Building a new infrastructure facility requires a significant amount of time and expense. This is particularly true for investments in transportation for their longstanding and great degree of impact on society. The scope of time and money involved does not mean, however, we only focus on the economies of scale and may ignore other aspects of the built environment. To this extent, how can we achieve a more balanced perspective in infrastructure decision-making? In addition, what aspects should be considered when making more sustainable decisions about transportation investments? These two questions are the foundations of this study. This dissertation shares its process in part with a previous research project – Texas Urban Triangle (TUT). Although the TUT research generated diverse variables and created possible implementations of spatial decision support system (SDSS), the methodology still demands improvement. The current method has been developed to create suitable routes but is not designed to rank or make comparisons. This is admittedly one of the biggest shortfalls in the general SDSS approach, but is also where I see as an opportunity to make alternative interpretation more comprehensive and effective. The main purpose of this dissertation is to develop a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) that will lead to more balanced decision-making in transportation investment and optimize the most sustainable high-speed rail (HSR) route. The decision support system developed here explicitly elaborates the advantages and disadvantages of a transportation corridor in three particular perspectives: construction (fixed costs); operation (maintenance costs); and externalities (social and environmental costs), with a specific focus on environmental externalities. Considering more environmental features in rail routing will offset short-term economic losses and creates more sustainable environments in long-term infrastructure planning.

In this thesis, the Job Shop Scheduling Problem (JSSP) is the problem of interest. The classical JSSP is well-known as an NP-hard problem. Although with current computational capabilities, the small problems are solvable using deterministic methods, it is out of reach when they are larger in size. The complexity of JSSP is further increased when process interruptions, such as machine breakdown and/or machine unavailability, are introduced. Over the last few decades, several stochastic algorithms have been proposed to solve JSSPs. However, none of them are suitable for all kinds of problems. Genetic and Memetic algorithms have proved their effectiveness in these regards, because of their diverse searching behavior. In this thesis, we have developed one genetic algorithm and three different Memetic Algorithms (MAs) for solving JSSPs. Three priority rules are designed, namely partial re-ordering, gap reduction and restricted swapping, and these have been used as local search techniques in designing our MAs. We have solved 40 well-known benchmark problems and compared the results obtained with some of the established algorithms available in the literature. Our algorithm clearly outperforms those established algorithms. For better justification of the superiority of MAs over GA, we have performed statistical significance testing (Student's t-test). The experimental results show that MA, as compared to GA, not only significantly improves the quality of solutions, but also reduces the overall computation. We have extended our work by proposing an improved local search technique, shifted gap-reduction (SGR), which improves the performance of MAs when tested with the relatively difficult test problems. We have also modified the new algorithm to accommodate JSSPs with machine unavailability and also developed a new reactive scheduling technique to re-optimize the schedule after machine breakdowns. We have considered two scenarios of machine unavailability. Firstly, where the unavailability information is available in advance (predictive), and secondly, where the information is known after a real breakdown (reactive). We show that the revised schedule is mostly able to recover if the interruptions occur during the early stages of the schedules. We also confirm that the effect of a single continuous breakdown has more impact compared to short multiple breakdowns, even if the total durations of the breakdowns are the same. Finally, for convenience of implementation, we have developed a decision support system (DSS). In the DSS, we have built a graphical user interface (GUI) for user friendly data inputs, model choices, and output generation. This DSS tool will help users in solving JSSPs without understanding the complexity of the problem and solution approaches, as well as will contribute in reducing the computational and operational costs.

