O principal objetivo deste estudo é analisar a concepção de território dos trabalhadores de um CAPS AD, buscando identificar as ações em saúde mental desenvolvidas para o usuário de crack no território e conhecer os desafios, as potencialidades e as dificuldades para o cuidado do usuário de crack no território. O referencial teórico-metodológico utilizado é o territóriorede de Marcelo Lopes de Souza, que se caracteriza como uma rede que articula dois ou mais territórios contínuos. Observa-se a superposição de vários territórios, com formas variadas e limites não coincidentes de diversos territórios, podendo haver diversas territorialidades que se complementam ou se contradizem, dando um caráter de diferentes relações de poder e movimento. Os dados foram coletados por meio de uma entrevista aberta, realizada com oito profissionais que compõem a equipe de saúde mental do CAPS AD de Viamão/RS. Foi utilizada a análise temática para a análise dos dados. Os resultados apontam uma concepção de território dinâmica e complexa, que envolve, além do espaço geográfico, o espaço social dos usuários, o cotidiano, seus desejos e vivências. O território do uso do crack é apresentado para além do uso da substância e da dependência química, sendo um espaço rico de simbolismo, o lugar onde o usuário constrói sua identidade, suas escolhas e suas histórias de vida. Trata-se também de um território diverso e descontínuo, constituído por diferentes territórios: os serviços de saúde, a rede intersetorial, a rua, a casa e o espaço por onde o usuário transita. Esses territórios se complementam e se contradizem, e o desafio é a articulação entre eles, formando uma rede, uma teia complexa de relações. Tendo como norte os conceitos de território, são trabalhadas questões de gestão do cuidado no território, abordando o planejamento e a gestão do espaço geográfico. Observa-se a necessidade da territorialização para a efetivação de ações dos serviços substitutivos, bem como para a organização da rede intersetorial. Alguns trabalhadores apontam que, para cuidar no território, é preciso delimitá-lo e conhecê-lo, incorporando práticas direcionadas ao território de “uso” da população. Por fim, são abordadas estratégias de cuidado no território, como as equipes itinerantes, as visitas domiciliares, a clínica ampliada e o território de trabalho ser o mesmo da residência do profissional. Espera-se que este estudo possa trazer subsídios para repensar o cuidado no campo psicossocial, cuidado esse que vai além dos muros e das instituições, sendo refletido e organizado a partir do espaço em que as pessoas vivem. / The main goal of this study is to analyze the concept of worker’s territory in a CAPS AD, seeking to identify the actions on mental health developed for crack users in the territory and to know the challenges, the potential and the difficulties in the caring of a crack user in the territory. The theoretical and methodological framework used is network-territory, from Marcelo Lopes de Souza, which is characterized as a network that links two or more continuous territories. We note the superposition of several territories, with different shapes and noncoincident boundaries of various territories. There may be several territorialities, which complement or contradict each other, giving a character of different power and movement relations. Data were collected through an open interview, conducted with eight professionals who make up the mental health team of CAPS AD, in the city of Viamão/RS. Thematic analysis was used for the data analysis. The results indicate a dynamic and complex conception of territory, which involves, beyond geographical space, the social space of users, daily life, their desires and experiences. The territory of crack use is presented here beyond the ideas of substance use and chemical dependency. It’s actually a rich space of symbolism, where the users build their identity, their choices and their life stories. It is also a diverse and discontinuous territory, consisting of different territories: health services, intersectoral network, the street, the house and the space where the user moves. These territories complement and contradict each other, and the challenge is the link between them, making a network, a complex web of relations. Having as a direction the concepts of territory, questions of management of the caring territory are discussed, addressing the planning and management of geographic space. We note the need of territorialization toward the effective of actions by substitute services, as well as for the organization of intersectoral network. Some workers suggest that, to take care of the territory, it’s necessary to enclose and know the latter, incorporating practices directed at the territory of "use" of the population. Finally, care strategies in the territory are addressed, such as itinerant teams, home visits, expanded clinic and the territory of labor being the same of the