Nodularia spumigena is an estuarine cyanobacteria that produces the toxin nodularin. This toxic cyanobacteria is known to have caused death to domestic and wild animals and is recognised as dangerous to human health. N. spumigena causes harmful algal blooms in many parts of the world including Australia. The toxic solutes of N. spumigena are potentially dangerous when contact is made to contaminated water bodies or is ingested by primary consumers. In Australia blooms of N. spumigena are common in the Gippsland Lakes in South-eastern Victoria and cause socio - economic hardships to the local communities. This PhD investigates the toxic effects of N. spumigena and its solutes to a range of aquatic life. A method known as SPME - HPLC showed promise in environmental monitoring of N. spumigena toxins by measuring nodularin from water samples. Other research presented study into the lethal and sublethal effects of on an extract from N. spumigena to aquatic fauna. Resu lts showed the N. spumigena extract was not lethal to many aquatic fauna although zooplankton from the Gippsland Lakes showed mortality at environmental relevant levels. Biochemical studies focusing on animal detoxification and antioxidation enzymes and DNA integrity showed sublethal effects to the N. spumigena extract. Results presented in this thesis show that an extract of N. spumigena elicited detoxification and antioxidation responses in animals tested. Furthermore, the use of the COMET assay showed increased damage to DNA of animals tested. Results also showed that different organs in animals tested responded differently to the aqueous extract, suggesting mode of uptake maybe important in toxicosis. Further, feeding studies with N. spumigena help elucidate mode of uptake using enzyme response biomarkers. The overall results of this research provided an assessment of the toxic affects of N. spumigena on aquatic fauna with special reference to the Gippsland Lakes, Victoria, Australia.

As bases genéticas e moleculares da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) a lufenuron foram exploradas no presente estudo. Inicialmente, uma linhagem de S. frugiperda resistente a lufenuron foi selecionada a partir de uma população coletada na cultura do milho na região de Montevidiu-GO com intenso uso desse inseticida. As curvas de concentração-resposta a lufenuron para as linhagens de S. frugiperda suscetível (SUS) e resistente (LUF-R) a lufenuron foram caracterizadas pelo método de bioensaio com tratamento superficial da dieta artificial. As CL50 (I.C. 95%) estimadas para as linhagens SUS e LUF-R foram de 0,23 (0,18 - 0,28) e 210,6 (175,90 - 258,10) ?g de lufenuron.mL-1 respectivamente, com razão de resistência de ? 915 vezes. A partir dos resultados de cruzamentos recíprocos entre as linhagens SUS e LUF-R, concluiu-se que a herança da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron é autossômica e incompletamente recessiva. Os testes de retrocruzamentos da progênie F1 de cruzamentos recíprocos com o parental LUF-R demonstraram um efeito poligênico para a resistência, com a estimativa do número mínimo de segregações independentes entre 1,54 e 1,71, indicando que o número de loci associado à resistência é baixo. Para conhecer o perfil de transcritos de lagartas de S. frugiperda e avaliar o padrão de expressão gênica diferencial entre lagartas da linhagem LUF-R em comparação ao de lagartas da linhagem SUS, buscando identificar o(s) mecanismo(s) de resistência a lufenuron, foram utilizadas novas tecnologias de sequenciamento em larga escala. Para isso, foram utilizados sequenciamentos de quatro bibliotecas de cDNA (plataforma HiScan 1000, Illumina©) obtidas de lagartas de 4º ínstar de S. frugiperda das linhagens LUF-R e SUS, induzidas ou não com lufenuron. O transcritoma foi construído utilizando aproximadamente 19,6 milhões de leituras single-end, o que gerou 18.506 transcritos, com N50 de 996 pb. A pesquisa contra o banco de dados nr (NCBI) proporcionou anotação funcional de 51,1% (9.457) dos transcritos obtidos, grande parte dos alinhamentos apresentaram homologia a insetos, com o maior número deles (45%) se assemelhando aos de Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), enquanto 10% se assemelharam a sequências de diversas espécies do gênero Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), sendo 3% dos alinhamentos obtidos contra sequências de Spodoptera