Os benefícios obtidos com a disponibilidade de radiação solar dentro ou ao redor dos edifícios são fundamentais no planejamento urbano e provocam significativo impacto sobre o uso do solo, densidade de construção, valorização do solo urbano, conforto térmico e economia de energia. CityZoom é um ambiente computacional de apoio à decisão em projetos de arquitetura e urbanismo onde modelos de desempenho podem ser utilizados de forma integrada e associados automaticamente a Normativas Urbanísticas. Este trabalho utiliza técnicas de computação gráfica pare aferir o acesso de edifícios à luz solar a partir de um modelo de simulação de potencial construtivo de lotes urbanos já existente no ambiente CityZoom. O modelo, denominado BlockMagic, foi estendido com uma técnica de cálculo de envelope solar, recurso que permite simular se a geometria dos edifícios interferirá, positiva ou negativamente, na vizinhança imediata. Ulteriormente, foram desenvolvidas ferramentas para visualização 2D e 3D dos resultados das simulações. / The benefits obtained from the available solar radiation in and around buildings are essential to urban planning. The inclusion of such features in the planning process has an expressive impact over land use, building density, land value, thermal comfort and energy saving. CityZoom is a computational decision support system for architecture and urbanism. The software provides an environment where performance models can be used in an integrated way, and automatically associated to Building Regulations. This work uses computer graphics techniques to assess the building access the sunlight availability to simulated buildings in the CityZoom environment. The performance model used to simulate the Building Regulations, BlockMagic, was extended to use a solar envelope calculation technique, allowing it to measure the effect of a simulated buildings on its immediate neighboring buildings. Tools for 2D and 3D visualization of the simulation results were also developed.

O comércio varejista enfrenta grande dificuldade na definição do mix de produtos. Redução contínua das margens; aumento constante da concorrência; ciclo de vida dos produtos cada vez menor; alto custo financeiro; legislação fiscal complexa e carga tributária elevada são alguns dos fatores que tornam a função do responsável pela definição do mix complexa, difícil e de grande responsabilidade. Visando a reduzir essa dificuldade, o estudo propõe o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão (SAD). O sistema desenvolvido trata de maneira sistêmica os impactos no resultado, provocados pelas variáveis que interferem no cálculo da margem gerada pelos produtos. A concepção foi antecedida pela avaliação das variáveis que influenciam o cálculo da margem dos produtos. Para a execução do estudo, foi utilizada a metodologia de análise consolidada pela pesquisa operacional, no desenvolvimento de modelos aplicados à tomada de decisão. A validação do SAD foi realizada, inicialmente, por meio de experimentos de laboratório e, posteriormente, em duas redes de comércio varejista de produtos eletroeletrônicos, sendo possível comprovar a importância e a eficiência do SAD, no apoio ao decisor na avaliação da composição do mix de produtos e, identificação de alternativas (cenários), que representam um maior retorno às empresas. Por meio da pesquisa foi possível concluir que o grande volume de variáveis que envolve o cálculo da margem dos produtos, bem como a complexidade para sua definição é fator que gera muita dificuldade ao responsável pela definição do mix e que a ferramenta desenvolvida demonstrou ser eficiente para reduzir essa dificuldade. Este estudo contribui também para evidenciar quais são as variáveis que devem ser consideradas no cálculo da rentabilidade dos produtos, e a necessidade de uma maior avaliação do efeito que cada uma delas causa na rentabilidade dos produtos. / Difficulty in defining the mix of products in retail; continuous reduction of the margins, constant increase in the competition, products' cycle life smaller and smaller, high financial cost; complex fiscal legislation and high tax burden are among the factors that make function of responsible for defining the mix complex, difficult and great responsibility. The study proposes the development of a Decision Support System (DSS), taking aim to reduce this problem. The developed system deals with a systemic manner the impacts on the outcome, caused by variables that affect the calculation of the margin generated by the products. The concept was preceded by an evaluation of the variables that influence the calculation of the margin generated by the products. The consolidated analysis methodology by the operational research was used in the applied models development for decision making, to the execution of the study. The DSS validation was accomplished, officially, through laboratory experiments and, afterwards, in two networks electronic products retail. Therefore, it is possible to prove the DSS' efficiency and importance as support to the composition evaluation from the mix of products and alternative identification (sceneries) that represent profit to the businesses. Through research it was possible to conclude that the large amount of variables that involves the calculation of the margin generated by the products, as well as the complexity for its definition, it is factor that causes great difficulty to the responsible for its mix. The strategy developed proved to be efficient in reducing this difficulty. It followed that the developed system is efficient to reduce this problem. This study also contributes to evidence what are the variables that must be considered in calculating the profitability of products, and the need of evaluating the effect that they cause in this profitability.

