermany -21 by KTH Formula Student. The rules of Formula Student dictate the structural requirements on themonocoque based on a steel space frame. All materials except low carbon steelused in the structure require proof of equivalence through regulated testingmethods. However, this thesis shows that the regulated setup can severelyaffect results through a deep analysis of the testing methodology.The torsional stiffness of the monocoque is analyzed and optimized accordingto the results of a free-size optimization. Both through slight adjustmentsin chassis geometry and the laminate, resulting in a theoretical torsionalstiffness of 9.9 kNm/deg, more than five times as much as the old space frame.Weighing in at 20 kg, a significant weight reduction of about 10 kg, eventhough it was larger, with a surface area of about 4.2 m2. This design will be the first monocoque manufactured within KTH FormulaStudent since 2010. Therefore, a lot of focus was put on analyzing the rulesand lay the ground for future development by conducting tests on optimizedpanels. These results have the potential to further reduce the weight of a futuremonocoque with a different geometry. / Allt fler sportbilar använder självbärande karosser i komposit. Till skillnadfrån deras stål och aluminium motsvarighet så tillåter kompositkonstruktionenen styvare konstruktion för samma vikt. Denna rapport går igenom denkomplicerade optimeringsprocessen för en självbärande kaross i kolfiber appliceratinom tävlingen Formula Student. Målet med rapporten är att läsaren ska fåen bättre förståelse av reglerna och dess påverkan på optimeringsprocessensamtidigt som en optimerad design presenteras för användandet i “FormulaStudent Germany -21” åt KTH Formula Student. Reglerna inom Formula Student ställer strukturella krav på den självbärandekarossen baserat på en standard för stålrörsramar. Alla material förutomlåg kols stål som används i strukturen kräver att ekvivalens bevisas genomspecifika tester. Denna rapport visar att dessa tester kan generera olika resultatgenom en djup analys av metodiken. Torsions styvheten av karossen analyseras och optimeras enligt reglernagenom en så kallad free-size optimization". Genom att variera geometri ochkomposit utvecklades en kaross som var mer än 5 gånger så styv som dentidigare stålrörsramen med en teoretisk torsions styvhet på 9.9kNm/deg. Meden vikt på 20 kg reducerades även vikten 10 kg, även om den var större, ochhade en area på cirka 4.2m2. Denna design kommer att vara den första självbärande komposit karossentillverkad inom KTH Formula Student sedan 2010. Efter den djupa analysen avreglerna, testas då de optimerade panelerna, vilket lägger grunden för framtidautvecklingen. Dessa resultat har potential att reducera vikten ytterligare av enframtida kaross, genom ändringar i geometrin.

Detta examensarbete vid Konstfack inom Inredningsarkitektur och Möbeldesign har kommit att handla om en vilja att lära sig något nytt och utmanas inom det en tidigare inte gjort. Inom arbetet har det kommit att bli en undersökning av ett Perstorpsbord från 1960-talet. Det har varit en källa till inspiration och visat på lärdomar inom möbelkonstruktion och möbelformgivning. Projektets tyngd ligger i att förstå och se samband mellan de två aspekterna. Med detta som grund har en transformation skett där Perstorpsbordet har kommit att bli ett nytt, med förändringar inom form, material och konstruktion.  Avsikten har varit att gestalta det nya bordet kallat NAVET, för en ungdom som ofta flyttar emellan boenden. Med det i åtanke så har behov av bordet blivit fastställda som sedan kommit att bli en del av utformningen. Jag jobbar med Perstorpsbordets befintliga funktioner samtidigt som det ska placeras i samtiden och därmed utvecklas. Därav ändras bordets form, material och kulör, samtidigt som jag behåller de aspekter med Perstorpsbordet som utifrån mina undersökningar ansågs vara fungerande hos bordet ännu idag.  Det var viktigt för mig att gå igenom en gestaltningsprocess av en möbel från start till slut. Från ett undersökande med nyfikenhet och öppna ögon, så var syftet att ta det vidare igenom en process av arbete som skisser, anteckningar, mock-up, prototyper och samtal med mera. För att leda fram till att själv stå i verkstaden och försöka förverkliga denna idé av ett bord i full skala.  