frugiperda. A análise comparativa da expressão gênica entre lagartas de S. frugiperda resistente e suscetível a lufenuron identificou 1.224 transcritos expressos diferencialmente (p <= 0,05, teste t; expressão relativa > 2). Sete destes transcritos foram associados ao metabolismo da cutícula, sendo cinco deles superexpressos na linhagem LUFR. O metabolismo de detoxificação apresentou 48 transcritos expressos diferencialmente, dos quais foram identificados 40 transcritos associados às monooxigenases P450, cinco a glutationa-S-transferase, dois às carboxilesterases e um a esterase. Foi observado que 39 dos 48 transcritos associados ao metabolismo de detoxificação foram superexpressos na linhagem resistente. Este padrão foi confirmado a partir da expressão relativa utilizando \"PCR quantitativa em Tempo Real - qPCR\". Estes resultados representam um importante passo para o entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron, proporcionando, ainda, uma visão mais ampla do perfil de expressão gênica de insetos a inseticidas. / The genetic and molecular basis of resistance to lufenuron in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exploited in this study. The resistant population of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in Montevidiu, Goiás. Initially, a luferunon-resistant strain of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in cornfields located in Montevidiu, Goiás State, Brazil, with intense use of this insecticide. The diet surface treatment bioassay was used to characterize the concentration-response to lufenuron in the susceptible (SUS) and resistant (LUF-R) strains of S. frugiperda. The estimated LC50s (95% C.I.) for the SUS and LUF-R strains were 0.23 (0.18 - 0.28) and 210.6 (175.90 - 258.10) ?g of lufenuron.mL-1 respectively, with resistance ratio of ? 915-fold. Based on reciprocal crosses between SUS and LUF-R strains, the inheritance of S. frugiperda resistance to lufenuron was incomplete autosomal recessive. Backcrosses between F1 of the reciprocal crosses and the parental LUF-R revealed a polygenic resistance, with an estimation of the minimum number of resistance genes from 1.54 to 1.71, indicating that the number of loci associated to resistance is low. Then, a new high-throughput cDNA sequencing technologies was explored to characterize the transcriptional profile of larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, and to compare the differential gene expression between resistant and susceptible strains of S. frugiperda to lufenuron in order to identify the resistance mechanism(s) involved. Four cDNA libraries obtained from fourth instars of the resistant (LUF-R) and the susceptible (SUS) S. frugiperda strains, exposed or not to lufenuron, were sequenced in a HiScan1000® platform (Illumina©). The transcriptome was de novo assembled using nearly 19.6 million single-end reads, leading to 18,506 transcripts with a N50 of 996 bp in length. A Blast search against the non-redundant database available in NCBI allowed the functional annotation of 51.1% (9,457) of the obtained transcripts. Most of these transcripts aligned with insect sequences, and a majority of them (45%) with Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Nearly 10% of the transcripts aligned with species belonging to Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with 3% of the alignments matching sequences from Spodoptera frugiperda. Differential gene expression analysis between the resistant and the susceptible strains identified 1,224 differentially expressed transcripts (p <= 0.05, t-test; fold change > 2). Seven of them were associated with the cuticle metabolism, and five out seven were up-regulated in the resistant strain (LUF-R). A large set of transcripts (48) associated with the detoxification metabolism was differentially expressed; 40 P450 monooxygenases, five glutathione-Stransferases, two carboxylesterase and one esterase were identified. Thirty-nine out of these 48 transcripts were up-regulated in the resistant strain. Gene expression data obtained by RNA-Seq analysis was validated by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) of several selected target transcripts. These results represent an important step toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance of S. frugiperda to lufenuron, and provide a broader view on the gene expression profile of insects to insecticides.