professional residence. We hope that this study may provide support for rethinking care in the psychosocial field, care which goes beyond the walls and the institutions, being reflected and organized from the space in which people live. / El objetivo principal de este estudio es analizar la concepción de territorio de los trabajadores de un CAPS AD, buscando identificar las acciones en salud mental desarrolladas para el usuario de crack en el territorio y conocer los desafíos, las potencialidades y las dificultades para el cuidado del usuario de crack en el territorio. El referencial teórico-metodológico es el territoriored de Marcelo Lopes de Souza que se caracteriza como una red que articula dos o más territorios continuos. Se puede observar la superposición de muchos territorios, con formatos variados y límites no coincidentes, pudiendo haber diversas territorialidades que se complementan o se contradicen. Los datos fueran recolectados a través de una entrevista abierta, realizada con ocho profesionales que componen el equipo de salud mental de CAPS AD de Viamão/RS. Para el análisis de los datos, se utilizó un análisis temático. Los resultados indican una concepción de territorio dinámica y compleja, que envuelve, además del espacio geográfico, el espacio social para los usuarios, el cotidiano, sus deseos y sus experiencias. El territorio del uso de crack es presentado para además de la dependencia química, siendo un espacio rico de simbolismo, el sitio del usuario, que construye su identidad, sus preferencias y su historia de vida. También reflejase un territorio diverso y descontinuo, apuntando los diferentes territorios, que son: los servicios de salud, la red intersectorial, la calle, la casa, el espacio por donde el usuario se mueve. Estos territorios se complementan y se contradicen, siendo el desafío la articulación entre ellos, formando una red, una tela compleja de relaciones. Teniendo como norte los conceptos de territorio, se trabajan las cuestiones de gestión del cuidado en el territorio, versando la planificación y la gestión del espacio geográfico. Se percibe la necesidad de la territorialización para efectivar acciones de los servicios substitutivos, así como, la organización de la red intersectorial. El trabajador señala para cuidar del territorio es necesario delimitarlo y conocerlo, incorporando practicas dirigidas a él de “uso” de la población. Por último, son tratadas estrategias de cuidado en el territorio, como los equipos itinerantes, las visitas domiciliares, la clínica ampliada y el territorio de trabajo es el mismo de residencia del profesional. Se espera que este estudio pueda proporcionar subsidios para repensar el cuidado en el campo psicosocial, cuidado ese que va más allá de los muros de las instituciones, siendo reflejado y organizado desde el espacio que vive la gente.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-09-21T12:40:48Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Vanessa Vieira França - Dissertação.pdf: 1905878 bytes, checksum: cb054fd34f33546e8d861d9789c0b2d2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-21T12:40:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Vanessa Vieira França - Dissertação.pdf: 1905878 bytes, checksum: cb054fd34f33546e8d861d9789c0b2d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / CAPES / Serviços Residenciais Terapêuticos (SRT) são casas inseridas na comunidade e que recebem portadores de transtornos mentais, egressos de internações psiquiátricas de longa permanência, sem suporte social e com laços familiares ausentes ou fragilizados. Hoje os SRT vivenciam diversos desafios como: a rede de saúde deficitária e pouco articulada, o envelhecimento da população, dificuldade da equipe de cuidadores com a convivência e manejo mínimo das comorbidades crônicas e psiquiátricas. O objetivo geral dessa dissertação foi analisar as demandas de cuidado dos moradores dos SRT. Para alcançar este objetivo, foram elaborados um artigo de Revisão Integrativa (RI) e três artigos originais: O artigo de RI teve o objetivo de identificar as estratégias utilizadas no processo de desinstitucionalização de pessoas com transtornos mentais em diversos países do mundo. A busca foi realizada nas bases Scopus, Cinahl e Lilacs. Foram incluídos artigos originais publicados entre 2009 e 2014, em inglês, português ou espanhol. Os artigos originais emergiram de um estudo transversal de amostra censitária realizado com 190 moradores de ambos os sexos de 31 SRT de Recife-PE. Foram excluídos moradores em internamento hospitalar ou fora da cidade; impossibilitados de participar do estudo por questões de saúde física ou mental; e que não possuíam curador legal disponível. A coleta de dados foi realizada entre janeiro e julho/2015 no próprio SRT ou nos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial de referência. Foram analisadas as variáveis de perfil socioeconômico, familiar e psiquiátrico, aplicado o Índice