Mitt mål är att personligen utveckla mer kunskap om såväl en möbel, som dess relation till fältet samt hur jag själv jobbar. Jag upptäckte en för mig ny förundran inför möbler tack vare denna djupdykning och en förståelse för det arbete som ligger bakom. Jag anser därför att detta projekt har gett mig möjligheten att bli bättre som inredningsarkitekt och möbeldesigner. / This thesis project at Konstfack in Interior Architecture and Furniture Design has centered on a desire to learn something new and be challenged in areas I have not previously explored. During this work, it has become an investigation of a Perstorp table from the 1960s. It has been a source of inspiration, providing insights into furniture construction and design. The project’s core lies in understanding and seeing the connections between these two aspects. Using this as a foundation, a transformation has taken place where the Perstorp table has become a new piece, with changes in form, material, and construction. The intention has been to design the new table, called NAVET (The Hub), for a young person who frequently moves between homes. With this in mind, the needs of the table were identified and subsequently incorporated into the design. I am working with the existing functions of the Perstorp table while also aiming to place it in a contemporary context and thus develop it further. Therefore, the table’s shape, material, and color have been changed, while retaining the aspects of the Perstorp table that my research showed to be still functional today. It was important for me to go through a design process for a piece of furniture from start to finish. Starting with exploration driven by curiosity and open-mindedness, the goal was to advance through a work process involving sketches, notes, mock-ups, prototypes, and discussions, among other things, leading to the point where I am in the workshop, attempting to realize this idea of a table in full scale. My goal is to personally develop more knowledge about a piece of furniture, its relation to the field, and how I work. I discovered a newfound admiration for furniture thanks to this deep dive and gained an understanding of the work involved. Therefore, I believe this project has given me the opportunity to become a better interior architect and furniture designer.

[ES] Los materiales compuestos reforzados con fibra son ampliamente utilizados en diversos sectores, como el aeroespacial y el de automoción. Tras su conformado, estos materiales necesitan procesos de mecanizado para eliminar el material sobrante y facilitar la unión entre piezas. Debido a la naturaleza heterogénea y la anisotropía de estos materiales, su comportamiento ante el mecanizado es diferente que los metálicos. Las fibras abrasivas provocan un rápido desgaste de la herramienta y, además, la aparición del delaminado puede hacer necesario el reprocesado o rechazo de las piezas. El delaminado es un defecto que provoca la separación de capas del material compuesto y hace que la pieza presente un aspecto deshilachado en el borde mecanizado porque la herramienta dobla las fibras en vez de cortarlas, además de poder producir un daño superficial en la pieza. En esta tesis se ha abordado el estudio experimental del fresado de materiales compuestos reforzados con fibra de basalto, en concreto, en la operación de contorneado. En el mecanizado de este material se ha estudiado el desgaste de la herramienta, el acabado superficial y el delaminado, analizando la influencia de los parámetros de corte (velocidad, avance y profundidad de pasada), y de las características del material compuesto (volumen y orientación de fibra). Con respecto al material de las fibras, casi todos los estudios existentes se han centrado en las fibras de carbono y de vidrio, no habiendo estudios con fibras de basalto, aunque este material es de origen natural y una buena alternativa a las fibras de vidrio. Con respecto al proceso de fresado, los estudios existentes en la bibliografía se han centrado más en la operación de ranurado que en la de contorneado. Una parte fundamental de la tesis se ha centrado en el estudio del delaminado. Para ello se han definido y desarrollado los diferentes aspectos teóricos que caracterizan este defecto. Además, se han cuantificado los tipos de delaminado (Tipos I y II) mediante la definición y comparación de parámetros unidimensionales y de superficie, evaluando su evolución temporal. Los parámetros unidimensionales permiten evaluar la longitud de las fibras que sobresalen o dañan la superficie, mientras que los parámetros de superficie permiten cuantificar la densidad del delaminado. Como complemento al estudio experimental, se han utilizado herramientas estadísticas (diseño de experimentos, ANOVA y modelos de regresión cuantílica) para estudiar el fresado de este tipo de materiales en relación a la rugosidad, el desgaste de la herramienta y el delaminado. / [CA] Els materials compostos reforçats amb fibra són àmpliament utilitzats en diversos sectors, com l'aeroespacial i el d'automoció. Després del seu conformat, aquests materials necessiten processos de mecanitzat per a eliminar el material sobrant i facilitar la unió entre peces. A causa de la naturalesa heterogènia i anisotropia