Les moustiques génèrent une nuisance importante et sont notamment contrôlés grâce à des traitements insecticides. Aujourd'hui, les gîtes où se développent leurs larves sont souvent pollués par des xénobiotiques environnementaux (hydrocarbures, herbicides, pesticides, toxines naturelles…). Jusqu'à présent, l'impact de ces xénobiotiques sur la capacité des larves de moustiques à résister aux insecticides chimiques reste méconnu. Cette thèse vise à étudier la réponse des larves de d'Aedes aegypti aux xénobiotiques environnementaux et leur impact sur leur tolérance et résistance aux insecticides chimiques. Une première étude, sur le court terme, montre que des larves exposées pendant 24h à divers xénobiotiques deviennent plus tolérantes à vis à vis de différents insecticides chimiques (Poupardin et al. 2008). Des études biochimiques et transcriptomiques suggèrent que l'induction de certaines familles d'enzymes (e.g. P450s et GSTs) par ces xénobiotiques peut être liée à l'augmentation de tolérance des larves vis-à-vis de l'insecticide. Dans le but de mieux caractériser le profil transcriptionnel des précédents gènes candidats, des expérimentations complémentaires ont été faites à différents niveaux (Poupardin et al., 2010). Cette étude a montré que de nombreux gènes étaient préférentiellement transcrits dans des tissus fortement impliqués dans la détoxication de composés exogènes, essentiellement des CYP6. Elle révèle aussi que la transcription de ces P450s varie beaucoup au cours des différents stades de développement et qu'ils étaient induits à des faibles de doses de polluants avec un pic d'induction après 48 et 72 heures d'exposition. Ces études mettent en évidence le rôle potentiel des gènes de détoxication dans la réponse à l'exposition à des xénobiotiques et dans l'augmentation de tolérance aux insecticides chimiques. Concernant l'étude sur le long terme de l'impact des polluants sur la résistance des moustiques aux insecticides, la question est de savoir si les polluants trouvés dans l'environnement influencent la sélection de la résistance aux insecticides et si oui, favorisent-ils la sélection de gènes en particulier? Pour répondre à ces questions, trois souches d'Aedes aegypti ont été sélectionnées à la perméthrine. Ces souches sont exposées ou non à différents polluants avant sélection. Après 10 générations de sélection, des bioessais montrent une résistance de ces 3 souches vis-à-vis de la perméthrine. Aucune différence significative de niveau de résistance n'est observée entre les trois souches sélectionnées pour le moment. Pour identifier les gènes différentiellement transcrits dans ces souches, la puce "Agilent Aedes chip" développée par l'école de médecine tropicale de Liverpool (LSTM) et contenant 14200 transcrits a été utilisée. Les microarrays ont révélé que la présence de polluants ou insecticides résiduels pouvait affecter la sélection des mécanismes de résistance aux insecticides chimiques, notamment par la sélection de gènes particuliers codant pour des enzymes de détoxication (Poupardin et al, en préparation). D'une manière globale, cette thèse permettra de mieux comprendre l'impact de l'environnement chimique sur la résistance des moustiques aux insecticides et fournira de nouvelles pistes afin d'optimiser les traitements insecticides utilisés en démoustication. / Mosquitoes have a major impact on public health due to their capacity to transmit human diseases such as viruses (dengue, yellow-fever, west-Nile, chikungunya…) and parasites (malaria, filariasis…). To control them, insecticides have been heavily used since the 1950's leading to the emergence of insecticide resistance. Today, wetlands where mosquito larvae develop are frequently contaminated by environmental xenobiotics (e.g. residual insecticides, agrochemicals, pollutants and plant allelochemicals) and little is known about the impact of these molecules on the capacity of mosquitoes to resist insecticides. The aim of my thesis is to study the response of mosquito larvae to xenobiotic exposures and the impact of these molecules on the tolerance (single generation) and resistance (multiple generations) of mosquitoes to chemical insecticides. A first ‘short term' study revealed that mosquito larvae exposed for few hours to sub-lethal doses of various xenobiotics become more tolerant to several chemical insecticides (Poupardin et al., 2008, Riaz et al., 2009) and that this increased tolerance is linked with an increase of detoxification enzyme activities. Thanks to the “Aedes detox chip” developed in LSTM, we showed that several detoxification genes, especially P450s, were induced by various xenobiotics which could explain the increased tolerance of mosquito larvae to insecticides. In order to better characterize these genes, their transcription profiles were studied at different life stages and in various organs (Poupardin et al., 2010). We demonstrated that several of these P450s are preferentially transcribed in gastric caeca, midgut and malpighian tubules, known to play an important role in xenobiotic metabolism. Moreover, we found that the transcription levels of these genes vary according to life stages. Finally, several genes were induced by environmental doses of xenobiotics with a maximum induction peak at 48-72h after exposure. Overall, these studies evidenced of the potential role of mosquito detoxification genes to respond to xenobiotic exposure and to affect their tolerance to chemical insecticides. The other aim of my thesis was to understand the ‘long term' (across several generations) impact of xenobiotics on the selection of insecticide resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes. In other words, ‘Do pollutants affect the selection of insecticides resistance mechanism by insecticides treatments' and if yes, ‘are particular genes favoured?' To answer these questions, three strains of the mosquito Aedes aegypti were selected with the pyrethroid insecticide permethrin. Before the selection process, larvae were exposed or not to sub-lethal dose of various pollutants. After 11 generations of selection, the three strains showed elevated resistance to permethrin compared to the susceptible strain. To identify the genes differentially transcribed in these resistant strains, we used the new ‘Agilent Aedes chip' representing more than 14,200 transcripts developed by the LSTM. Microarray results showed that the presence pollutants or residual insecticide can affect the selection of insecticide resistance mechanisms by favouring the selection of particular genes such as those encoding for detoxification enzymes (Poupardin et al., in prep). Globally, this research work will provide a better understanding of the impact of environmental factors on insecticide resistances in mosquitoes and will provide new ways to optimize the control of vectors with insecticides.

