El riesgo percibido ha sido considerado desde hace décadas como un factor fundamental en el comportamiento de compra de los consumidores, y en este caso, en el proceso de toma de decisión de compra. La presente investigación tiene como objetivo identificar y examinar la relación entre los distintos factores de riesgo percibido que percibe el consumidor con la intención de compra en línea de productos tecnológicos en tiendas por departamento. Se realizaron un total de 405 encuestas vía online entre consumidores que adquirieron productos tecnológicos por el canal online de las tiendas por departamento en los últimos doce meses. Se realizó un análisis factorial y una regresión logística y análisis de los datos se realizó utilizando IBM SPSS Statistics 25. Los resultados revelaron que el riesgo de seguridad es el de mayor influencia negativa en la intención de compra de los consumidores. Asimismo, el riesgo financiero y riesgo social también demostraron tener una relación negativa con la intención de compra en línea. Por su parte, el riesgo de producto, riesgo de desempeño y riesgo de tiempo resultaron no afectar a la intención de compra en línea de los consumidores. El estudio proporciona información relevante para el marketing, especialmente para los especialistas en e-commerce, y se espera que los hallazgos puedan aportar a futuros estudios sobre la percepción del riesgo en los consumidores, para que de esta manera se puedan reducir los riesgos en el entorno online. / Perceived risk has been considered for decades as a fundamental factor in consumer purchasing behavior, and in this case, in the purchasing decision-making process. The present research aims to identify and examine the relationship between the different perceived risk factors perceived by the consumer with the intention of online purchase of technological products in department stores. A total of 405 online surveys were conducted among consumers who purchased technology products through the online channel of department stores in the last twelve months, using factor analysis and logistic regression and the data analysis was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results revealed that security risk has the greatest negative influence on consumers' purchase intention. Likewise, financial risk and social risk were also shown to have a negative relationship with online purchase intention. For its part, product risk, performance risk, and time risk did not affect consumers' online purchase intention. The study provides relevant information for marketing, especially for e-commerce specialists, and it is hoped that the findings can contribute to future studies on the perception of risk in consumers so that in this way the risks in the online environment can be reduced. / Trabajo de investigación

Syftet med uppsatsen är att utifrån intern strategi och anställdas uppfattning undersöka hur ett varuhus ​inom High-End-segmentet arbetar med att differentiera sitt fysiska erbjudande. Vidare syftar uppsatsen till att undersöka huruvida detta skulle kunna vara ett sätt att bemöta den ökade konkurrensen från E-handeln.  De teorier som har legat till grund för studiens analysmodell är teorin om The Five Products Levels samt immateriella värdens kompletterande effekten på differentieringen av ett erbjudande.  Studien baseras på primär- och sekundärdata av Nordiska Kompaniet (NK). Kvalitativ primärdata erhölls från semistrukturerade intervjuer med personer i strategisk position på NK och anställda i varuhuset. Respondenterna valdes utifrån ett strategiskt urval. Sekundärdata från externa källor användes som komplement.  ​Studien visar att NK har möjlighet att konkurrera med E-handeln med ett fysisk erbjudande, genom en unik upplevelse som sträcker sig utanför köpögonblicket. NK kan konkurrera genom att positionera sig inom områden som E-handeln behärskar sämre. Områden som E-handeln i dagsläget ej anses behärska på grund av dess svårigheter att bygga starka kundrelationer samt endast digital närvaro där fysiska upplevelser går förlorade. / The purpose of the thesis is to, based on internal strategy and the employees' perception, investigate how a department store within the High-End segment works to differentiate its physical offering. Furthermore, the thesis aims to investigate whether this could be a response to the increased competition from E-commerce.  The theories that have formed the basis of the study's model of analysis are the theory of The Five Products Levels and the complementary effect of intangible values on the differentiation of an offer.  The study is based on primary and secondary data of Nordiska Kompaniet (NK). Qualitative primary data was obtained from semi-structured interviews with people in strategic positions at NK and department store staff. The respondents were selected based on a strategic selection. Secondary data from external sources were used as a complement.  The study shows that NK has the opportunity to compete with E-commerce with a physical offer, through a unique experience that extends beyond the moment of purchase. NK can compete by positioning itself in areas that E-commerce masters less. Areas that E-commerce currently does not master due to its difficulties in building strong customer relationships and only digital presence where physical experiences are lost.