Submitted by Maria Anália Conceição (marianaliaconceicao@gmail.com) on 2016-08-18T18:29:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10.pdf: 2044084 bytes, checksum: eef64e9d622b35c3b0880540380f1814 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Anália Conceição (marianaliaconceicao@gmail.com) on 2016-08-18T18:31:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10.pdf: 2044084 bytes, checksum: eef64e9d622b35c3b0880540380f1814 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-18T18:31:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Publico-10.pdf: 2044084 bytes, checksum: eef64e9d622b35c3b0880540380f1814 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Intel do Brasil / Altos índices de mortalidade infantil em comunidades carentes podem ser evitados através da identificação precoce dos fatores de risco e do acompanhamento direto e contínuo da assistência médica materno infantil. No entanto, essa assistência demonstra ser complexa, com precariedade na locomoção e troca de informação das equipes da saúde, comumente constituídas por profissionais de diversas especialidades. Ainda, verifica-se uma freqüente participa- ção de voluntários de organizações não governamentais envolvidos diretamente com essa assistência. O objetivo desse trabalho foi desenvolver um instrumento digital – aqui denominado Sistema BabyCare – para a coleta, armazenamento e apoio à decisão aos profissionais de saúde, e demais envolvidos, nos cuidados a pacientes na assistência primária infantil em comunidades carentes. Esse sistema baseia-se em tecnologias de dispositivos móveis para utilização local em unidades básicas de saúde em comunidades carentes, assistidos ou não pelo Programa Saúde da Família (PSF), e ambulatórios e hospitais. Foram realizadas avaliações sobre o uso do sistema na cidade de São Paulo, envolvendo 60 usuários com diferentes formações, incluindo voluntários da Pastoral da Criança. Os questionários aplicados resultam um alto índice de aceitação geral (98,3%); treinamento in loco considerado adequado (91,9%); percepção na melhoria na rotina e na redução de tempo da consulta (100,0%), e na redução no volume de documentos (96,7%). Por fim, o protótipo apresentou-se robusto e eficiente para uso em comunidade / High infant mortality rates in needy communities can be prevented through direct and continuous follow-up of maternal and child health care. However, this assistance has proven to be complex, with the precarious mobility and exchange of information of healthcare teams, usually consisting of professionals from different specialties. In addition, there is a frequent participation of volunteers from non-governmental organizations directly involved in this assistance. The purpose of this work was to develop a digital device – referred as BabyCare System – for the collection, storage and support to decision for healthcare professionals and other concerned people, in order to assist patients in primary child care in needy communities. This system is based on handheld device technologies to be used locally in basic healthcare units in needy communities, whether assisted or not by the Healthcare Family Program (Programa Saúde da Família – PSF), as well as in ambulatory facilities and hospitals. Evaluations have been conducted regarding the use of the system in the city of São Paulo, involving 60 users with different formations, including volunteers from the Pastoral da Criança, an ecumenical institution for children. The applied questionnaires result in a high level of general acceptance (98.3%); the on-site training was considered as appropriate (91.9%); a perception of routine improvement and decrease in the time of consultation (100.0%), and a decrease in the volume of paperwork (96.7%). Finally, the prototype has proven to be robust and effective for the use in needy communities with precarious computer and telecommunication infrastructure.

Introduktion: Behovet av och följsamheten till kunskapsstöd i vården är en aktuell fråga. Läkare som arbetar diagnostiskt och behandlande har tillgång till utförliga nätbaserade kunskapsstöd som läkemedelsboken, internetmedicin och FASS.  Det produceras mer och mer forskning inom ämnet fysioterapi. Fysioterapeuter väntas arbeta utefter aktuell evidens, trots att de sällan har särskilt avsedd arbetstid för fortbildning. Skulle ett nätbaserat kunskapsstöd kunna hjälpa fysioterapeuter både att arbeta mer evidensbaserat samt att lättare hitta information som är relevant för deras arbete? Syfte: syftet med studien var att undersöka vilka kunskapsstöd fysioterapeuter använder idag och hur dessa upplevs fungera samt undersöka hur fysioterapeuter ställer sig till ett framtida samlat nätbaserat kunskapsstöd. Metod: en enkät (bilaga 2) utformades. Inklusionskriterier: kliniskt arbetande fysioterapeut på vårdcentral i Sverige. Exklusionkriterier: ej läs och skrivkunnig i svenska. 32 fysioterapeuter deltog i studien och 27 fullföljde enkäten.  Resultat: Fysioterapeuter använder sig till övervägande del av stöd från kollegor, internet, dokument från utbildning / kurser och böcker för både diagnosticering och behandling. Evidensnivån upplevs inte som hög. Tillgängligheten för diagnostiska stöd upplevs något lägre än för behandlingsstöd. Fysioterapeuter anser att ett utförligt nätbaserat kunskapsstöd skulle vara till hjälp i deras kliniska arbete, och de mest eftertraktade sökfunktionerna är en anatomisk atlas och en avancerad sökfunktion.  