de Katz e a escala de Lawton. Para análise foram utilizados o teste de qui-quadrado e a regressão de Poisson com variância robusta. Os resultados da revisão integrativa emergiram da análise de 14 experiências de desinstitucionalização no mundo e evidenciaram as particularidades vivenciadas por diferentes países para realizar a reforma psiquiátrica. Os artigos originais evidenciaram que essa população em sua maioria é composta por homens, solteiros, não escolarizados, com renda entre 1 e 2 salários mínimos e idosos. Para as Atividades Básicas de Vida Diária (ABVD) a maioria dos moradores é independente.A análise multivariada identificou associações entre o estado geral comprometido, mobilidade reduzida e acuidade visual preservada com estados de dependência para as ABVD. Para as Atividades Instrumentais de Vida Diária a maioria foi classificada como dependente este estado esteve mais associada à ausência de renda, tempo do último internamento psiquiátrico superior a 10 anos, estado geral comprometido, acuidade visual preservada e não possuir esquizofrenia 10 paranóide. As demandas de cuidado prioritárias são: inatividade física, edentulismo sem uso de prótese, sobrepeso e obesidade, esquizofrenia residual e o tabagismo. Conclui-se, que o perfil desse morador ainda assemelha-se com o que é encontrado nos hospitais psiquiátricos brasileiros e que suas demandas de cuidado envolvem questões associadas aos longos períodos de internamento psiquiátrico pregresso, afetando negativamente na capacidade funcional deste grupo. É necessária a integração do morador, comunidade, rede de assistência, e em especial da Estratégia Saúde da Família, com o intuito de prevenir agravos e intervir nestas demandas identificadas a fim de prevenir a evolução dos quadros de dependência com o envelhecimento da população. / Residential Therapeutic Services (RTS) are community “assisted living facilities” to assist people with mental disorders or long-term psychiatric hospitalization, and without family or social support. Several challenges face the RTS today including an unorganized and impoverished health network, an aging population, and the coexistence and minimal management of chronic and psychiatric comorbidities. The aim of this thesis was to analyze the care demands of the residents of the RTS. To accomplish this, one Integrative Review article (RI) and three original articles were developed. The RI article aimed to identify selected strategies to deinstitutionalize people with mental disorders in many countries around the world. The search was conducted in Scopus, CINAHL, and Lilacs databases. Original articles that were published between 2009 and 2014 in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, were included. The original articles emerged from a cross-sectional study of the census sample conducted with 190 residents of both sexes of 31 RTS Recife-PE. Residents who were in hospital, out of town, and did not have a legal curator available were excluded. Data was collected between January and July, 2015 in the RTS or reference Psychosocial Care Centers. The Katz Index and the Lawton scale were applied with the variables of socioeconomic, family, and psychiatric profile. For analysis, were used the chi-square test and Poisson regression with robust variance. The results of the integrative review emerged from 14 deinstitutionalization experiences, and they showed characteristics experienced in different countries in performing the psychiatric reform. The original articles showed that this population is mostly made up of men, singles, unschooled individuals, families with 1 or 2 minimum wage incomes, and the elderly. For Daily Living Basic Activities (DLBA) most residents are independent. A Multivariate analysis identified associations between impaired general health status, the reduced mobility, and the visual preserved acuity with dependency for DLBA. For the Instrumental Activities of Daily Living, most were classified as dependents. This health condition was more associated with lack of income, being a psychiatric inpatient for more than 10 years on the last hospitalization,having an impaired general condition, visual acuity preserved, and not having paranoid schizophrenia. Priority care demands are: physical inactivity, edentulism without use of prosthesis, overweight and obesity, residual schizophrenia, and smoking. It follows that the profile of this resident still resembles what is found in the Brazilian psychiatric hospitals and their care demands involve issues associated with long periods of progress of the last hospitalization in a psychiatric hospital. which adversely affects the functional ability of this group. It requires the integration of the resident, community, health care system, and especially the Primary Health Care in order to prevent injuries and intervene in the claims identified in order to prevent the development of dependence on frames with the aging population.