En la actualidad, los consumidores han cambiado su estilo de vida a causa de diversos factores. Uno de ellos es la pandemia causada por el Covid-19, la cual ha modificado la decisión de compra de los shoppers, afectando también al sector retail y; por otro lado, se encuentra la digitalización, la cual transformó los canales de venta existentes. Estos han tenido que adaptarse, a través de estrategias digitales, con el fin de motivar la compra de los clientes. Por lo tanto, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de diversos autores, los cuales estudian los principales factores de compra y su relación con la venta online de tiendas por departamento. En base a lo anteriormente mencionado, el presente artículo de investigación, tiene el objetivo de analizar la relación entre la motivación hedónica, valor y riesgo percibido, como factores de compra y la forma en que influyen en la decisión de compra en el canal online de tiendas por departamento. Para ello, se propondría una investigación de tipo correlacional de enfoque cuantitativo y carácter concluyente, que será testeada en 400 personas que hayan comprado en línea en los últimos seis meses. Los resultados obtenidos, serán medidos a través de un análisis estadístico descriptivo (regresiones lineales, correlaciones, desviación estándar). / Currently, consumers have changed their lifestyles due to a large variety of factors. One of them is the pandemic caused by Covid-19, which has modified the purchase decision of buyers, also affecting the retail sector and; on the other hand, there is the digitization, which transformed the existing sales channels. These have had to adapt, through digital strategies, in order to motivate the purchase of customers. Therefore, a bibliographic review was carried out by various authors, who study the main purchasing factors and their relationship with the online sale of department stores. Based on the aforementioned, this research article has the objective of analyzing the relationship between hedonic motivation, value and perceived risk, as purchase factors and the way in which they influence the purchase decision in the online channel of department stores. To do this, a conclusive quantitative-focus correlational research would be proposed, which will be tested on 400 people who have bought online in the last six months. The results obtained will be measured through a descriptive statistical analysis (linear regressions, correlations, standard deviation). / Trabajo de investigación

Esta investigación se enfoca en analizar la relación de las variables del store equity: store awareness, store loyalty, store perceived quality y store image. Asimismo, la investigación evaluó que tanto una variable influye en las otras, y cuál de estas influye más en la intención de compra en las tiendas departamentales. Como primer resultado, se encontró que el store awareness es una pieza clave del store equity. Asimismo, se encontró que el store awareness y el store image influyen en el store loyalty. Además, este estudio muestra evidencia de que todas las variables del store equity influyen en la intención de compra, pero no con la misma intensidad. El estudio para esta investigación fue realizado en Lima (Perú), utilizando una metodología cuantitativa con una muestra de 400 clientes de tiendas departamentales. / This research focuses on analyzing the relationship of store equity variables: store awareness, store loyalty, store perceived quality and store image. Also, the investigation evaluated how much one of these variables influences the others, and which of these influences the most on the purchase intention of department stores. As the first result, it was found evidence that the store awareness is a key element of the store equity. Also, it shows that the store awareness and the store image influences the store loyalty. In addition, this study shows evidence about how all the variables of store equity influence purchase intention, but not with the same intensity. The study for this investigation was made in Lima (Peru), using a quantitative methodology with a sample of 400 customers of department stores. / Trabajo de investigación

Este estudio buscó determinar si existe relación alguna entre las dimensiones de la calidad de servicio online (diseño web, fiabilidad, sensibilidad, confianza, personalización y contacto) a nivel de tiendas por departamento online en Lima, Perú, con las variables de calidad general de servicio, satisfacción e intención de compra de los consumidores de dichos comercios, como consecuencia del aumento del comercio online a raíz de la pandemia por COVID-19 en el año 2020. Este estudio se ha basado principalmente en investigaciones hechas en Asia y Europa, las cuales utilizaron como base el modelo de Parasuraman, Zeithaml, y Berry (1985) principalmente para la variable de calidad de servicio online y la escala Likert para la medición de dichos factores bajo un esquema de investigación cuantitativa. Dicha investigación evaluó, mediante regresiones y correlaciones, la relación entre las variables utilizando, por un lado, la Alfa de Cronbach para examinar la fiabilidad de las escalas, y, por otro lado, el software de SPSS para el análisis de los resultados. Cada investigación estableció niveles de relación diferentes en cuanto a cada dimensión de la calidad de servicio online con calidad general del servicio, satisfacción e intención de compra. / This study aimed to determine if there is a relation between the dimensions of e-service quality (web design, reliability, responsiveness, trust, personalization and contact) in the category of department stores in Lima, Peru, and the variables of overall service quality, satisfaction and purchase intention of consumers of such category, as a consequence of the increase of the e-commerce due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. This study is mainly based in papers that are originally from Asia and Europe, using the models of Parasuraman, Zeithaml, y Berry (1985) for the variable of e-service quality and the Likert scale to measure those factors through a quantitative analysis. This investigation studied, through the use of regressions and correlations, the relationship between the variables using, on one hand, Cronbach's alpha coefficient to determine the reliability of the variables and, on the other hand, the SPSS software to analyse the results. Each paper established different levels of relations between each e-service quality dimension with the variables of overall service quality, satisfaction and purchase intention. / Trabajo de investigación