Konklusion: Fysioterapeuter är positiva till att ett nätbaserat kunskapsstöd skulle vara dem till hjälp i deras kliniska arbete. Mer forskning skulle behövas om hur ett nätbaserat kunskapsstöd bäst bör utformas för god implementation i fysioterapeuters kliniska arbete. Nyckelord: beslutsstöd, evidensbaserad kunskap, fysioterapi, kunskapshantering / Introduction: The need of and compliance to knowledge support systems in healthcare is a current matter. Doctors who provide both diagnostics and treatment have access to extensive net-based knowledge support systems such as läkemedelsboken, internetmedicin and FASS. More and more research is produced in the field of physiotherapy. Physiotherapists are expected to practice evidence based medicine, although they rarely have time at work set aside for further training. Would a net-based knowledge support system help physiotherapists to practice evidence based medicine as well as facilitate the search of information relevant to their work? Objectives: the purpose of this study was to investigate which knowledge support systems physiotherapists use today as well as how accessible they are perceived to be. And to analyze physiotherapists attitudes to a future cohesive net-based knowledge support system. Methods: a survey (attachment 2) was designed. Inclusion criteria: clinically working physiotherapists at care centres in Sweden. Exklusion criteria: lacking reading and writing skills in swedish. 32 physioherapists participated in the study and 27 completed the survey. Results: Physiotherapists rely mainly on knowledge support from colleagues, the internet, documents from their education / additional courses as well as books for both diagnostics and for treatment. The level of evidence is not perceived as high. The accessibility to knowledge support systems for diagnostics is rated somewhat worse than the accessibility to knowledge support systems for treatment. Physiotherapists believe that a wide-ranging net-based knowledge support system would be of benefit to their clinical work, and the most desirable search functions are an anatomical atlas as well as an advanced search function. Conklusion: Physiotherapists believe that a net-based knowledge support system would be helpful to their clinical practice. More research would be needed to determine how a net-based knowledge support system should be designed for good implementation in physiotherapists clinical practice.

O comércio varejista enfrenta grande dificuldade na definição do mix de produtos. Redução contínua das margens; aumento constante da concorrência; ciclo de vida dos produtos cada vez menor; alto custo financeiro; legislação fiscal complexa e carga tributária elevada são alguns dos fatores que tornam a função do responsável pela definição do mix complexa, difícil e de grande responsabilidade. Visando a reduzir essa dificuldade, o estudo propõe o desenvolvimento de um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão (SAD). O sistema desenvolvido trata de maneira sistêmica os impactos no resultado, provocados pelas variáveis que interferem no cálculo da margem gerada pelos produtos. A concepção foi antecedida pela avaliação das variáveis que influenciam o cálculo da margem dos produtos. Para a execução do estudo, foi utilizada a metodologia de análise consolidada pela pesquisa operacional, no desenvolvimento de modelos aplicados à tomada de decisão. A validação do SAD foi realizada, inicialmente, por meio de experimentos de laboratório e, posteriormente, em duas redes de comércio varejista de produtos eletroeletrônicos, sendo possível comprovar a importância e a eficiência do SAD, no apoio ao decisor na avaliação da composição do mix de produtos e, identificação de alternativas (cenários), que representam um maior retorno às empresas. Por meio da pesquisa foi possível concluir que o grande volume de variáveis que envolve o cálculo da margem dos produtos, bem como a complexidade para sua definição é fator que gera muita dificuldade ao responsável pela definição do mix e que a ferramenta desenvolvida demonstrou ser eficiente para reduzir essa dificuldade. Este estudo contribui também para evidenciar quais são as variáveis que devem ser consideradas no cálculo da rentabilidade dos produtos, e a necessidade de uma maior avaliação do efeito que cada uma delas causa na rentabilidade dos produtos. / Difficulty in defining the mix of products in retail; continuous reduction of the margins, constant increase in the competition, products' cycle life smaller and smaller, high financial cost; complex fiscal legislation and high tax burden are among the factors that make function of responsible for defining the mix complex, difficult and great responsibility. The study proposes the development of a Decision Support System (DSS), taking aim to reduce this problem. The developed system deals with a systemic manner the impacts on the outcome, caused by variables that affect the calculation of the margin generated by the products. The concept was preceded by an evaluation of the variables that influence the calculation of the margin generated by the products. The consolidated analysis methodology by the operational research was used in the applied models development for decision making, to the execution of the study. The DSS validation was accomplished, officially, through laboratory experiments and, afterwards, in two networks electronic products retail. Therefore, it is possible to prove the DSS' efficiency and importance as support to the composition evaluation from the mix of products and alternative identification (sceneries) that represent profit to the businesses. Through research it was possible to conclude that the large amount of variables that involves the calculation of the margin generated by the products, as well as the complexity for its definition, it is factor that causes great difficulty to the responsible for its mix. The strategy developed proved to be efficient in reducing this difficulty. It followed that the developed system is efficient to reduce this problem. This study also contributes to evidence what are the variables that must be considered in calculating the profitability of products, and the need of evaluating the effect that they cause in this profitability.