Durante séculos as pessoas com transtornos mentais sofreram pela exclusão social e espacial. No Brasil, apenas a partir da Reforma Psiquiátrica se iniciaram propostas de inclusão social do doente mental, que passa a ser tratado em serviços substitutivos aos hospitais psiquiátricos. Hoje em dia, o principal equipamento com a missão de articular a atenção em saúde mental na comunidade é o Centro de Atenção Psicossocial CAPS. Com o recente aumento de numero de CAPS no território brasileiro, as práticas de inclusão social têm se desenvolvido e as pessoas com transtornos mentais têm enfrentado o desafio de buscar formas de interação na comunidade em que vivem. Este trabalho investiga os avanços na inclusão social do usuário atendido em CAPS. A finalidade deste estudo foi identificar ações que possibilitem a inclusão social do usuário e colaborar com diretrizes para as políticas públicas de saúde mental. Para atingir esta finalidade os objetivos específicos foram: analisar a concepção de inclusão social expressa na representação social dos usuários de CAPS e pessoas da rede social dos usuários, identificar o cotidiano e a rede social de suporte dos usuários e analisar as estratégias existentes nos CAPS que auxiliam na construção do cotidiano e da inclusão social do usuário. Como referencial teórico de suporte para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa, foi utilizada a teoria sobre cotidiano de Ágnes Heller, que considera que as transformações sociais muitas vezes começam no nível microscópico. Nesta investigação optou-se por utilizar como referência as seguintes categorias analíticas: exclusão/inclusão social, Reabilitação Psicossocial e Representações Sociais. O estudo foi realizado em um CAPS da cidade de São Paulo e os sujeitos desta investigação foram pessoas com transtorno psíquico, usuários do CAPS e pessoas de sua rede sua social. Para a coleta de dados foram realizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas, e para a apuração dos dados foi utilizada a análise do discurso. A partir desta análise foram identificadas as seguintes categorias empíricas: processo de exclusão/inclusão social, redes sociais e cuidado em saúde mental. Como resultados foram encontradas dificuldades no processo de inclusão social como: a existência de concepções alinhadas ao modelo manicomial, estigma e preconceito, desvantagens de recursos materiais, dificuldade em exercer a cidadania, isolamento social, pouco contato social fora do CAPS, poucas oportunidades no contexto e falta de uma rede de atenção à saúde e rede intersetorial articulada. Os avanços encontrados no processo de inclusão social foram: concepções sobre inclusão social de que todos devem estar integrados na comunidade, experienciais de participação em espaços da cidade, aumento da rede social do usuário, contato com pessoas fora do CAPS, inclusão em grupos religiosos, apoio de associações e ONGs e o CAPS enquanto espaço de acolhimento, inclusão, pertencimento e cuidado à saúde. Percebe-se que o CAPS tem favorecido a inclusão social dos usuários, criando acessos e opções, projetando um novo paradigma em saúde mental no Brasil. Porém, mais do que avanços nas práticas em saúde mental esta pesquisa encontra diversos desafios a serem solucionados. Estes desafios não são postos apenas para o CAPS, mas para a sociedade. / For centuries, people with mental health issues suffered social and spatial exclusion. In Brazil, it was only after the psychiatric reform that the proposal of inclusion of the mental patients started with treatment in public services that substituted psychiatric hospitals. Currently the main service with the purpose of articulating mental health attention in the community is the Psychosocial Care Center (CAPS). With the recent increase in the number of CAPS in the Brazilian territory, the practice of social inclusion has developed and people with mental health problems have faced the challenge of finding new ways to interact in the community they live in. This work investigates the advances of social inclusion of CAPS users. The purpose of this study was to indentify actions that allow for the social inclusion of users and to help the design of mental health public policies. To achieve this goal the specific object of the study was: to analyze the conception of social inclusion expressed in the social representation of CAPS users and people in their social networks, to identify the everyday life and their support social networks, and to analyze the strategies existent in CAPS that help building everyday life and the social inclusion of users. As support theoretical reference for the development of the research Agnes Heller´s everyday life theory, that considers that often social transformation starts at the microscopic level, was used. In this research the chosen analytic categories for reference are: social exclusion/inclusion, psychosocial rehabilitation and social representations. The research was conducted in a CAPS in São Paulo city and the subjects were people with mental health problems, CAPS users and their social networks. For data collection semi-structured interviews were conducted and subjected to discourse analysis. Based