This thesis sets out to evaluate the role of consumer spaces in twentieth-century daily life. It is not concerned with the act of consumption but rather with the ways in which the social, cultural and educative role of the retail spaces is used as a marketing tool. The links that have been established between civic and commercial space over the last three hundred years are charted in order to locate the reasoning behind the growing tendency to design shopping malls as social and cultural spaces in the twentieth century. Three principal benefits to developers of the retails spaces from the promotion of consumer spaces as public spaces are identified in the thesis. First, links between the public and commercial developed to encourage potential customers into a particular retail space as opposed to its competition. Second, consumer spaces are developed as social and leisure spaces to encourage consumer loyalty. That is, they are developed as a means of encouraging repeat visits. Third, they are developed as a tactic to keep potential shoppers in the retail space for a longer duration. The logic behind this strategy being the more time spent in a consumer space the more goods purchased. The origins of this merchandising practice are traced back to the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries well before the advent of the department store form. The thesis located a number of strategies developed in the seventeenth century by tradesmen and merchants to sell their wares. At this time, it is evident that the consumer space was opened up to the public who were encouraged to enter without the obligation to purchase. Further, it is evident that, by the eighteenth century, shopkeepers and manufacturers' workshops included showrooms where potential customers could sit and take tea. Public spaces were also designed within the retail space so that potential customers could see and be seen. British shopkeepers often linked the retail space with the social practice of promenading by strategically situating their premises in an already established thoroughfare or site used for promenading. By the late eighteenth century, consumer spaces housed entertainment facilities such as art galleries, exhibitions and lounging rooms. After tracing the development of this merchandising strategy to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, the links that can be made between twentieth-century consumer spaces is examined. In addition, the early developments of shopping centres in the 1940s and 1950s are surveyed and their developmental logic and merchandising strategies are compared with more recent forms of shopping malls developed from the 1970s and 1980s.

Σκοπός της έρευνας που διενεργήσαμε ήταν να προσδιορίσουμε τα κίνητρα και το προφίλ εκείνων των καταναλωτών που επιλέγουν να αγοράζουν τα δερμοκαλλυντικά και τα προϊόντα περιποίησης προσώπου και σώματος τους από τα πολυκαταστήματα και όχι από τα super markets, τα φαρμακεία ή άλλα μικρότερα καταστήματα. Προκειμένου να εξάγουμε ασφαλή συμπεράσματα δημιουργήσαμε ένα ερωτηματολόγιο το οποίο και μοιράσαμε σε 240 άτομα. Τις απαντήσεις που πήραμε τις επεξεργαστήκαμε με το πρόγραμμα Statistic Package for the Social Science (SPSS). Οι απαντήσεις αυτές μας βοήθησαν να κατανοήσουμε τι συμβαίνει στη αγορά σήμερα. Ανατρέξαμε στη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία ώστε να συλλέξουμε πληροφορίες σχετικά με τα κίνητρα των καταναλωτών για αγορές και τον τρόπο με τον οποίο δομούνται τα καταστήματα προκειμένου να γίνονται ελκυστικότερα στους καταναλωτές. Θεωρούμε ότι μια τέτοια μελέτη θα ενδιαφέρει τόσο τις εταιρείες καλλυντικών, όσο και τους ιδιοκτήτες πολυκαταστημάτων, μικρότερων καταστημάτων ακόμη και φαρμακείων μιας και για όλα τα ανωτέρω, τα καλλυντικά αποτελούν μεγάλο μέρος του όγκου των πωλήσεών τους. / -

In 1960 department stores were the sole form of large-scale retailing in Japan. The retail industry was otherwise comprised of a very large number of small firms. Two significant trends have occurred since 1960. First, there was the emergence of new large-scale retail formats and their subsequent growth. Second, there was the development of large organisations operating on a multiple store basis. New organisational forms evolved including superstore and supermarket chains, and speciality chain stores. Geographical and historical factors were first examined that have affected the structure of the modern Japanese retail industry. A framework embodying the concepts of threats and opportunities was then used to identify forces that have influenced organisational and technical change since 1960. The following "Threats and Opportunities" were analysed: The Economic Climate. The Changing Japanese Consumer. Technological Change. Relationships Between Retailers and Wholesalers. Changes in Commercial Land Use. Government Policy and Legislation. Major structural trends within retailing during the period 1972-1985 were then examined, through an analysis of 29 retail categories in the Census of Distribution for the period 1972-1985. A sample of nine categories was chosen for, a more detailed analysis, using thematic maps, to show the geographic distribution of outlets in 1985 and selected changes since 1972. One of these categories was comprised of large stores including superstores and many supermarkets. It figured prominently within the changes described in the analysis. The leading six superstore/supermarket companies, by sales February 1986, formed the subjects of case studies, with the objective of obtaining insights into the spatial implications of organisational and technological change within these examples of large-scale retail companies. Their development was described, including their expansion through diversification. The Chandler Thesis was selected, and found to be an appropriate model, in considering the organisational changes occuring within these companies. Finally, some international comparisons were made.