As bases genéticas e moleculares da resistência de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) a lufenuron foram exploradas no presente estudo. Inicialmente, uma linhagem de S. frugiperda resistente a lufenuron foi selecionada a partir de uma população coletada na cultura do milho na região de Montevidiu-GO com intenso uso desse inseticida. As curvas de concentração-resposta a lufenuron para as linhagens de S. frugiperda suscetível (SUS) e resistente (LUF-R) a lufenuron foram caracterizadas pelo método de bioensaio com tratamento superficial da dieta artificial. As CL50 (I.C. 95%) estimadas para as linhagens SUS e LUF-R foram de 0,23 (0,18 - 0,28) e 210,6 (175,90 - 258,10) ?g de lufenuron.mL-1 respectivamente, com razão de resistência de ? 915 vezes. A partir dos resultados de cruzamentos recíprocos entre as linhagens SUS e LUF-R, concluiu-se que a herança da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron é autossômica e incompletamente recessiva. Os testes de retrocruzamentos da progênie F1 de cruzamentos recíprocos com o parental LUF-R demonstraram um efeito poligênico para a resistência, com a estimativa do número mínimo de segregações independentes entre 1,54 e 1,71, indicando que o número de loci associado à resistência é baixo. Para conhecer o perfil de transcritos de lagartas de S. frugiperda e avaliar o padrão de expressão gênica diferencial entre lagartas da linhagem LUF-R em comparação ao de lagartas da linhagem SUS, buscando identificar o(s) mecanismo(s) de resistência a lufenuron, foram utilizadas novas tecnologias de sequenciamento em larga escala. Para isso, foram utilizados sequenciamentos de quatro bibliotecas de cDNA (plataforma HiScan 1000, Illumina©) obtidas de lagartas de 4º ínstar de S. frugiperda das linhagens LUF-R e SUS, induzidas ou não com lufenuron. O transcritoma foi construído utilizando aproximadamente 19,6 milhões de leituras single-end, o que gerou 18.506 transcritos, com N50 de 996 pb. A pesquisa contra o banco de dados nr (NCBI) proporcionou anotação funcional de 51,1% (9.457) dos transcritos obtidos, grande parte dos alinhamentos apresentaram homologia a insetos, com o maior número deles (45%) se assemelhando aos de Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae), enquanto 10% se assemelharam a sequências de diversas espécies do gênero Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), sendo 3% dos alinhamentos obtidos contra sequências de Spodoptera frugiperda. A análise comparativa da expressão gênica entre lagartas de S. frugiperda resistente e suscetível a lufenuron identificou 1.224 transcritos expressos diferencialmente (p <= 0,05, teste t; expressão relativa > 2). Sete destes transcritos foram associados ao metabolismo da cutícula, sendo cinco deles superexpressos na linhagem LUFR. O metabolismo de detoxificação apresentou 48 transcritos expressos diferencialmente, dos quais foram identificados 40 transcritos associados às monooxigenases P450, cinco a glutationa-S-transferase, dois às carboxilesterases e um a esterase. Foi observado que 39 dos 48 transcritos associados ao metabolismo de detoxificação foram superexpressos na linhagem resistente. Este padrão foi confirmado a partir da expressão relativa utilizando \"PCR quantitativa em Tempo Real - qPCR\". Estes resultados representam um importante passo para o entendimento dos mecanismos moleculares da resistência de S. frugiperda a lufenuron, proporcionando, ainda, uma visão mais ampla do perfil de expressão gênica de insetos a inseticidas. / The genetic and molecular basis of resistance to lufenuron in Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) were exploited in this study. The resistant population of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in Montevidiu, Goiás. Initially, a luferunon-resistant strain of S. frugiperda was selected from a population collected in cornfields located in Montevidiu, Goiás State, Brazil, with intense use of this insecticide. The diet surface treatment bioassay was used to characterize the concentration-response to lufenuron in the susceptible (SUS) and resistant (LUF-R) strains of S. frugiperda. The estimated LC50s (95% C.I.) for the SUS and LUF-R strains were 0.23 (0.18 - 0.28) and 210.6 (175.90 - 258.10) ?g of lufenuron.mL-1 respectively, with resistance ratio of ? 