on this analysis the following empirical categories were identified: social exclusion/inclusion process, social network and mental health care. As results difficulties in the social inclusion process were revealed, such as: the existence of conceptions aligned with the asylum model, stigma and prejudice, lack of material resources, difficulties in the exercise of citizenship, social isolation, lack of social interaction outside CAPS, lack of opportunities in the milieu, lack of support in the health care network and in the articulated multi-sector network. The advances found in the process of social inclusion were: conceptions about social inclusion that everyone should be integrated in the community, experiences of participation in spaces in the city, increase of the social network of users, contact with people outside CAPS, inclusion in religious groups, support of NGOs and the CAPS as a space of welcoming, inclusion, belonging and health care. Thus, the CAPS have favored the social inclusion of users, crating access and options, projecting a new paradigm in mental health in Brazil. Nevertheless, even more than advances in the mental health practices the research finds several challenges to be solved. These challenges are not faced just by the CAPS but by the society.

Esta investigação trata da reinserção de pessoas com transtornos mentais, antes confinadas em Hospitais Psiquiátricos, no espaço da cidade em seu estilo contemporâneo de relações sociais. Inicialmente, realizamos uma trajetória da Saude Mental, desde a era dos manicômios, lugares para a contenção física e medicamentosa, em que as hospitalizações e internacoes em instituições asilares ocupavam um lugar central, até nos aproximarmos da Reforma Psiquiatrica brasileira, que, se inspirou na Reforma Psiquiatrica italiana. No Brasil, com a lei n 10216/01e a Portaria GM106/2000, que redirecionaram todo o modelo de atendimento a essas pessoas, a aposta nas Residências Terapêuticas tem sido fundamental para o processo de desinstitucionalização, na medida em que pretendem assegurar os direitos de pessoas, sem vínculos familiares, que deixam o hospital para viver em uma casa e, acima de tudo, acompanhar seu processo de reapropriação da cidade. No sentido de levantar subsídios para explicitar os obstáculos presentes nas relações de vizinhança implicadas nessa proposta foi efetuada uma análise de uma peticao inicial, inserida em um processo jurídico destinado a uma Residência Terapêutica, cujos vizinhos se mobilizaram para a expulsão dos moradores daquela casa. Foi possível observar o alcance da dificuldade implicada na reconstrução da cidadania dos egressos de Hospitais Psiquiátricos, o que nos permite destacar que, depois de tanta violência cometida pelo Estado em instituições e hospitais, esta análise evidencia como as Residências Terapeuticas são apenas o começo de um processo de reinserção complexa dessas pessoas, historicamente excluídas da paisagem urbana e da sociedade / The research considers the reinsertion of people with mental disorders in society and specifically their challenges adapting to urban life. It begins looking at the long hospitalizations and institutions designed to contain these people physically or through medication up to the development of the psychiatric reforms. In Brazil, law n 10216/01 triggered the discussion about the place and space needed to open up cities again to these people. Given the advances brought by the new model, the therapeutic community houses represent a relevant strategy in the deinstitutionalization process of people with mental disorders who lived long hospitalization periods and lost their family linkages. These people may now return to a house in the city, the main object of this research. Unwelcoming neighbors in a middle class area in Sao Paulo resisted resulting in a judicial process that this residence could not withstand, having to move elsewhere. As a result one might question the advances in mental health treatment given simple neighborhood problems strip people with mental health disorders from their citizenship. There is still a need to consider reparations for these people. After so much violence committed by the state in institutions and hospitals this analysis shows that the therapeutic community houses are just the beginning of a complex reinsertion process of these socially excluded people into the urban landscape and society

A study was conducted to investigate factors associated with the perceived future self-efficacy in adolescents with spina bifida. Thirteen adolescents with spina bifida and their parents were surveyed. Seventeen adolescents without an identified disability and their parents were also surveyed. The Questionnaire of Future Adult Activities (QFAA) and the Health Attribution Test (HAT) were administered. Parent responses were compared to those of adolescents and adolescent responses were compared between groups. There was no overall correlation between parent and adolescent responses. Differences were found between responses of adolescents with spina bifida and adolescents without an identified disability. Limited correlations were found between the QFAA and the HAT.