From 1868 to 1978, the Dupuis Freres department store serviced the French Montreal community from its headquarters on St. Catherine Street, east of Saint Laurent. This thesis looks at the management strategies of Dupuis Freres through its employee newspaper, Le Duprex, from 1926 to 1946, and then at their collapse with the Dupuis Freres strike in 1952. The Dupuis Freres management retained the loyalty of its employees by using a combination of paternalism and welfare capitalism. The company supported a union, organized leisure activities, provided sales incentives and rewarded loyalty financially and socially. In addition, the store integrated its French Canadian and Catholic identity with its employees' understanding of their work to impart cultural meaning to their employment. Dupuis Freres equated support for the company with the success of the French Canadian people, and its connections with the Catholic clergy added a sacred element to its enterprise. Dupuis Freres strike in 1952 divided French Canadians along class lines, and those who supported the workers were seen by neo-nationalists as doing so at the expense of French Canadian survival.

This thesis investigates the history of labour management at David Jones, the major Australian retailer and manufacturer, between the years 1838 and 1958. This thesis examines the development of consent-based approach to labour management at David Jones, in particular the development of paternalism and welfarism. In doing so this thesis explores both general questions regarding the factors that influence why certain firms adopt a consent-based approach to labour management, as well as informing debates around the existence of nineteenth century paternalism and the origins of twentieth century welfarism. The historical material contained at the David Jones Archives and elsewhere reveals little evidence of paternalism as a deliberate management strategy. This brings into question the usefulness of paternalism as a concept in the historical study of Australian labour management. The inability to trace paternalism also undermines explanations of twentieth century welfarism premised on the pre-existence of nineteenth century paternalism. The historical materials, however, do note that twentieth century welfarism was a deliberate labour management strategy adopted by David Jones management. Welfarism, combined with systematic management and training, was initially adopted following the First World War to deal with the threat of industrial turmoil. However, in the 1930s, welfarism increasingly became a pro-active strategy designed to create skilled selling and raise the profile of the firm within the community. Further, welfarism at David Jones in the inter-war period was more than merely a new form of paternalism, somehow transformed by being in a larger, more bureaucratic setting or a result of employers confronted an increasingly feminised workforce. Welfarism at David Jones was a deliberate strategy, informed by overseas experiments, management consultants and the new science of psychology. Welfarism at David Jones continued into the post World War Two period. However, new forms of retailing, in particular self-service, undermined attempts to create skilled selling. Elements of welfarism remain at David Jones and continue to support the firm???s corporate image as a provider of high-quality customer service.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Hong Kong Polytechnic University, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 288-305).

Historians have long viewed American department stores as barometers of social change, anchors of modern urban life, and purveyors of a new kind of consumer capitalist culture. In its heyday, from the late nineteenth century to the middle twentieth century, the department store was all of these things, but it was also much more. This dissertation draws on business, government, and family papers to reveal how a new kind of businessman, the department store retailer, pioneered powerful political and trade networks that were deeply embedded in Washington and stretched across the Atlantic into the increasingly volatile capitals of Europe. As campaign contributors, trade policy advisors, and political appointees, retailers like John Wanamaker, Isidor Straus, Louis Kirstein, and Ira Hirschmann regularly moved through the inner circles of the national government. They could just as easily be found on Capitol Hill, or at trade offices located in London or Paris, as behind their own desks in the upper floors of Wanamaker’s or Filene’s. Retailers’ command of vast transatlantic trade networks, now largely forgotten, made them key participants in pressing debates about everything from tariff reform and economic recovery to wartime mobilization and the plight of refugees. Yet retailers approached politics and commerce with profoundly different sensibilities than executives at other major American corporations, such as Ford, United Fruit, or Coca Cola. In the retail industry, commercial expansion depended not on the domination of foreign markets and foreign workers, but rather on transnational cooperation and the development of policies and business methods that upheld both the sovereignty and distinctiveness of other nations—and their goods. In this complex era, as the imperatives of trade routinely collided with politics and other large forces, from devastating world wars and widespread depression to the rise of new radical ideologies, retailers did much more than market desire. They brokered vital connections between Americans, Washington, and the world.