915-fold. Based on reciprocal crosses between SUS and LUF-R strains, the inheritance of S. frugiperda resistance to lufenuron was incomplete autosomal recessive. Backcrosses between F1 of the reciprocal crosses and the parental LUF-R revealed a polygenic resistance, with an estimation of the minimum number of resistance genes from 1.54 to 1.71, indicating that the number of loci associated to resistance is low. Then, a new high-throughput cDNA sequencing technologies was explored to characterize the transcriptional profile of larvae of Spodoptera frugiperda, and to compare the differential gene expression between resistant and susceptible strains of S. frugiperda to lufenuron in order to identify the resistance mechanism(s) involved. Four cDNA libraries obtained from fourth instars of the resistant (LUF-R) and the susceptible (SUS) S. frugiperda strains, exposed or not to lufenuron, were sequenced in a HiScan1000® platform (Illumina©). The transcriptome was de novo assembled using nearly 19.6 million single-end reads, leading to 18,506 transcripts with a N50 of 996 bp in length. A Blast search against the non-redundant database available in NCBI allowed the functional annotation of 51.1% (9,457) of the obtained transcripts. Most of these transcripts aligned with insect sequences, and a majority of them (45%) with Bombyx mori (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). Nearly 10% of the transcripts aligned with species belonging to Spodoptera (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), with 3% of the alignments matching sequences from Spodoptera frugiperda. Differential gene expression analysis between the resistant and the susceptible strains identified 1,224 differentially expressed transcripts (p <= 0.05, t-test; fold change > 2). Seven of them were associated with the cuticle metabolism, and five out seven were up-regulated in the resistant strain (LUF-R). A large set of transcripts (48) associated with the detoxification metabolism was differentially expressed; 40 P450 monooxygenases, five glutathione-Stransferases, two carboxylesterase and one esterase were identified. Thirty-nine out of these 48 transcripts were up-regulated in the resistant strain. Gene expression data obtained by RNA-Seq analysis was validated by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) of several selected target transcripts. These results represent an important step toward the understanding of the molecular mechanisms of resistance of S. frugiperda to lufenuron, and provide a broader view on the gene expression profile of insects to insecticides.

Résumé trop long / Mosquitoes transmit several human and animal diseases and their control represents a public health challenge worldwide. In most tropical countries, efficient control of mosquitoes relies on the use of chemical insecticides targeting adults or larvae. However, resistance to the four main classes of chemical insecticides has been reported worldwide and threatens vector control programs. In this context, there is an urgent need to find alternatives to conventional insecticides used in vector control. In this thesis, I explored the potential use of the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid for mosquito control, focusing on the identification of metabolic resistance mechanisms, cross-resistance with other insecticides and the impact of environmental pollutants on imidacloprid tolerance. The mosquito Aedes aegypti was used as a model species for this research work. Basal tolerance of Ae. aegypti to imidacloprid was first evaluated at the larval and adult stages. Effects of a larval exposure across a single generation to a sub-lethal dose of imidacloprid were then investigated at the toxicological and molecular levels using transcriptome profiling. Short sub-lethal exposures were also used to identify potential cross-responses between imidacloprid, other chemical insecticides and anthropogenic pollutants. Long-term adaptive response of Ae. aegypti to imidacloprid was then investigated across several generations by selecting an insecticide-susceptible strain (Bora-Bora strain) with imidacloprid at the larval stage for 14 generations in the laboratory. Such artificial selection allowed obtaining the Imida-R strain. This strain showed an increased resistance to imidacloprid in larvae while no significant resistance was measured in adults. Resistance mechanisms were then investigated using various approaches including the use of detoxification enzyme inhibitors, biochemical assays and transcriptome profiling with DNA microarray and massive mRNA sequencing. Several protein families potentially involved in resistance were identified including detoxifications enzymes and cuticle proteins. Among the formers, 8 cytochrome P450s and 1 glutathione S-transferase appears as good candidates for a role in imidacloprid metabolism. The role of P450s in the elevated resistance of the Imida-R strain was confirmed by comparative P450-dependent in vitro metabolism assays conducted on microsomal