L’expression « parents nourriciers » n’est plus utilisée en France depuis environ un demi-siècle. Pourtant notre pays signe des traités internationaux faisant figurer la parenté nourricière, et le conseil de l’Europe donne des recommandations à son sujet. Il s’agit d’un terme de droit figurant dans plusieurs codes civils francophone (Suisse, Belgique) mais pas dans le code civil français, cette parenté y faisant l’objet d’un déni juridique ancien. Dans le droit international, ce terme désigne une protection de remplacement pour les enfants placés ne pouvant, provisoirement ou durablement, vivre avec leurs parents.Dans un premier temps, l’approche historique nous permet de présenter la construction de la parenté nourricière – parenté d’éducation, intermédiaire entre placement et adoption – et la contradiction entre le modèle adoptif de l’Assistance publique et l’absence de reconnaissance légale des liens créés. Nous décrivons ensuite le contexte actuel de la protection de l’enfance. Le modèle substitutif – remplacer des parents absents ou disqualifiés – se transforme en contre-modèle, et la norme dominante devient l’accueil provisoire référé à la suppléance familiale (Paul Durning, 1986). De ce fait les enfants sont plutôt placés que confiés, le provisoire n’a pas de limite, et le rôle parental des assistants familiaux est peu reconnu. La recherche empirique est fondée sur des récits de vie professionnelle de 12 assistants familiaux (pour dix familles d’accueil) abordant 35 situations d’enfants accueillis dans le passé ou actuellement. A partir de leurs points de vue nous cherchons à faire apparaître la persistance de la parenté nourricière et ses reconfigurations dans l’accueil familial. En associant une approche anthropologique, la théorie de l’attachement et l’approche politique du care, nous analysons le rôle parental des assistants familiaux. En se transformant en accueil familial, la parenté nourricière garde ses fondamentaux : il s’agit toujours de vivre avec un enfant, de le nourrir, d’en prendre soin (le care), de l’éduquer. Mais il ne s’agit plus de remplacer des parents disqualifiés et l’enfant est inscrit dans une pluriparentalité à la fois réelle et incertaine, du fait du déni juridique de la parentalité d’accueil. Nous étudions les reconfigurations liées au changement des publics, les risques et les échecs qui y sont associés, et la nouvelle mission de soutien des parents des enfants accueillis. Enfin, une reconfiguration majeure est l’utilisation de l’adoption simple par les familles d’accueil et les jeunes adultes, après le placement.Dans une troisième partie nous étudions comment la parenté nourricière peut être reconnue dans le droit et les institutions françaises, en nous fondant sur des exemples étrangers et des propositions d’experts. / The old french term equivalent to “foster parents", “parents nourriciers”, has not been used in France for about half a century. However, France signs international treaties including “parents nourriciers”, “familles nourricières”, and the Council of Europe gives recommendations on it. This is because “parents nourriciers” is a legal term appearing in several French-speaking civil codes... but not in the French civil code, this kinship being the subject of a very old legal denial. In international law, this term refers to alternative care for children who cannot, temporarily or permanently, live with their parents. This situation corresponds to a reality of foster care in France and is at the centre of the law of 14 March 2016. From a double historical approach (long history and recent history) we seek to show what this kind of fosterage was, to understand why it disappeared as a symbol and how it continues to exist as a reality.The empirical research is based on the professional life story of 12 foster parents (of ten foster families) and 35 situations are approached to answer two questions: how foster parents invest the new mission of supporting the parents of the child being cared for? How do they cope with the contradiction between a care legally conceived as temporary with parents present, in situations of permanent care in reality, with parents little or not present? Using an anthropological approach, attachment theory and parental care theories, we analyse the parental role of family carers.We study the reconfigurations of traditional fosterage in several dimensions: the evolution of the problems at the origin of foster care, the risks and failures associated with it, the new mission of supporting the parents of the foster children. Finally, a major reconfiguration is the use of simple adoption by foster families and young adults after placement.In a third part we study how foster kinship can be recognized in French law and institutions, based on foreign examples and proposals from experts.