Os benefícios obtidos com a disponibilidade de radiação solar dentro ou ao redor dos edifícios são fundamentais no planejamento urbano e provocam significativo impacto sobre o uso do solo, densidade de construção, valorização do solo urbano, conforto térmico e economia de energia. CityZoom é um ambiente computacional de apoio à decisão em projetos de arquitetura e urbanismo onde modelos de desempenho podem ser utilizados de forma integrada e associados automaticamente a Normativas Urbanísticas. Este trabalho utiliza técnicas de computação gráfica pare aferir o acesso de edifícios à luz solar a partir de um modelo de simulação de potencial construtivo de lotes urbanos já existente no ambiente CityZoom. O modelo, denominado BlockMagic, foi estendido com uma técnica de cálculo de envelope solar, recurso que permite simular se a geometria dos edifícios interferirá, positiva ou negativamente, na vizinhança imediata. Ulteriormente, foram desenvolvidas ferramentas para visualização 2D e 3D dos resultados das simulações. / The benefits obtained from the available solar radiation in and around buildings are essential to urban planning. The inclusion of such features in the planning process has an expressive impact over land use, building density, land value, thermal comfort and energy saving. CityZoom is a computational decision support system for architecture and urbanism. The software provides an environment where performance models can be used in an integrated way, and automatically associated to Building Regulations. This work uses computer graphics techniques to assess the building access the sunlight availability to simulated buildings in the CityZoom environment. The performance model used to simulate the Building Regulations, BlockMagic, was extended to use a solar envelope calculation technique, allowing it to measure the effect of a simulated buildings on its immediate neighboring buildings. Tools for 2D and 3D visualization of the simulation results were also developed.

abstract: This dissertation advances spatial decision support system development theory by using a geodesign approach to evaluate design alternatives for such systems, including the impacts of the spatial model, technical spatial data, and user interface tools. These components are evaluated with a case study spatial decision support system for watershed management in the Niantic River watershed in Connecticut, USA. In addition to this case study, this dissertation provides a broader perspective on applying the approach to spatial decision support systems in general. The spatial model presented is validated, the impacts of the model are considered. The technical spatial data are evaluated using a new method developed to quantify data fitness for use in a spatial decision support system. Finally, the tools of the user interface are assessed by applying a conceptual framework and evaluating the resulting tools via user survey. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Geography 2014

This study aimed to verify how time pressure and missing information influence the quality of decisions. Themes investigated were decision process; its influential factors - time pressure and missing information; quality of the decision; and Multicriteria Method AHP - Analytical Hierarchical Process. To achieve the proposed objective was developed a Decision Support System - the AHP MAKH-ER structured with the AHP method. Once validated by users and the researcher, an experimental research was done using a decision task with multiple alternatives and criteria, with twenty subjects divided into four experimental groups, according to the incidence or not of the time pressure and the missing information. The task which simulates a car purchase was structured to create an environment for decision, in which knowledgeable individuals from car industry make their choices and comparisons, whether or not subjected to time pressure and missing information. Formulated and tested the hypothesis it was verified that (a) the time pressure does not influence negatively the quality of individuals‟ decisions, (b) the missing information does not influence negatively the quality of individuals‟ decisions, and (c) further information does not overcome the lack of time to decide, thus not improving the quality of individuals‟ decisions. However, it was also possible, through a post-experiment questionnaire and the mapping of computer access (logs) to verify