d'aquests materials, el seu comportament davant el mecanitzat és diferent que els metàl·lics. Les fibres abrasives provoquen un ràpid desgast de l'eina i, a més, l'aparició de la delaminació pot fer necessari el reprocessament o rebuig de les peces. La delaminació és un defecte que provoca la separació de capes del material compost i fa que la peça presente un aspecte esfilagarsat en la vora mecanitzada perquè l'eina doblega les fibres en lloc de tallar-les, a més de poder produir un mal superficial en la peça. En aquesta tesi s'ha abordat l'estudi experimental del fresat de materials compostos reforçats amb fibra de basalt, en concret, en l'operació de contornejat. En el mecanitzat d'aquest material s'ha estudiat el desgast de l'eina, l'acabat superficial i la delaminació, analitzant la influència dels paràmetres de tall (velocitat, avanç i profunditat de passada), i de les característiques del material compost (volum i orientació de fibra). Respecte al material de les fibres, quasi tots els estudis existents s'han centrat en les fibres de carboni i de vidre, no havent-hi estudis amb fibres de basalt, encara que aquest material és d'origen natural i una bona alternativa a les fibres de vidre. Respecte al procés de fresat, els estudis existents en la bibliografia s'han centrat més en l'operació de ranurat que en la de contornejat. Una part fonamental de la tesi s'ha centrat en l'estudi de la delaminació. Per a això s'han definit i desenvolupat els diferents aspectes teòrics que caracteritzen aquest defecte. A més, s'han quantificat els tipus de delaminació (Tipus I i II) mitjançant la definició i comparació de paràmetres unidimensionals i de superfície, avaluant la seua evolució temporal. Els paràmetres unidimensionals permeten avaluar la longitud de les fibres que sobreïxen o danyen la superfície, mentre que els paràmetres de superfície permeten quantificar la densitat de la delaminació. Com a complement a l'estudi experimental, s'han utilitzat eines estadístiques (disseny d'experiments, ANOVA i models de regressió quantílica) per estudiar el fresat d'aquesta mena de materials i predir alguns aspectes de la rugositat, el desgast de l'eina i la delaminació. / [EN] Fiber reinforced composites are widely used in diverse fields such as aeronautics and automotive. After their shaping, these materials require machining processes to remove excess material and facilitate joining between parts. Due to the heterogeneous nature and anisotropy of these materials, their behavior when being machined is different from metallic ones. Abrasive fibers trigger fast tool wear and delamination appearance can cause piece reprocessing or discard. Delamination is a defect which induces the separation of composite layers and makes the piece present a frayed appearance on the machined edge because the tool bends the fibers instead of cutting them, in addition to producing surface damage to the piece. In this thesis, the experimental study of milling of basalt fiber reinforced composite materials has been approached, specifically, in edge trimming. In the machining of this material, tool wear, surface finish and delamination have been studied, analyzing the influence of cutting parameters (cutting speed, feed per tooth and depth of cut) and characteristics of the composite material (fiber volume fraction and fiber orientation). Regarding the fiber material, almost all existing studies have focused on carbon and glass fibers, there are no studies with basalt fibers, although this material is of natural origin and a good alternative to glass fibers. About the milling process, existing studies in the literature have focused more on the grooving operation than on the edge trimming operation. A fundamental part of the thesis has focused on the study of delamination. To characterize this defect, different theoretical aspects have been defined and developed. Additionally, different types of delamination (types I and II) have been quantified through the definition and comparison of one-dimensional and surface parameters, evaluating their temporal evolution. One-dimensional parameters allow the evaluation of the length of the fibers that protrude or damage the surface, while the surface parameters allow the quantification of the density of delaminate. As a complement to the experimental study, statistical tools (experiment design, ANOVA and quantile regression models) have been used to study the milling of this type of materials and predict certain roughness, tool wear, and delamination aspects. / Navarro Mas, MD. (2021). Análisis experimental del fresado de materiales compuestos reforzados con fibra de basalto [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/177645

