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Simulace fyzikalních procesů v experimentu Belle II a testovaní kvality rekonstrukčního softwaru / Simulation of Belle II physics events and performance tests of reconstruction softwareKandra, Jakub January 2016 (has links)
This thesis is about the alignment of vertex semiconductor detectors of the Belle II experiment. It is divided into several sections. The first part introduces the Belle II experiment as a new generation B- factory, with its ambitious plans of data taking and physical analysis. The second part follows with a more detailed description of Belle II detector and software tools designed for their alignment and calibration. The central part of the thesis describes physical processes used for calibration of the vertex detector, connected with the search of an optimal solution for run-time monitoring and calibration of the detector. We also tested the effect of misalignment on the Belle II tracking software. The following part gives results of the study of misalignment effects on physical observables related to analysis of selected physical channels. The last part describes the development of a data quality monitoring tool for the tracking system. The tools has to provide a run-time diagnostic of misalignment and miscalibration by monitoring the precision and accuracy of reconstruction of physical observables. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)
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Resolution Improvements and Physical Modelling of a Straw Tracker : The NA62 Experiment at CERNSkogeby, Richard January 2017 (has links)
Lab measurements and Monte Carlo simulations have been carried out for the evaluation of the Straw-type detectors used in the NA62 experiment at CERN. In addition, analyses of experiment data was used in corrections to improve the reconstruction of particle tracks, ultimately leading to improved resolution of the detector system as a whole. 97.7 percent of the Straws were aligned to within 30 microns, quantified as the deviation from zero of the mean of the inherent residual distribution of each Straw. A drift time dependence on where along the Straw the particle ionized have been corrected for; before the correction the dependence was as big as 6 ns. A radius-drift time relation based on the leading edge timing distribution has been deduced and implemented. Upon implementation artifacts from the piecewise fits used became evident. An alternative approach using residuals has been put forward.
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Chambre d'ionisation liquide détecteur de photons γ pour l'imagerie TEP / Liquid ionization chamber detector of γ photons for PET imagingFarradèche, Morgane 02 July 2019 (has links)
CaLIPSO est un concept de détecteur de photons pour la Tomographie par Émission de Positrons dédiée au cerveau. Il s'agit d'une technique d'imagerie médicale reposant sur la détection en coïncidence de deux photons de 511 keV. Pour la première fois, le triméthylbismuth liquide est utilisé comme milieu de détection. Chaque photon de 511 keV libère un électron primaire qui émet des photons Cherenkov et ionise le milieu. CaLIPSO fonctionne sur le principe d'une chambre à projection temporelle et détecte à la fois la lumière Cherenkov et le signal de charge. Le nombre total de charges libérées étant proportionnel à l’énergie déposée par le photon incident, nous avons pu mesurer le rendement de production de charge du triméhylbismuth. Pour cela, nous avons développé un système d'ultra-purification du liquide associé à un système de mesure bas bruit du courant induit par une source de photons γ avec une précision < 5 fA pour un champ électrique allant jusqu'à 7 kV/cm. Le tétraméthylsilane a été utilisé comme liquide de référence pour valider la mesure. Nous avons obtenu un rendement de production de charge du triméthylbismuth inférieur d'un facteur 6 aux valeurs typiques des liquides diélectriques similaires. Des calculs de chimie quantique sur atomes lourds ont permis de montrer que ce comportement est dû à la géométrie de la molécule de triméthylbismuth. L'atome de bismuth se comporte comme un centre de capture des électrons qui induit un mécanisme de recombinaison supplémentaire des électrons près de leurs cations parents. Enfin, afin de vérifier cette hypothèse et de quantifier la mobilités des charges dans les liquides, nous avons développé un système de mesure d'impulsions de charge individuelles qui a été validé avec succès avec le tétraméthylsilane. / CaLIPSO is a photon detector concept designed for dedicated brain Positron Emission Tomography. It is a medical imaging technique based on the coincidence detection of two 511-keV photons. For the first time, the liquid trimethylbismuth is used as sensitive medium. Each 511-keV photon releases a primary electron that triggers a Cherenkov radiation and ionizes the medium. CaLIPSO operates as a time projection chamber and detects both Cherenkov light and charge signal. As the total number of released charges is proportional to the energy deposited by the initial photon, we were able to measure the charge production yield (or free ion yield) of the trimehylbismuth. To this end, we developed a purification bench associated with a low-noise measurement system for the current induced by a γ-ray source of photons with a precision < 5 fA for an electric field up to 7 kV/cm. The tetramethylsilane was used as a benchmark liquid to validate the measurement. We obtained a free ion yield of trimethylbismuth 6 times lower than the typical values for similar dielectric liquids. Quantum chemistry computations on heavy atoms shown that this behavior is due to the geometry of the trimethylbismuth molecule. The bismuth atom acts as an electron trapping center which induces an additional recombination mechanism of the electrons near their parent cations. Finally, in order to verify this hypothesis and to quantify the mobility of charges in liquids, we developed an individual charge pulses measurement system which has been successfully validated with tetramethylsilane.