fractions of the susceptible and Imida-R strains. At the gene level, substrate binding modeling allowed restricting the panel of P450 candidates. Meantime, heterologous expression of one P450 was performed and its ability to metabolize imidacloprid confirmed. Bioassay with other insecticides revealed potential cross-resistance of the Imida-R at the larval stage to other neonicotinoids but also to an insect growth inhibitor and in a lesser extent to DDT, confirming the probable role of detoxification enzymes. Relaxing the selection pressure of the Imida-R strain for few generations led to a rapid decrease of resistance, suggesting a cost of resistance mechanisms. Comparing the inducibility of candidate detoxification genes by imidacloprid in susceptible and resistant strains revealed a higher induction of these genes in the resistant strain, suggesting the selection of both a higher constitutive expression but also a greater phenotypic plasticity of these enzymes in the Imida-R strain. Finally, the potential role of cuticle protein in resistance was preliminary investigated by exposing larvae to a chitin synthesis inhibitor before bioassays. Overall, although this research work requires additional functional validation experiments, these data provide a better understanding of imidacloprid resistance mechanisms in mosquitoes and its potential use as an alternative to conventional insecticides in vector control.

La glycosylation est un processus enzymatique permettant l'ajout de sucres à des composés (sucres, lipides ou protides), modifiant ainsi leurs propriétés. La glycosylation est impliquée dans la détoxification des xénobiotiques et des variations d'activité des enzymes responsables ont été identifiées comme facteur de risque de cancer en particulier dans les organes exposés aux xénobiotiques. Dans la première partie de notre travail nous étudions l'impact des polymorphismes génétiques de certaines enzymes responsables de la détoxification (UGT1A7, GST et XRCC1) sur le risque de carcinome hépatocellulaire. Nous montrons que la combinaison de certains polymorphismes génétiques peut entraîner une augmentation du risque de CHC. Des modifications d'expression des glycoprotéines de surface ont été observées dans les cellules cancéreuses jouant un rôle dans leurs interactions avec le microenvironnement. Dans la seconde partie, nous étudions l'effet de l'inhibition des interactions des cellules de CHC/cellules endothéliales par le blocage du couple sialyl Lewis x/E-sélectine sur la croissance tumorale. Ce blocage est obtenu, d'une part par transfert du gène de la Fucosyl-transferase I, inhibant l'expression de sLex à la surface des cellules de CHC, et d'autre part, par utilisation de cimétidine ou d'amiloride permettant une inhibition de l'expression de la E-sélectine par les cellules endothéliales. Nous obtenons une inhibition de la croissance tumorale in vivo par blocage de la néoangiogénèse. Ces travaux permettent donc d'identifier des facteurs de risque génétiques de CHC et d'envisager une autre voie de traitement du CHC. / Glycosylation is an enzymatic process that consists of the addition of glycosyl groups to compounds (sugars, lipids or proteins), thus modifying their properties. Glycosylation is involved in the detoxification of xenobiotics and variations in activity of enzymes responsible have been identified as a potential risk factor for cancer in particular in organs in contact with the external environment. In the first part of our work we study the impact of polymorphisms of detoxification enzyme (UGT1A7, GST and XRCC1) on the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. We show that the combination of genetic polymorphisms of such enzymes may increase the risk of HCC. Modifications in the expression of surface glycoproteins have been observed in cancer cells and play a role in their interactions with the tumoral microenvironment. In the second part, we study the effect of inhibition of interactions of HCC cells / endothelial cells on tumor growth by blocking the interaction between sialyl Lewis x and E-selectin. First, we achieved the inhibition of the expression of sLex on the surface of HCC cells by introducing fucosyl transferase- I gene in HCC cells. In a second part of our work we used cimetidine and amiloride to inhibit the expression of E-selectin by endothelial cells. This approach resulted in inhibition of HCC cells / endothelial cells interaction and thereby tumor growth inhibition in vivo. This effect is mediated by an inhibition of tumor neoangiogenesis. This work therefore identifies genetic risk factors for HCC and allows considering another way of treatment of HCC.