Leichtbau zählt als eines der Zukunftstechnologien des 21. Jahrhunderts, um sowohl die Mobilitätsfragen von morgen zu beantworten als auch die klima- und energiepolitischen Ziele zu erreichen. Ein wesentlicher Fokus wird dabei auf Multi-Material-Systeme gelegt. Insbesondere die Kombination von faserverstärkten Kunststoffen und metallischen Legierungen zu sog. hybriden Laminaten zeigt ein hohes Substitutions- und Leichtbaupotential gegenüber klassischen monolithischen Konstruktionswerkstoffen. Vorrangig werden derartige hybride Schichtverbunde mit einer duroplastischen Matrix hergestellt, wodurch allerdings Restriktionen, bspw. gegenüber Produktivität, Recycling- und Lagerfähigkeit, resultieren. Eine besondere Alternative dazu bieten hybride Laminate auf Thermoplastbasis. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden die am Bundesexzellenzcluster MERGE entwickelten neuartigen thermoplastbasierten Schichtverbunde Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polyamid/Aluminium Laminate (CAPAAL®) und Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Aluminium Laminate (CATPUAL) erforscht und im optimierten variothermen Pressprozess hergestellt. Um die Werkstoffverbunde über die Grundlagenforschung hinaus, etwa in der industriellen Nutzung, zu etablieren, wurden umfangreiche Charakterisierungen und Fertigungsstudien durchgeführt. Zum einen erfolgten mikrostrukturell-analytische Untersuchungen u. a. zu der Imprägniergüte, der Oberflächenbehandlung der Aluminiumlegierung und des Versagensverhaltens. Zum anderen fanden mechanisch-technologische Charakterisierungen bezüglich quasi-statischer Versuche unter Zug- und Biegebelastung sowie Ermüdungsversuche unter Biegebelastung im Niedrig-Frequenzbereich statt. Die quasi-statischen Untersuchungen der Subkomponenten (Aluminiumlegierung, Verbundwerkstoff) und der hybriden Laminate wurden sowohl unter Raumtemperatur als auch unter definierten Temperaturbelastungen und Konditionierungszuständen durchgeführt, um deren Sensitivität zu analysieren sowie zu bewerten. Ebenfalls erfolgten analytische Berechnungen zur Auslegung der hybriden Schichtverbunde basierend auf der klassischen Laminattheorie und der Mischungsregel unter Einbeziehung des Metallvolumengehalts. Darüber hinaus wurden die thermisch induzierten Eigenspannungen analytisch ermittelt und in die Berechnungen der quasi-statischen Kennwerte inkludiert. Anhand der Untersuchungen konnte nachgewiesen werden, dass CAPAAL® und CATPUAL als „maßgeschneiderte“ Halbzeuge oder Strukturbauteile mit einem hohen Leichtbaupotential für großseriennahe Anwendungen prädestiniert sind. Diese weisen in Abhängigkeit der medialen Belastungen eine höhere Performance und ein weniger katastrophales Versagensverhalten als die entsprechenden Faser-Kunststoff-Verbunde auf. Zudem wurde konstatiert, dass eine hervorragende Ermüdungsfestigkeit unter Biegebelastung vorliegt. Die theoretischen Vorhersagen weisen vor allem über den Ansatz der Mischungsregel eine gute Korrelation zu den experimentell ermittelten Kennwerten auf.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3 Materialien und experimentelle Untersuchungen 4 Versuchsergebnisse und Diskussion 5 Bewertung der erzielten Ergebnisse 6 Ausgewählte Leichtbaulösungen 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick / Lightweight construction is considered one of the future technologies of the 21st century, both to answer tomorrow's mobility questions and to achieve climate and energy policy goals. A major focus is placed on multi-material systems. In particular, the combination of fibre-reinforced plastics and metal alloys to form so-called hybrid laminates shows a high substitution and lightweight construction potential compared to classic monolithic construction materials. Such hybrid laminates are primarily produced with a thermoset matrix, which results in restrictions, e. g. with regard to productivity, recyclability and storability. Hybrid laminates based on thermoplastics offer a special alternative. In the context of this work, the novel thermoplastic-based laminates Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Polyamid/Aluminium Laminate (CAPAAL®) and Carbon Fibre-Reinforced Thermoplastic Polyurethane/Aluminium Laminate (CATPUAL) were researched and produced in an optimised vario-heat pressing process. In order to establish the material composites beyond basic research, for example in industrial use, extensive characterization and manufacturing studies were carried out. On the one hand, microstructural-analytical characterisations were conducted, for example, on the impregnation quality, the surface treatment of the aluminium alloy and the failure behaviour. On the other hand, mechanical-technological investigations were carried out with regard to quasi-static tests under tensile and bending load as well as fatigue tests under