Este trabalho apresenta resultado de um estudo de caso sobre as atividades logÃsticas demandadas por uma loja de departamento cujo objetivo à elaboraÃÃo de uma proposta de operaÃÃo para a prestaÃÃo de serviÃos logÃsticos a lojas de departamento. As atividades logÃsticas foco deste estudo foram levantadas junto a loja de departamento e ao centro de distribuiÃÃo responsÃvel pelo atendimento das atividades logÃsticas desde o armazenagem atà a entrega na loja. A empresa foco deste estudo atua em nÃvel nacional, possui mais de 100 lojas e està presente em todas as regiÃes do Brasil. Para o estudo de caso foi utilizada entrevista estruturada aplicada a gestor de loja de departamento e do centro de distribuiÃÃo. As observaÃÃes feitas basearam-se em pesquisa bibliogrÃfica e em pesquisa documental sobre o segmento em questÃo tanto das lojas de departamento quanto de operadores logÃsticos especializados em moda. O estudo realizado possibilitou a elaboraÃÃo de uma proposta de operaÃÃo para a prestaÃÃo de serviÃos logÃsticos a lojas de departamento. / This paper presents results of a case study on logistics activities demanded by a department store whose goal is to develop a proposal for the operation of logistic services to department stores. The focus of this study logistics activities were raised with the department store and the distribution center responsible for the care of logistics activities from storage to delivery in store. The focus of this study company operates nationally, has over 100 stores and is present in all regions of Brazil. For the case study was used structured interviews with manager and department store distribution center. The observations were based on literature review and documentary research on the segment in question both department stores as a specialist in fashion logistics operators. The study enabled the development of a proposed transaction for the provision of logistical services for department stores.

The objective of this paper is to illustrate how the city came to have such a love affair with the Woodward's Department Store, and how this love affair has led to the building occupying a position of importance in the city of Vancouver. This thesis critically endeavours to argue that Woodward's has become important through the role of social memory, which is able to make and remake the idea of Woodward's, and through the social life of Woodward's objects. Here I use the term social memory to refer to the collective memory that people share about Woodward's, and also to the 'social' way through which this memory is formed. Not only is people's memory of the Woodward's Department Store social, as they remember the 'social'ness of what it meant to either work or shop there, but the objects associated with the building also have a social life, where their function, ownership and meaning have changed over time. Throughout this argument, I attempt to extract the meaning of the memories and memorabilia submitted to the Woodward's Memories Project, in order to outline the reasons why the building holds importance in the city. The story of how Woodward's came to hold such a place of importance in the city can be revealed from the 'social' aspect of both social memory and the social life of objects. Through Woodward's various functions and roles the meanings become entangled, representing the Woodward's building as an object, a memory and an agent of nostalgia. Because Woodward's was an integral part of Vancouver for generations, the store became rooted in the memory of the people and the city as a whole. This is evidenced not only by their memory of the department store but also by the current revitalization efforts of the Downtown Eastside, to which the redevelopment of Woodward's is key. By outlining the social capital of the Woodward's location as a heritage site, as well as of the Woodward's objects and the memories associated with them, one can finally begin to understand the true importance of the Woodward's Department Store to the City of Vancouver. This holds great importance for Vancouver, especially in this time of revitalization and redevelopment. Not only is the past brought to the forefront of a new project, but by tracing the social life of the building the new meanings and functions that the space served is revealed. This research represents a new part of the city's history which is important to document and share with the public. Aiding in understanding the Woodward's building, both in the past and present, the significance of this project extends beyond the scope of this thesis. / Arts, Faculty of / Anthropology, Department of / Graduate

En la presente investigación se busca conocer si los factores de la omnicanalidad tienen relación en la intención de compra en los canales digitales en tiendas por departamento de la categoría de prendas de vestir casuales; en hombres y mujeres de 18 a 50 años de Lima Metropolitana. Por consiguiente, el objetivo principal es ver si existe relación entre los factores de la omnicanalidad y la intención de compra del consumidor. Así mismo, las variables tomadas son: la Expectativa de rendimiento, Seguridad percibida, Expectativa de esfuerzo, Innovación personal, Influencia social, Hábito y Motivación Hedónica. Para ello, se realizó un tipo de investigación experimental para validar las distintas hipótesis. Asu vez, se recopiló información cuantitativa (encuesta a 318 personas) y cualitativa (entrevistas personales y focus groups). Por último, se buscarán aprobar las distintas hipótesis mediante la prueba de Pearson para posteriormente proponer estrategias que generan valor para las empresas en el rubro. / In the present investigation, it is sought to know if the omnichannel factors are related to the purchase intention in digital channels in department stores of the category of casual clothing; in men and women aged 18 to 50 years of Metropolitan Lima. Therefore, the main objective is to see if there is a relationship between omnichannel factors and the consumer's intention to buy. Likewise, the variables taken are: Performance Expectation, Perceived Security, Expectation Expectation, Personal Innovation, Social Influence, Habit and Hedonic Motivation. For this, a type of experimental research was carried out to validate the different hypotheses. Likewise, quantitative information (survey of 318 people) and qualitative information (personal interviews and focus groups) were collected. Finally, we will seek to approve the different hypotheses through the Pearson test and then propose strategies that generate value for companies in the field. / Trabajo de investigación