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Simulation-based discrimination of Crab pulsar models with XL-Calibur / Simuleringsbaserad diskriminering av Krabbpulsarmodeller med XL-CaliburÅkerström, Dennis January 2024 (has links)
Polarisation of X-ray light is being investigated with polarimeters to extend the borders of what can be observed. Distant compact objects, such as pulsars, that are to small on the sky to be analysed with imaging can be investigated by analysing the polarisation of the emitted light. This can reveal physics previously hidden by their small nature. There are many models that aim to describe the polarisation of these compact objects to make sense of what is measured. Two examples are the outer gap and two-pole caustic models. The X-ray polarimeter XL-Calibur is a balloon-borne telescope capable of detecting X-rays in the $15-80$ keV energy range. In this thesis details on the polarisation of light, how it can be measured and some principles of X-ray polarimetery is discussed. A new feature in the simulation of XL-Calibur in Geant4 is also described and used to investigate the possibility for XL-Calibur to distinguish between different Crab pulsar polarisation models at different signal rates. The results show that signal rates under 2 Hz yield insufficient data to distinguish between the two models using the measured polarisation fraction and angle. For greater signal rates XL-Calibur does in fact differentiate between the models correctly. New methods for the statistical analysis of data can be explored to allow more data to be salvaged, even for low signal rates. The derivation of polarisation parameters is fixed through Stokes parameters in this thesis. / Polarisationen av röntgenljus undersöks med polarimetrar för att utvidga gränserna för vad som kan observeras. Avlägsna kompakta objekt, såsom pulsarer, som är för små och för långt borta på himlen för att analyseras med optiska metoder, kan undersökas genom att analysera polarisationen av det utstrålade ljuset. Detta kan avslöja fysik som tidigare var dold på grund av deras storlek. Det finns många modeller som syftar till att beskriva polarisationen av dessa kompakta objekt för att förstå vad som mäts. Två exempel är modellerna: outer gap och two-pole caustic. Röntgenpolarimetern XL-Calibur är ett ballongburet teleskop som kan detektera röntgenstrålning i energiområdet $15-80$ keV. I denna avhandling diskuteras detaljer om ljusets polarisation, hur det kan mätas och några principer för röntgenpolarimetri. En ny funktion i simuleringen av XL-Calibur i Geant4 beskrivs också. Den används för att undersöka möjligheten för XL-Calibur att särskilja mellan olika polariseringsmodeller för Krabbpulsaren vid olika signaltakter. Resultaten visar att för signaltakter under 2 Hz, blir datan otillräcklig för att särskilja mellan de två modellerna både för polarisationsgraden och vinkeln. För högre signaltakter kan XL-Calibur skilja mellan modellerna. Nya metoder för statistisk analys av data kan utforskas för att möjliggöra att mer data kan användas, även för låga signaltakter. I denna avhandling beräknas polarisationsparametrarna genom Stokesparametrarna.