The criminal justice system is a primary driver of racial and gender injustice. While research and policy advocacy tends to center the most typical criminalized subjects— black, and more recently Latino, men— unique insights into the dynamics of race, gender, and punishment emerge when we focus on a more unique group: transgender people of color. Nearly half of black transgender people experience incarceration over the course of their lives. The extreme criminalization of transgender people of color highlights the intersectional nature of carceral violence, and the ways state violence operates alongside social exclusion and structural abandonment. The carceral state produces and maintains social divisions. This dissertation investigates how the penal definition and management of racialized gender boundaries produces vulnerability and constrains life chances for transgender and gender-nonconforming people. I also demonstrate how, in the face of state coercion, criminalized gender-nonconforming people navigate and seek to mitigate vulnerability. The empirical context for this work is the California state prison system and the reentry ecosystem of San Francisco. Drawing on extensive archival research, 20 months of ethnographic observation in transgender prisoner advocacy organizations, and 136 interviews with formerly incarcerated transgender people, advocates, policymakers, and former prison staff, this dissertation shows how racialized gender regulation operates, transforms, and is resisted in penal organizations. This study traces racialized gender regulation over time— from 1941 to 2018— and across the carceral continuum, examining the management and navigation of racialized gender boundaries behind prison walls and in reentry organizations upon transgender people’s release. While transgender prisoner discourse foregrounds issues of identity, I find that neither identity nor accounts of race and gender as stable and transportable structures are sufficient to explain the ways racialized gender boundaries operate at the meso-level of penal organizations. Prison administrators and reentry staff articulate and regulate racialized gender boundaries based on historically-specific organizational imperatives (e.g. to distinguish between reformable and incurable prisoners, or to allocate limited reentry resources). Currently and formerly incarcerated transgender people, in turn, engage with classification pragmatically and pursue safety strategies designed to minimize vulnerability to both interpersonal and state violence. I arrive at these findings through three papers that focus on different dimensions of organizational practice and pragmatic survival strategies. In the first paper, I argue that, rather than emphasizing a categorical conflict between an institutionalized gender binary and gender-nonconformity, we should analyze how the nature of prison gender boundaries arises from the historically evolving nature of racialized punishment and the inherently coercive nature of classification in a total institution. Prison gender boundaries reflect an evolving conflict between the prison’s efforts to label, control, and confine bodies, and prisoners’ capacity to resist. Prison administrators make and manage gender boundary violation based on the evolving penal logics and resources at their disposal; from 1941-2018, administrators successively use strategies of segregation, treatment, risk management, and bureaucratic assimilation. Prisoners, in turn, express or repress non-normative gender identifications based on the consequences of classification in changing penal regimes. In the second paper, I extend research that has explained incarcerated transgender women’s high rates of victimization based on the prison’s rigid institutionalization of the gender binary. Employing an intersectional approach, I demonstrate that trans women of color in men's prisons are vulnerable because their restricted mobility, subjection to guard coercion, and material deprivation facilitates sexual assault. In this context, trans women of color use embodied, social, and economic resources to avoid victimization. Lastly, I examine how racialized gender regulation persists in the reentry organizations transgender people encounter upon release. Examining the gender rules and gendered interactions fostered by reentry housing programs, I show how the repudiation and regulation of black trans women’s womanhood leads to their exclusion from reentry resources and heightened reentry hardship. Together, these three papers work to explain how racialized gender regulation in the penal system generates complex, intersectional inequality, while also illuminating the ways criminalized transgender people of color understand, navigate, and resist these conditions.