Between the 1850s to the 1960s, the department store emerged as a prominent retail format worldwide. As a retail format, the department store model broke away from pre-existing retailer and consumer conceptions of shopping and the shopping environment. Store leaders placed their focus on creating an uplifting mode of consumerism that perpetuated the department store as an ‘experience.’ However, behind the department store’s ‘magical’ façade, store management preplanned and manipulated consumer interactions with every part of the store. The managerial techniques managers used allowed these institutions to become an epicentre of consumerism and urban culture globally. The department store has lost its reputation as a vibrant shopping location in the digital age, and retailers and consumers alike have disregarded it as solely a monument of retail nostalgia. Nonetheless, today’s retailers still have much to learn from the ways department store leaders innovated. The management techniques used in department stores can provide insight into these institutions’ successes and pitfalls when navigating changing retail circumstances. If the department store is used as a tool of managerial know-how for retailers in the digital age, it could allow other retailers to sustain a semblance of the department store’s longevity, commercially and culturally. Hudson’s Bay, a remaining store in the Canadian department store industry, features as a case study to highlight the extent to which department store leaders designed and managed their stores. / Dissertation / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) / This thesis examines the department store’s legacy as a tool of managerial know-how for retailers in the digital age. From the 1890s to the 1960s, department stores were an epicentre of consumerism and urban culture in locales worldwide. Department store management crafted store environments to create a ‘magical’ atmosphere for customers while calculating every consumer interaction with the store behind the scenes. Over the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, increased retail competition has forced many stores to close, often leaving visual façades as the sole reminders of some defunct stores. Yet, the extensive management techniques used inside and outside stores provide insight into how this retail format achieved prominence, how its leaders responded to competitors, and how department store management techniques can contribute to current retail discussions despite its continued decline.

<p>This thesis is structured in six chapters. Chapter I contains an introduction and includes purpose, theory, method, and concepts. The main purpose, as depicted by the title, is to examine the roots of Swedish ideology concerning what today is generally named design, as embodied in the concept of more beautiful or better things for everyday life (in Swedish: ”vackrare vardagsvara”).</p><p>Chapter II contains a background and includes philosophical ideas and aesthetic movements in Europe which have influenced the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts (in Swedish ”Svenska Slöjdföreningen”, abbreviated SSF) which was later renamed the Swedish Society of Crafts and Design (in Swedish: ”Föreningen Svensk Form”). It considers these activities: the Arts and Crafts movement in England, the Swedish national romantic movement, Deutscher Werkbund in Germany, and Swedish moulders of public opinion and new ideas, like Ellen Key, Carl Larsson and Gregor Paulsson.</p><p>Chapter III is an ideological biography of Gregor Paulsson. The chapter deals with biographical data and ideological development, and the social aesthetical texts which were important in his activity in the National Museum and as director of The Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts. Gregor Paulsson is considered mainly in his role as social aesthetical propagandist and museologist.</p><p>Chapter IV concerns the early history and activities of the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts seen as an introduction to the Baltic Exhibition 1914, and the subsequent schism which eventually led to its reorganization and a new ideological orientation. Its activities were directed towards increased cooperation between artists and industry, and a special department was established as an employment office for companies and designers under the management of the textile artist Elsa Gullberg. This chapter also includes a brief portrait of key persons in the Society.</p><p>Chapter V is a study in several sections of the articles for everyday use seen in industrial practice, with Gustavsberg’s china factory and Orrefors’ glassworks as two separate historical studies. The 1917 Home Exhibition is surveyed as an example of the educational ambitions in the development of people’s taste. The focus of the chapter, however, is the international industrial art exhibition in Paris 1925, Exposition International des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, and the debate about it in the Swedish and French press.</p><p>Chapter VI consists of a concluding discussion with a final epilogue. It contains suggested questions for future research including relations between design and ethics.</p>

This thesis is structured in six chapters. Chapter I contains an introduction and includes purpose, theory, method, and concepts. The main purpose, as depicted by the title, is to examine the roots of Swedish ideology concerning what today is generally named design, as embodied in the concept of more beautiful or better things for everyday life (in Swedish: ”vackrare vardagsvara”). Chapter II contains a background and includes philosophical ideas and aesthetic movements in Europe which have influenced the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts (in Swedish ”Svenska Slöjdföreningen”, abbreviated SSF) which was later renamed the Swedish Society of Crafts and Design (in Swedish: ”Föreningen Svensk Form”). It considers these activities: the Arts and Crafts movement in England, the Swedish national romantic movement, Deutscher Werkbund in Germany, and Swedish moulders of public opinion and new ideas, like Ellen Key, Carl Larsson and Gregor Paulsson. Chapter III is an ideological biography of Gregor Paulsson. The chapter deals with biographical data and ideological development, and the social aesthetical texts which were important in his activity in the National Museum and as director of The Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts. Gregor Paulsson is considered mainly in his role as social aesthetical propagandist and museologist. Chapter IV concerns the early history and activities of the Swedish Society of Arts and Crafts seen as an introduction to the Baltic Exhibition 1914, and the subsequent schism which eventually led to its reorganization and a new ideological orientation. Its activities were directed towards increased cooperation between artists and industry, and a special department was established as an employment office for companies and designers under the management of the textile artist Elsa Gullberg. This chapter also includes a brief portrait of key persons in the Society. Chapter V is a study in several sections of the articles for everyday use seen in industrial practice, with Gustavsberg’s china factory and Orrefors’ glassworks as two separate historical studies. The 1917 Home Exhibition is surveyed as an example of the educational ambitions in the development of people’s taste. The focus of the chapter, however, is the international industrial art exhibition in Paris 1925, Exposition International des Arts Décoratifs et Industriels Modernes, and the debate about it in the Swedish and French press. Chapter VI consists of a concluding discussion with a final epilogue. It contains suggested questions for future research including relations between design and ethics.