different behaviors of individuals in decision making. Pressured by time the individuals sought the information by criteria, or, changed their strategy: starting by the alternative and subsequently by the criterion. The experimental subjects, facing the time pressure focused on the car of their choice, whereas without time pressure, they rationalized some more, using the information, and disagreed with the car chosen. Assumptions of the Theory of Image also explained some findings, indicating that previously structured images in the mind of the decision maker, which represent his preferences, are a way to face the time pressure. Still regarding this variable, it was found that the decision-makers accelerate the processing of information, making the task more quickly and thus they feel more the pressure of time, as blocking of the mind and feeling of stress, then the missing information when subjected to both variables. Upon the missing information it was observed that the use of prior knowledge and experience was the most prominent strategy of confrontation. In a lower frequency, there was also a demonstration of confidence by some experimental subjects when information was missing in the task. Finally, a strategy observed was the choice of the alternative in which information was available (when compared with other alternative without information), emphasizing that this topic needs a greater depth. / Este estudo teve por objetivo verificar como a pressão do tempo e a falta de informação influenciam na qualidade das decisões. Foram abordados os temas processo decisório; seus fatores influentes pressão do tempo e falta de informação; a qualidade da decisão; e o Método Multicritério AHP Processo Analítico Hierárquico. Para atingir o objetivo proposto foi desenvolvido um Sistema de Apoio à Decisão - o AHP MAKH-ER- estruturado com o Método AHP. Depois de validado pelos usuários e pela pesquisadora, realizou-se uma pesquisa experimental utilizando uma tarefa decisória com múltiplas alternativas e critérios, com vinte sujeitos separados em quatro grupos experimentais, de acordo com a incidência ou não da pressão do tempo e da falta de informação. A tarefa, que simula uma compra de carro, foi estruturada a fim de criar um ambiente de decisão, em que indivíduos conhecedores do ramo de automóveis fazem suas escolhas e comparações, submetidos ou não a pressão do tempo e a falta de informação. Formuladas e testadas às hipóteses verificou-se que (a) a pressão do tempo não influencia negativamente na qualidade das decisões dos indivíduos, (b) a falta de informação não influencia negativamente na qualidade das decisões dos indivíduos, e (c) mais informação não supera a falta de tempo para decidir, não melhorando assim a qualidade das decisões dos indivíduos. Entretanto, também foi possível, por meio de um questionário pós-experimento e do mapeamento dos acessos computacionais (logs); verificar diferentes comportamentos dos indivíduos no processo decisório. Pressionados pelo tempo os indivíduos buscaram a informação por critérios, ou ainda, mudaram de estratégia: iniciando por alternativa e posteriormente por critério. Os sujeitos experimentais, diante da pressão do tempo focaram no carro de sua preferência, enquanto que sem pressão de tempo, alguns racionalizaram mais, utilizaram as informações, e não concordaram com o carro escolhido. Pressupostos da Teoria da Imagem também justificaram alguns achados, indicando que as imagens previamente estruturadas na mente do decisor, as quais representam suas preferências, são uma forma de enfrentar a pressão do tempo. Ainda com relação a esta variável, verificou-se que os tomadores de decisão aceleram o processar da informação, realizando a tarefa de forma mais rápida, e sentindo assim mais a pressão do tempo, na forma de bloqueamento da mente e sentimento de estresse, do que a falta de informação quando sujeito a ambas as variáveis. Diante da falta de informação observou-se que a utilização do conhecimento prévio bem como da experiência do indivíduo foi a estratégia de enfrentamento mais destacada. Em uma freqüência menor, encontrou-se também a demonstração de autoconfiança por parte de alguns sujeitos experimentais quando havia informação faltante na tarefa. Por fim, uma estratégia observada, foi a escolha da alternativa em que a informação estava disponível (quando comparada a outra alternativa sem informação), destacando que este tópico carece de um aprofundamento maior.