In my thesis I deal with the representations of mental handicap in the Czech context. The theoretical base I found in the field of disability studies and its model of disability, which I have enriched with the approaches of poststructuralist authors and also with the Czech authors who see the mental handicap from a different perspective than the "majority society". The representation of mental handicap in the Czech context I show at the example of a home for people with disabilities, specifically for the mentally disabled women, which is located in the Usti Region. This institution is involved in the project called The support of planning the transformation of social services in the Usti Region. In the thesis I deal with the issue how are these planning changes communicated with clients and what connotations are given to the planned change of living space. In the empirici section, I talk through the semi-structured interviews with five woman clients of the institution and ask them about their current life. Then I analyze the types of spaces Theky mentioned. Their questions are completed with an interview with the manager of the institution, who talks about the motives that led to the transformation process. Keywords disability, client, citizenship, human rights, space, gender, social service,...

The thesis "Social services for the elderly in Rakovnicko and the trend of de- institutionalization" is trying to describe an effort to keep the elderly people as one of the largest groups of beneficiaries of local social services as long as possible at home. Its main objective is to determine the range of social services for the elderly in Rakovnicko district and based on the research of the key stakeholders (providers and local authorities) to assess whether the offer of social services is consistent with the trend of deinstitutionalization. The work is closely related to Rakovnik district and its municipality with extended powers The theoretical part of the work is based on a theory of public policy regulators in society , the principle of subsidiarity in social services and deinstitutionalization trend in social services. The resource background includes research covering the wishes ofseniors to remain in their homes as long as possible and documents that support this trend . The chapter on social services defines several legal terms based in Code No. 108/2006 Sb. on social services and describes the situation in recent years in the field of social services in the Czech Republic in relation to the target group of seniors. An important chapter is the chapter on social planning in the Czech...

Interest in human and social capital's contribution to the desistence of crime is increasingly popular amongst criminologists, economists and policy makers. However, little attention has been drawn to the influence human and social capital indicators contribute towards the relationship between the re-entry process and juvenile crime at the neighborhood level. The current study hypothesizes the existence of a mediating relationship between human and social capital indicators (2000) and the rates of receiving formerly incarcerated persons (1997-2002) and juvenile arrest (2006-08) in 92 Portland, Oregon neighborhoods. Portland, Oregon receives more formerly incarcerated persons from Oregon's state correctional facilities than any other city or county in Oregon. Using neighborhood rates of residents with house-hold income above 50K, high school graduation, and annual income type: retired or government assistance, as proxies for human capital measures and neighborhood rates of residents employed by non-profit organizations, number of churches, and self-employment as proxies for social capital measures, OLS regression and bivariate correlations tested for a mediating effect between human and social capital on rates of re-entry and juvenile arrest rates. Findings indicate neighborhoods with increased rates of returnees have higher rates of juvenile delinquency. In addition, mediating human and social capital indicators affect the direct relationship between re-entry and juvenile crime: neighborhoods with more residents receiving retirement income, higher percent of self-employed residents, non-profit employees, or higher rates of residents earning income above 50K had lower rates of returnees in their communities. Greater rates of Portland neighborhoods which house residents with high proportions of house-hold incomes above 50K per year see increases in the rate of juvenile crime. Rates of neighborhood churches showed a positive correlation with on both rates of returnees and juvenile crime; obtaining a high school diploma was also associated with increased returnee rates and juvenile crime. Neighborhoods with more residents who are self-employed or employed by non-profit organizations had reduced rates of returnees and juvenile crime. Future research and recommendations are discussed to examine the impact of these findings on neighborhoods with formerly incarcerated persons, levels of human and social capital and juvenile crime in Portland, Oregon.