bending load in the low-frequency range. The quasi-static tests of the subcomponents (aluminium alloy, composite material) and hybrid laminates were carried out both at room temperature and under defined temperature loads and conditioning conditions in order to analyse and evaluate their sensitivity. Analytical calculations for the design of the hybrid laminates based on the classical laminate theory and the rule of mixtures including the metal volume content were also considered. Furthermore, the thermally induced residual stresses were determined analytically and included in the calculations of the quasi-static characteristic values. Based on the investigations, it was possible to prove that CAPAAL® and CATPUAL are predestined as 'tailor-made' semi-finished products or structural components with a high lightweight construction potential for applications close to large-scale production. Depending on the medial loads, these exhibit higher performance and less catastrophic failure behaviour than the corresponding fibre-plastic composites. In addition, it was stated that there is an excellent fatigue strength under bending load. The theoretical predictions show a good correlation to the experimentally determined characteristic values, especially via the rule of mixtures approach.:1 Einleitung 2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 3 Materialien und experimentelle Untersuchungen 4 Versuchsergebnisse und Diskussion 5 Bewertung der erzielten Ergebnisse 6 Ausgewählte Leichtbaulösungen 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick

Composite laminates are being more employed as fundamental structures due to its low weight and high stiffness. An example of this innovation is the primary structures of modern aircraft, which are lighter than the material formerly used. To predict the material response as load gradually increases can be quite demanding due to composite\'s complex failure mechanism. Hence superior computational models should be further investigated to precisely predict the mechanical behavior of composite media. This dissertation addresses an extended finite element procedure based on the layerwise displacement theory to simulate purely mode I delamination failure in composite laminates. The present model has the potential to perform structural analyzes in a pre-delaminated structure and also considering progressive failure. The type of element to be employed at the discretion of the model is the rectangular 4-node iso-parametric homogeneous element whose displacement field is approximated based in the layerwise theory. There are four types of degrees of freedom, one displacement in each direction, and one degree of freedom associated to the strong discontinuity. Numerical examples already solved in the bibliography are suggested in this dissertation, which demonstrate the potential of the model developed to accurately simulate pure mode I delamination in case of the investigation here is further elaborated. In addition, one possibility of future development of this dissertation is the modeling of fracture mode I without the need to discretize the cohesive planes as realized in traditional Cohesive Zone Methods. / Compósitos laminados estão sendo mais empregados como estruturas fundamentais devido ao seu baixo peso e alta rigidez. Um exemplo dessa inovação são as estruturas primárias das aeronaves modernas, que são mais leves do que as os materiais empregados antigamente. Prever a resposta do material à medida que a carga aumenta gradualmente pode ser difícil devido ao complexo mecanismo de falha dos compósitos. Portanto, modelos computacionais mais refinados devem ser investigados a fim de se prever um comportamento mecânico mais preciso. Esta dissertação aborda um procedimento de elementos finitos estendido baseado na teoria de deslocamento layerwise para simular falhas de delaminação modo I em laminados compósitos. O modelo abordado tem potencial para realizar análises em uma estrutura prédelaminada além de falha progressiva. O tipo de elemento a ser empregado na discrição do modelo é o isoparamétrico, homogêneo de 4 nós, retangular, e o campo de deslocamento é baseado na teoria layerwise. Existem quatro tipos de graus de liberdade, um deslocamento em cada direção, e um grau de liberdade associado à forte. Sugere-se nesse trabalho, exemplos, que são comparados com a bibliografia, e que apontam que o modelo desenvolvido nesta dissertação tem o potencial de simular o fenômeno de delaminação em modo I com acurácia, caso o estudo nessa dissertação seja estendido. Além disso, uma possibilidade de desenvolvimento futuro desse trabalho é a modelagem da fratura modo I sem a necessidade de discretizar os planos coesivos entre as lâminas, como realizado em métodos coesivos tradicionais.