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Simulating and Testing the Polarimetric Response of the X-ray Polarimetry Telescope XL-Calibur / Simulering och Testning av Polarimetriegenskaperna hos Röntgenpolarimetriteleskopet XL-Caliburaf Malmborg, Filip January 2022 (has links)
X-ray polarimetry, the study of the polarisation of X-ray light, is a powerful and rapidly developing tool for astrophysics, which promises to help answer outstanding questions about the physics of extreme objects such as pulsars, X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei. The balloon-borne telescope XL-Calibur will be the first instrument to study the polarisation of hard X-rays (with energies between 10 and 100 keV) in detail, correlating with the soft X-ray observations of IXPE to provide further tests of polarisation-dependent x-ray emission models in extreme objects. The working principles of XL-Calibur are described, together with the necessary steps to measure the polarisation of X-rays. In these steps, Geant4 simulations of the telescope play a vital role, and the simulations are thus described in detail, together with the experiments done to validate the simulations. These experiments were performed at Esrange, Sweden during the XL-Calibur flight campaign in May of 2022, and the experimental setup and design of the validation experiments are described, as well as the specific simulations performed to replicate the experiment. The simulations show very good agreement with validation experiments, achieving a simulated modulation factor (a measure of the polarimetric response intrinsic to the detector) of 41.88% ± 0.17%, within one standard deviation of the measured 41.95% ± 0.18%. The optical effects of the XL-Calibur X-ray mirror is also simulated to good agreement with experimental results, necessary for simulating flight observations. Thus, the simulations can be used to simulate XL-Calibur for polarisation measurements and analysis. Furthermore, the effect on polarisation parameters of the mirror focal spot being offset is investigated. It is shown that it affects the modulation factor and thus the measured polarisation parameters, increasing the importance of using simulations to replicate and compensate for these effects during a data-taking flight with XL-Calibur. / Röntgenpolarimetri, att undersöka polariseringen hos röntgenljus, är ett kraftfullt redskap inom astrofysiken som är under snabb utveckling. Förhoppningen är att tekniken ska hjälpa till att lösa obesvarade frågor inom fysiken som beskriver extrema objekt såsom pulsarer, röntgenbinärer och aktiva galaxkärnor. Det ballongburna teleskopet XL-Calibur kommer att vara det första instrumentet som studerar polariseringen av hårda röntgenstrålar (med energi mellan 10 och 100 keV) i detalj, och genom att korrelera med IXPEs observationer i mjuka röntgenstrålar kommer polarisationsberoende modeller för bildandet av röntgenstrålar runt extrema objekt att testas. En beskrivning av hur XL-Calibur fungerar ges, tillsammans med de nödvändiga stegen för att mäta polariseringen hos röntgenljus. I dessa steg är simulering av teleskopet i Geant4 en vital del, och simuleringen beskrivs därav ingående tillsammans med experimenten som gjordes för att validera simuleringen. Dessa experiment utfördes på Esrange, Sverige i maj 2022, före XL-Caliburs första flygning. Experimentuppställningen och utformningen av dessa valideringsexperiment beskrivs tillsammans med de specifika simuleringar som gjordes med mål att replikera experimenten. Simuleringarna visar mycket god överensstämmelse med experimenten, med en modulationsfaktor (ett instrumentspecifikt mått av polarisationsgraden) på 41.88% ± 0.17%, inom en standardavvikelse från experimentens 41.95% ± 0.18%. Även de optiska effekterna från XL-Caliburs röntgenspegel simuleras och visar god överensstämmelse med mätningar, vilket är nödvändigt för att kunna simulera data tagen under en flygning. Därmed kan simuleringarna användas för att göra polarisationsmätningar och -analys. Slutligen görs en undersökning av effekten på polarisationsparametrarna av förskjutning av röntgenspegelns fokus. Denna visar att modulationsfaktorn och därmed polarisationsparametrarna ändras på ett betydande vis, vilket ökar vikten av att använda simuleringar för att reproducera och kompensera för dessa effekter under en datainsamlingsflygning med XL-Calibur.
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